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Roohvand F, Ehsani P, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Shokri M, Kossari N. Biomedical applications of yeasts - a patent view, part two: era of humanized yeasts and expanded applications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:609-631. [PMID: 32529867 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1781816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yeast humanization, ranging from a simple point mutation to substitution of yeast gene(s) or even a complete pathway by human counterparts has enormously expanded yeast biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED General and patent-oriented insights into the application of native and humanized yeasts for production of human glycoproteins (gps) and antibodies (Abs), toxicity/mutagenicity assays, treatments of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and potential drug delivery as a probiotic (with emphasis on Saccharomyces bulardii) and studies on human diseases/cancers and screening effective drugs. EXPERT OPINION Humanized yeasts cover the classical advantageous features of a 'microbial eukaryote' together with advanced human cellular processes. These unique characteristics would permit their use in the production of functional and stable therapeutic gps and Abs in lower prices compared to mammalian (CHO) production-based systems. Availability of yeasts humanized for cytochrome P450 s will expand their application in metabolism-related chemical toxicity assays. Engineered S. bulardii for expression of human proteins might expand its application by synergistically combining the probiotic activity with the treatment of metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria via GI-delivery. Yeast models of human diseases will facilitate rapid functional/phenotypic characterization of the disease-producing mutant genes and screening of the therapeutic compounds using yeast-based high-throughput research techniques (Yeast one/two hybrid systems) and viability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Shokri
- ; Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Kossari
- ; Universite de Versailles, Service de ne 'phrologie-transplantation re'nale, Hopital Foch, 40 rue Worth, Suresnes , Paris, France
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Mitochondrial Dysfunctions May Be One of the Major Causative Factors Underlying Detrimental Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8956504. [PMID: 32104543 PMCID: PMC7035552 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8956504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is currently the most commonly used antimicrobial preservative in ophthalmic solutions, nasal sprays, and cosmetics. However, a large number of clinical and experimental investigations showed that the topical administration of BAC-containing eye drops could cause a variety of ocular surface changes, from ocular discomfort to potential risk for future glaucoma surgery. BAC-containing albuterol may increase the risk of albuterol-related systemic adverse effects. BAC, commonly present in personal care products, in cosmetic products can induce irritation and dose-dependent changes in the cell morphology. The cationic nature of BAC (it is a quaternary ammonium) suggests that one of the major targets of BAC in the cell may be mitochondria, the only intracellular compartment charged negatively. However, the influence of BAC on mitochondria has not been clearly understood. Here, the effects of BAC on energy parameters of rat liver mitochondria as well as on yeast cells were examined. BAC, being a "weaker" uncoupler, potently inhibited respiration in state 3, diminished the mitochondrial membrane potential, caused opening of the Ca2+/Pi-dependent pore, blocked ATP synthesis, and promoted H2O2 production by mitochondria. BAC triggered oxidative stress and mitochondrial fragmentation in yeast cells. BAC-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria and yeast cells was almost totally prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1; the protective effect of SkQ1 on mitochondrial fragmentation was only partial. Collectively, these data showed that BAC acts adversely on cell bioenergetics (especially on ATP synthesis) and mitochondrial dynamics and that its prooxidant effect can be partially prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1.
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Nelvagal HR, Cooper JD. An update on the progress of preclinical models for guiding therapeutic management of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1703672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Ramesh Nelvagal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of genetics and genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of genetics and genomics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Randez-Gil F, Sánchez-Adriá IE, Estruch F, Prieto JA. The formation of hybrid complexes between isoenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates its aggregation state, the glycolytic activity and sphingolipid status in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:562-571. [PMID: 31743950 PMCID: PMC7017825 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been traditionally considered a housekeeping protein involved in energy generation. However, evidence indicates that GAPDHs from different origins are tightly regulated and that this regulation may be on the basis of glycolysis‐related and glycolysis‐unrelated functions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tdh3 is the main GAPDH, although two other isoenzymes encoded by TDH1 and TDH2 have been identified. Like other GAPDHs, Tdh3 exists predominantly as a tetramer, although dimeric and monomeric forms have also been isolated. Mechanisms of Tdh3 regulation may thus imply changes in its oligomeric state or be based in its ability to interact with Tdh1 and/or Tdh2 to form hybrid complexes. However, no direct evidence of the existence of these interactions has been provided and the exact function of Tdh1,2 is unknown. Here, we show that Tdh1,2 immunopurified with a GFP‐tagged version of Tdh3 and that lack of this interaction stimulates the Tdh3’s aggregation. Furthermore, we found that the combined knockout of TDH1 and TDH2 promotes the loss of cell’s viability and increases the growing rate, glucose consumption and CO2 production, suggesting a higher glycolytic flux in the mutant cells. Consistent with this, the tdh3 strain, which displays impaired in vitro GAPDH activity, exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Quite remarkably, tdh1 tdh2 mutant cells show increased sensitivity to aureobasidin A, an inhibitor of the inositolphosphoryl ceramide synthase, while cells lacking Tdh3 showed improved tolerance. The results are in agreement with a link between glycolysis and sphingolipid (SLs) metabolism. Engineering Tdh activity could be thus exploited to alter the SLs status with consequences in different aspects of yeast biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Randez-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7., Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel E Sánchez-Adriá
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7., Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Estruch
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Jose A Prieto
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7., Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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Yanagi KS, Wu Z, Amaya J, Chapkis N, Duffy AM, Hajdarovic KH, Held A, Mathur AD, Russo K, Ryan VH, Steinert BL, Whitt JP, Fallon JR, Fawzi NL, Lipscombe D, Reenan RA, Wharton KA, Hart AC. Meta-analysis of Genetic Modifiers Reveals Candidate Dysregulated Pathways in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2019; 396:A3-A20. [PMID: 30594291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that has significant overlap with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mutations in specific genes have been identified that can cause and/or predispose patients to ALS. However, the clinical variability seen in ALS patients suggests that additional genes impact pathology, susceptibility, severity, and/or progression of the disease. To identify molecular pathways involved in ALS, we undertook a meta-analysis of published genetic modifiers both in patients and in model organisms, and undertook bioinformatic pathway analysis. From 72 published studies, we generated a list of 946 genes whose perturbation (1) impacted ALS in patient populations, (2) altered defects in laboratory models, or (3) modified defects caused by ALS gene ortholog loss of function. Herein, these are all called modifier genes. We found 727 modifier genes that encode proteins with human orthologs. Of these, 43 modifier genes were identified as modifiers of more than one ALS gene/model, consistent with the hypothesis that shared genes and pathways may underlie ALS. Further, we used a gene ontology-based bioinformatic analysis to identify pathways and associated genes that may be important in ALS. To our knowledge this is the first comprehensive survey of ALS modifier genes. This work suggests that shared molecular mechanisms may underlie pathology caused by different ALS disease genes. Surprisingly, few ALS modifier genes have been tested in more than one disease model. Understanding genes that modify ALS-associated defects will help to elucidate the molecular pathways that underlie ALS and provide additional targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Yanagi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Zhijin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Joshua Amaya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Natalie Chapkis
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Amanda M Duffy
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Kaitlyn H Hajdarovic
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Aaron Held
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Arjun D Mathur
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Kathryn Russo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Veronica H Ryan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Beatrice L Steinert
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Joshua P Whitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Justin R Fallon
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Nicolas L Fawzi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Robert A Reenan
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
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Lee W, Woo ER, Lee DG. Effect of apigenin isolated from Aster yomena against Candida albicans: apigenin-triggered apoptotic pathway regulated by mitochondrial calcium signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:19-28. [PMID: 30408533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aster yomena, a perennial herb that grows mainly in South Korea, has been employed in the traditional temple food for antibiotic efficacy. Recently, it was reported that apigenin isolated from A. yomena has a physical antifungal mechanism targeting membrane against Candida albicans. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to investigate the biochemical responses underlying the antifungal activity of apigenin isolated from A. yomena due to lack studies reporting the investigation of intracellular responses of apigenin in C. albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apigenin was isolated from the aerial parts of A. yomena. To evaluate apigenin-induced inhibitory effects and membrane damages, the measurement of the cell viability assay and the flux of cytosolic components were performed with at various concentrations. Intracellular external potassium and calcium levels were assayed by an ion-selective electrode meter, Fura2-AM and Rhod2-AM, respectively. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were analyzed by using JC-1, Mitotracker Green FM, and MitoSOX Red dye. H2DCFDA, glutathione, and MDA assay were used to detect oxidative damage. Also, flow cytometry was carried out to detect apoptotic hallmarks using Annexin V-PI, TUNEL, and FITC-VAD-FMK staining. Tetraethylammoniumchloride (TEA), Ruthenium red (RR), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used as a potassium channel blocker, mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, respectively. RESULTS We confirmed that there was no decrease of cell survival percentages in crude extracts of A. yomena treatment, however, only isolated apigenin has the antifungal effect in C. albicans. Apigenin triggered a dose-dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of the membrane potential and an increase in the mitochondrial mass and ROS. Apigenin also induced intracellular redox imbalance as indicated by the ROS accumulation, glutathione oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, NAC failed the restore the mitochondrial calcium levels and thus alleviate the mitochondrial damages, however, RR reduced the apigenin-induced redox imbalance. Furthermore, apigenin induced apoptosis activation marked by the phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation. The pro-apoptotic effect of apigenin was counteracted by RR and NAC pretreatment. In particular, RR significantly reduced the pro-apoptotic responses. CONCLUSIONS Apigenin isolated from A. yomena induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial calcium signaling is main factor in its pathway in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosukdong, Donggu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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van der Laan KJ, Naulleau J, Damle VG, Sigaeva A, Jamot N, Perona-Martinez FP, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. Toward Using Fluorescent Nanodiamonds To Study Chronological Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13506-13513. [PMID: 30345733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the theories aiming to explain cellular aging is the free radical theory of aging, which describes the possible role of increased production and accumulation of free radicals. Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are proposed to provide a tool to detect these radicals, as they function as magnetic sensors that change their optical properties depending on their magnetic surrounding. Therefore, they could enable the study of aging at a molecular level and unravel the exact role of free radicals in this process. In this study, important steps toward this goal are made. FNDs are introduced in chronologically aging yeast cells. Furthermore, the behavior of FNDs in these aging cells is studied to demonstrate the potency of using FNDs in the search for causes of cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran J van der Laan
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Julie Naulleau
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Viraj G Damle
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Jamot
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Felipe P Perona-Martinez
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AW Groningen , The Netherlands
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Macreadie I. Yeast as a model organism for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ma17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable knowledge about how we function has come through the use of the unicellular microbe yeast. Yeasts are eukaryotes like us and the similarity between us and yeasts is readily visible at the molecular level. This places yeast as an important tool for industries involved in health research, including pharmaceutical and nutraceutical discovery.
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Verbandt S, Henriques ST, Spincemaille P, Harvey PJ, Chandhok G, Sauer V, De Coninck B, Cassiman D, Craik DJ, Cammue BPA, De Cremer K, Thevissen K. Identification of survival-promoting OSIP108 peptide variants and their internalization in human cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:247-254. [PMID: 27491841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant-derived decapeptide OSIP108 increases tolerance of yeast and human cells to apoptosis-inducing agents, such as copper and cisplatin. We performed a whole amino acid scan of OSIP108 and conducted structure-activity relationship studies on the induction of cisplatin tolerance (CT) in yeast. The use of cisplatin as apoptosis-inducing trigger in this study should be considered as a tool to better understand the survival-promoting nature of OSIP108 and not for purposes related to anti-cancer treatment. We found that charged residues (Arg, His, Lys, Glu or Asp) or a Pro on positions 4-7 improved OSIP108 activity by 10% or more. The variant OSIP108[G7P] induced the most pronounced tolerance to toxic concentrations of copper and cisplatin in yeast and/or HepG2 cells. Both OSIP108 and OSIP108[G7P] were shown to internalize equally into HeLa cells, but at a higher rate than the inactive OSIP108[E10A], suggesting that the peptides can internalize into cells and that OSIP108 activity is dependent on subsequent intracellular interactions. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that tolerance/survival-promoting properties of OSIP108 can be significantly improved by single amino acid substitutions, and that these properties are dependent on (an) intracellular target(s), yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verbandt
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gursimran Chandhok
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Sauer
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology and Metabolic Center, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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