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Zaib T, Rashid H, Khan H, Zhou X, Sun P. Recent Advances in Syndactyly: Basis, Current Status and Future Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:771. [PMID: 35627156 PMCID: PMC9141913 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of recent knowledge in syndactyly (SD) is important for understanding the genetic etiology of SD and disease management. Thus, this review article provides background information on SD, as well as insights into phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, newly identified gene mutations in various SD types, the role of HOXD13 in limb deformities, and recently introduced modern surgical techniques for SD. This article also proposes a procedure for genetic analysis to obtain a clearer genotype-phenotype correlation for SD in the future. We briefly describe the classification of non-syndromic SD based on variable phenotypes to explain different phenotypic features and mutations in the various genes responsible for the pathogenesis of different types of SD. We describe how different types of mutation in HOXD13 cause various types of SD, and how a mutation in HOXD13 could affect its interaction with other genes, which may be one of the reasons behind the differential phenotypes and incomplete penetrance. Furthermore, we also discuss some recently introduced modern surgical techniques, such as free skin grafting, improved flap techniques, and dermal fat grafting in combination with the Z-method incision, which have been successfully practiced clinically with no post-operative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Zaib
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hibba Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Sreeraj VS, Puzhakkal JC, Holla B, Nadella RK, Sheth S, Balachander S, Ithal D, Ali F, Viswanath B, Muralidharan K, Venkatasubramanian G, John JP, Benegal V, Murthy P, Varghese M, Reddy YJ, Jain S. Cross-diagnostic evaluation of minor physical anomalies in psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:54-62. [PMID: 34325233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor physical anomalies (MPA) are markers of impaired neurodevelopment during the prenatal stage. Assessing MPA across psychiatric disorders may help understand their shared nature. In addition, MPA in family members would indicate a shared liability and endophenotype potential. We examined familial aggregation of MPA and their role as transdiagnostic and disorder-specific markers of 5 major psychiatric/neuropsychiatric conditions (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance dependence, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Alzheimer's dementia). METHODS Modified Waldrop's MPA scale was applied on 1321 individuals from 439 transdiagnostic multiplex families and 125 healthy population controls (HC). Stage of fetal development (morphogenetic/phenogenetic)- and anatomical location (craniofacial/peripheral)-based sub-scores were calculated. Familiality and endophenotypic potential of MPA were analyzed with serial negative binomial mixed-effect regression. Cross-diagnostic differences and the effect of family history density (FHD) of each diagnosis on MPA were assessed. Mixed-effects Cox models estimated the influence of MPA on age-at-onset of illness (AAO). RESULTS MPA were found to be heritable in families with psychiatric disorders, with a familiality of 0.52. MPA were higher in psychotic disorders after controlling for effects of sex and intrafamilial correlation. Morphogenetic variant MPA was noted to be lower in dementia in comparison to HC. FHD of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predicted higher, and that of dementia and substance dependence predicted lower MPA. MPA brought forward the AAO [HR:1.07 (1.03-1.11)], and this was more apparent in psychotic disorders. CONCLUSION MPA are transmissible in families, are specifically related to the risk of developing psychoses, and predict an earlier age at onset. Neurodevelopmentally informed classification of MPA has the potential to enhance the etiopathogenic and translational understanding of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Joan C Puzhakkal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Nadella
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sweta Sheth
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Srinivas Balachander
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Dhruva Ithal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Furkhan Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kesavan Muralidharan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - John P John
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Mathew Varghese
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Yc Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
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Deng H, Tan T. Advances in the Molecular Genetics of Non-syndromic Syndactyly. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:183-93. [PMID: 26069458 PMCID: PMC4460222 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150317233103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly, webbing of adjacent digits with or without bony fusion, is one of the most common hereditary limb malformations. It occurs either as an isolated abnormality or as a component of more than 300 syndromic anomalies. There are currently nine types of phenotypically diverse nonsyndromic syndactyly. Non-syndromic syndactyly is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the more severe presenting types and subtypes may show autosomal recessive or X-linked pattern of inheritance. The phenotype appears to be not only caused by a main gene, but also dependant on genetic background and subsequent signaling pathways involved in limb formation. So far, the principal genes identified to be involved in congenital syndactyly are mainly involved in the zone of polarizing activity and sonic hedgehog pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the molecular genetics, including known genes and loci responsible for non-syndromic syndactyly, and the signaling pathways those genetic factors involved in, as well as clinical features and animal models. We hope our review will contribute to the understanding of underlying pathogenesis of this complicated disorder and have implication on genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine ; Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Center for Experimental Medicine
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Yéo S, Perrot P, Bellier-Waast F, David A, Duteille F. [The Adams-Oliver syndrome. A case report]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:274-6. [PMID: 20727808 DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors report a case of Adams-Oliver syndrome in an 11 months child. This child was referred to our unit at the age of six months with right hand brachydactyly and alopecia on the vertex. We decided not to treat hand malformations, given the lack of functional impact. Alopecia of the vertex was corrected by tissue expansion of the scalp, with a satisfactory cosmetic result at five months.
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