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Vernon EL, Moore MN, Bean TP, Jha AN. Evaluation of interactive effects of phosphorus-32 and copper on marine and freshwater bivalve mollusks. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1106-1119. [PMID: 32970511 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1823032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contaminants seldom occur in isolation in the aquatic environment. While pollution of coastal and inland water bodies has received considerable attention to date, there is limited information on potential interactive effects between radionuclides and metals. Whether by accidental or controlled release, such contaminants co-exist in aquatic ecosystems and can pose an enhanced threat to biota. Using a range of biological responses, the study aimed to evaluate relative interactive effects on representative freshwater and marine bivalve species. METHODS An integrated, multi-biomarker approach was adopted to investigate response to copper (Cu, 18 μg L-1), a known environmentally relevant genotoxic metal and differing concentrations of phosphorus-32 (32P; 0.1 and 1 mGy d-1), alone and in combination in marine (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and freshwater (Dreissena polymorpha) mussels. Genetic and molecular biomarkers were determined post-exposure and included DNA damage (as measured by the comet assay), micronuclei (MN) formation, γ-H2AX foci induction and the expression of key stress-related genes (i.e. hsp70/90, sod, cat, gst). RESULTS Overall, using a tissue-specific (i.e. gill and digestive gland) approach, genotoxic response was reflective of exposures where Cu had a slight additive effect on 32P-induced damage across the species (but not all), cell types and dose rates. Multivariate analysis found significant correlations between comet and γ-H2AX assays, across both the tissues. Transcriptional expression of selected genes were generally unaltered in response to contaminant exposures, independent of species or tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to explore the interactive effects of ionizing radiation (IR) and Cu on two bivalve species representing two ecological habitats. The complexity of IR-metal interactions demonstrate that extrapolation of findings obtained from single stressor studies into field conditions could be misrepresentative of real-world environments. In turn, environmental protective strategies deemed suitable in protecting biota from a single, isolated stressor may not be wholly adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Vernon
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael N Moore
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK.,Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Vernon EL, Bean TP, Jha AN. Assessing relative biomarker responses in marine and freshwater bivalve molluscs following exposure to phosphorus 32 ( 32P): Application of genotoxicological and molecular biomarkers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 213:106120. [PMID: 31783294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic radionuclides can enter water bodies through accidental or controlled discharges. In order to assess their potential impact, understanding the link between exposure, tissue specific bioaccumulation and radiation dose rate, to biological or biomarker responses in aquatic biota is required. Adopting an integrated, multi-biomarker, multi-species approach, we have investigated potential biological responses induced by short-lived radionuclide, phosphorus-32 (32P, radiophosphorus) in two ecologically important mussel species, the freshwater Dreissena polymorpha (DP) and marine Mytilus galloprovincialis (MG). Adult individuals were exposed to 32P for 10 days, to acquire nominal whole-body average dose rates of 0.10, 1 and 10 mGy d-1, which encompass a screening value of 10 μGy h-1 (0.24 mGy d-1), in accordance with the ERICA tool. Following exposure, a suite of genotoxic biomarkers (DNA damage, γ-H2AX induction and micronucleus [MN] formation) were measured in gill and digestive gland tissues, along with transcriptional expression of selected stress-related genes in both the species (i.e. hsp70/90, sod, cat and gst). Our results demonstrate the relationship between tissue specific dosimetry, where 32P induced a dose-dependent increase, and biological responses independent of species. Gene expression analysis revealed little significant variation across species or tissues. Overall, MG appeared to be more sensitive to short-term damage (i.e. high DNA damage and γ-H2AX induction), particularly in digestive gland. This study contributes to limited knowledge on the transfer and biological impact of radionuclides within differing aquatic systems on a tissue specific level, aiding the development of adequate management and protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Vernon
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Tim P Bean
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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3
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Qu M, Ding J, Wang Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Di Y. Genetic impacts induced by BaP and Pb in Mytilus coruscus: Can RAPD be a validated tool in genotoxicity evaluation both in vivo and in vitro? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:529-538. [PMID: 30476815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(α)pyrene (BaP) and lead (Pb) are common pollutants discharged greatly in ocean and causing detrimental impacts on marine organisms. Although mussels are one of the most prominent and frequently studied biological models, the research on their genomic alterations induced by the mixture of two totally different chemicals, is still rare. In present study, local marine mussels Mytilus coruscus were exposed in vivo to BaP (53.74 ± 19.79 μg/L), Pb (2.58 ± 0.11 mg/L) and their mixture for 6 days. The genotoxic damages were assessed by comet assay, micronucleus (MNi) test, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Significantly increased though transitory genomic damage was investigated after the exposure and showed consistency using various detecting methods. Additive genotoxicity was only found after 3 days combined exposure by means of MNi test, suggesting that BaP and Pb may play with alternative biological targets during metabolism and/or interaction with the genome. The geno-stability and the recovery capability were further detected both in vivo and in vitro after challenged by BaP. RAPD results showed coherence in BaP induced genotoxicity, together with time-specific alterations. The genomic instability was found to recover in both in vivo and in vitro exposure scenarios in present study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the genotoxicitiy induced by BaP, Pb and their mixture by multiple detecting techniques. The attempt to utilize model pollutants and marine organism to validate the potential value of RAPD analysis highlighted that it might be a useful tool in the research of genotoxicology, especially on the effect-mechanism interplay at genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qu
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
| | - Jiawei Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China
| | - Yanan Di
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, PR China.
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Magalhães L, de Montaudouin X, Figueira E, Freitas R. Interactive effects of contamination and trematode infection in cockles biochemical performance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1469-1478. [PMID: 30292156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, especially those involving substances that pollute the environment can interfere with bivalve populations, as well as parasitism, a fundamental ecological interaction often neglected. In marine environments, organisms are concomitantly exposed to pollutants and parasites, a combination with synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects representing a potential threat to aquatic communities sustainability. In the present study, Cerastoderma edule (the edible cockle)-Himasthla elongata (trematode) was used as host-parasite model. Cockles are worldwide recognized as good sentinel and bioindicator species and can be infected by several trematodes, the most abundant macroparasites in coastal waters. Tested hypotheses were: 1) cockles exposed to increasing parasite pressure will present greater stress response; 2) cockles exposure to arsenic (single concentration test: 5.2 μg L-1) will change parasite infection success and cockles stress response to infection. Arsenic was used for being one of the most common pollutants in the world and stress response assessed using biochemical markers of glycogen content, metabolism, antioxidant activity and cellular damage. Results showed that intensity of parasite pressure was positively correlated to biochemical response, mainly represented by higher metabolic requirements. Contamination did not affect parasite infection success. Compared to arsenic, trematode infection alone exerted a stronger impact: higher glycogen storage, metabolism and cellular damage and antioxidant activity inhibition. In interaction, parasitism and arsenic reduced hosts metabolism and cellular damage. Therefore, to a certain extent and in a contamination scenario, cockles may benefit from trematode infection, working as a protection for the pollutant accumulation in the organisms, reducing overall ROS production, which can consequently led to less toxic effects. These findings highlighted the deleterious effects of trematode infection in their hosts and showed the importance of including parasitology in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 2, rue du Pr Jolyet, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 2, rue du Pr Jolyet, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Maria VL, Ribeiro MJ, Guilherme S, Soares AMVM, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Silver (nano)materials cause genotoxicity in Enchytraeus crypticus, as determined by the comet assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:184-191. [PMID: 28796341 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enchytraeids have been used in standard ecotoxicity testing for approximately 20 yr. Since adopting the standard test for survival and reproduction, a number of additional tools have been developed, including transcriptomics and enzymatic biomarkers. So far, a genotoxicity tool and endpoint have not been used; hence, the goals of the present study included optimization of the in vivo alkaline comet assay in Enchytraeus crypticus. Further, the effect of silver nanomaterial (Ag NM300K, dispersed, 15 nm) was tested and compared with silver nitrate. Hydrogen peroxide was used as a positive control. The various steps were optimized. The fully detailed standard operating procedure is presented. Silver materials caused genotoxicity, this being differentiated for the nano and non-nano forms. Silver nitrate caused genotoxicity after 3 d of exposure in a dose-related manner, although after 7 d the effects were either reduced or repaired. Ag NM300K caused higher genotoxicity after 7 d for the lowest concentration, highlighting a potential nonmonotonic dose-response effect. Overall, the comet assay showed the power to discriminate effects between materials and also toxicity at low relevant doses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:184-191. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ribeiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Utilization of isolated marine mussel cells as an in vitro model to assess xenobiotics induced genotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:219-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sahlmann A, Wolf R, Holth TF, Titelman J, Hylland K. Baseline and oxidative DNA damage in marine invertebrates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:807-819. [PMID: 28837417 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollutants produce oxidative stress in marine organisms, directly or following generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially resulting in increased accumulation of DNA strand breaks quantified. The aim of this study is to quantify baseline levels of DNA strand breaks in marine species from four phyla and to assess relative sensitivity to oxidative stress as well as ability to recover. DNA strand breaks were determined using a formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-amended comet assay in circulating cells from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), shore crab (Carcinus maenas), sea star (Asterias rubens), and vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis). Lymphocytes from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as a reference. In addition to immediate analysis, cells from all species were exposed ex vivo to two concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 25 or 250 μM prior to assay. Mean baseline DNA strand breaks were highest for cells from sea star (34%) followed by crab (25%), mussel (22%), tunicate (17%), and cod (14%). Circulating cells from invertebrates were markedly more sensitive to oxidative stress compared to cod lymphocytes. DNA strand breaks exceeded 80% for sea star, crab, and mussel cells following exposure to the lowest H2O2 concentration. There was no recovery for cells from any species following 1 hr in buffer. This study provides an in-depth analysis of DNA integrity for ecologically important species representing 4 phyla. Data indicate that circulating cells from invertebrates are more sensitive to oxidative stress than cells from fish as evidenced by DNA strand breaks. Future studies need to address the extent to which DNA strand breaks may exert consequences for body maintenance costs in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sahlmann
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Raoul Wolf
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tor Fredrik Holth
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- b Fylkesmannen i Vestfold, Tønsberg , Norway
| | - Josefin Titelman
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ketil Hylland
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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8
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Dallas LJ, Bean TP, Turner A, Lyons BP, Jha AN. Exposure to tritiated water at an elevated temperature: Genotoxic and transcriptomic effects in marine mussels (M. galloprovincialis). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 164:325-336. [PMID: 27552656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an abiotic factor of particular concern for assessing the potential impacts of radionuclides on marine species. This is particularly true for tritium, which is discharged as tritiated water (HTO) in the process of cooling nuclear institutions. Additionally, with sea surface temperatures forecast to rise 0.5-3.5 °C in the next 30-100 years, determining the interaction of elevated temperature with radiological exposure has never been more relevant. We assessed the tissue-specific accumulation, transcriptional expression of key genes, and genotoxicity of tritiated water to marine mussels at either 15 or 25 °C, over a 7 day time course with sampling after 1 h, 12 h, 3 d and 7d. The activity concentration used (15 MBq L-1) resulted in tritium accumulation that varied with both time and temperature, but consistently produced dose rates (calculated using the ERICA tool) of <20 Gy h-1, i.e. considerably below the recommended guidelines of the IAEA and EURATOM. Despite this, there was significant induction of DNA strand breaks (as measured by the comet assay), which also showed a temperature-dependent time shift. At 15 °C, DNA damage was only significantly elevated after 7 d, in contrast to 25 °C where a similar response was observed after only 3 d. The transcription profiles of two isoforms of hsp70, hsp90, mt20, p53 and rad51 indicated potential mechanisms behind this temperature-induced acceleration of genotoxicity, which may be the result of compromised defence. Specifically, genes involved in protein folding, DNA double strand break repair and cell cycle checkpoint control were upregulated after 3 d HTO exposure at 15 °C, but significantly downregulated when the same exposure occurred at 25 °C. This study is the first to investigate temperature effects on radiation-induced genotoxicity in an ecologically relevant marine invertebrate, Mytilus galloprovincialis. From an ecological perspective, our study suggests that mussels (or similar marine species) exposed to increased temperature and HTO may have a compromised ability to defend against genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Dallas
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Tim P Bean
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Brett P Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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Lavradas RT, Rocha RCC, Bordon ICAC, Saint'Pierre TD, Godoy JM, Hauser-Davis RA. Differential metallothionein, reduced glutathione and metal levels in Perna perna mussels in two environmentally impacted tropical bays in southeastern Brazil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:75-84. [PMID: 26994306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mussel farming is an important economic activity in Brazil, and these organisms are consumed by the majority of the population in most coastal zones in the country. However, despite the increasing pollution of aquatic ecosystems in Brazil, little is known about the biochemical activity in mussels in response to metal exposure. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate metal and metalloid exposure effects in Perna perna mussels, by determining metal levels, the induction of metallothionein (MT) synthesis, and oxidative stress, in the form of reduced glutathione (GSH) in 3 contaminated areas from the Guanabara Bay in comparison to a reference site, Ilha Grande Bay, both in summer and winter. Metal and metalloid concentrations were also compared to Brazilian and international guidelines, to verify potential health risks to human consumers. Mussels from all sampling sites were shown to be improper for human consumption due to metal contamination, including Ilha Grande Bay, which has previously been considered a reference site. Several statistically significant correlations and seasonal differences were observed between MT, GSH and metals and metalloids in both analyzed tissues. A Discriminant Canonical Analysis indicated that the digestive gland is a better bioindicator for environmental contamination by metals and metalloids in this species and offers further proof that MT variations observed are due to metal exposure and not oxidative stress, since GSH influence for both muscle tissue and the digestive glands was non-significant in this analysis. These results show that P. perna mussels are an adequate sentinel species for metal contamination with significant effects on oxidative stress and metal exposure biomarkers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report metals, metalloids, MT and GSH levels in the muscle tissue of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel T Lavradas
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael C C Rocha
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella C A C Bordon
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n°, Parque Bitaru, CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint'Pierre
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José M Godoy
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel A Hauser-Davis
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Neotropical Biodiversity Post-Graduate Program, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Barón E, Dissanayake A, Vilà-Cano J, Crowther C, Readman JW, Jha AN, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Physiological Effects of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) Flame Retardants in Marine Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2700-2708. [PMID: 26829245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a proposed alternative to the legacy flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), a major component of Deca-BDE formulations. In contrast to BDE-209, toxicity data for DP are scarce and often focused on mice. Validated dietary in vivo exposure of the marine bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to both flame retardants did not induce effects at the physiological level (algal clearance rate), but induced DNA damage, as determined by the comet assay, at all concentrations tested. Micronuclei formation was induced by both DP and BDE-209 at the highest exposure concentrations (100 and 200 μg/L, respectively, at 18% above controls). DP caused effects similar to those by BDE-209 but at lower exposure concentrations (5.6, 56, and 100 μg/L for DP and 56, 100, and 200 μg/L for BDE-209). Moreover, bioaccumulation of DP was shown to be concentration dependent, in contrast to BDE-209. The results described suggest that DP poses a greater genotoxic potential than BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Awantha Dissanayake
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Vilà-Cano
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Crowther
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - James W Readman
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona , Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Lavradas RT, Rocha RCC, Saint' Pierre TD, Godoy JM, Hauser-Davis RA. Investigation of thermostable metalloproteins in Perna perna mussels from differentially contaminated areas in Southeastern Brazil by bioanalytical techniques. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 34:70-8. [PMID: 26854248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metallomic studies regarding environmental contamination by metals are of value in elucidating metal uptake, trafficking, accumulation and metabolism in biological systems. Many proven bioindicator species, such as bivalves, have not yet, however, been well-characterized regarding their metalloprotein expression in response to environmental contaminants. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate metalloprotein expressions in the thermostable protein fraction of muscle tissue and digestive glands from mussels (Perna perna) from three differentially metal-contaminated sites in Southeastern Brazil in comparison with a reference site. The thermostable protein fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS. Metal content was also determined in both the crude and the purified extracts. Several inter-organ differences were observed, which is to be expected, while inter-site differences regarding thermostable protein content were also verified, indicating accumulation of these elements in muscle tissue and digestive glands and disruption of homeostasis of essential elements, with detoxification attempts by metal-bound proteins, since all metalloproteins present in both matrices eluted bound to at least one non-essential metal. These results are also noteworthy with regard to the adopted reference site, that also seems to be contaminated by toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Teixeira Lavradas
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Christian Chávez Rocha
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Dillenburg Saint' Pierre
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 22453-900, Brazil
| | - José Marcus Godoy
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 22453-900, Brazil.
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Dallas LJ, Jha AN. Applications of biological tools or biomarkers in aquatic biota: A case study of the Tamar estuary, South West England. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:618-633. [PMID: 25817310 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are the ultimate recipients of pollutant-induced damage. Consequently, our traditional reliance on analytical tools is not enough to assess ecosystem health. Biological responses or biomarkers are therefore also considered to be important tools for environmental hazard and risk assessments. Due to historical mining, other anthropogenic activities, and its conservational importance (e.g. NATURA sites, SACs), the Tamar estuary in South West England is an ideal environment in which to examine applications of such biological tools. This review presents a thorough and critical evaluation of the different biological tools used in the Tamar estuary thus far, while also discussing future perspectives for biomarker studies from a global perspective. In particular, we focus on the challenges which hinder applications of biological tools from being more readily incorporated into regulatory frameworks, with the aim of enabling both policymakers and primary stakeholders to maximise the environmental relevance and regulatory usefulness of such tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Dallas
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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13
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Devos A, Dallas LJ, Voiseux C, Lecomte-Pradines C, Jha AN, Fiévet B. Assessment of growth, genotoxic responses and expression of stress related genes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas following chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:688-698. [PMID: 25843441 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are exposed to low doses of anthropogenic contaminants during their entire life. Authorized amounts of radionuclides are discharged in the Channel by nuclear facilities. The Pacific oyster was used to investigate the potential impact of chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. Though we exposed larvae and spat for two weeks to much higher concentrations than those encountered near nuclear facilities, oyster growth and expression of 9 selected stress genes were not significantly changed. To determine potential DNA damage, 2year old oysters were exposed for two weeks to tritiated water. The comet assay was used to evaluate the level of DNA strand breaks in haemocytes, whilst the 'clearance rate' was used as a measure of physiological effects. Whilst other parameters did not alter, DNA damage significantly increased. Our results highlight the significance of the observed DNA damage and their potential consequences at higher levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Devos
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-ENV/SERIS/Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP 10, 50130 Cherbourg Octeville, France
| | - Lorna J Dallas
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Voiseux
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-ENV/SERIS/Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP 10, 50130 Cherbourg Octeville, France
| | - Catherine Lecomte-Pradines
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-ENV/SERIS/Laboratoire d'ECOtoxicologie des radionucléides, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Fiévet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PRP-ENV/SERIS/Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP 10, 50130 Cherbourg Octeville, France.
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El-Bibany AH, Bodnar AG, Reinardy HC. Comparative DNA damage and repair in echinoderm coelomocytes exposed to genotoxicants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107815. [PMID: 25229547 PMCID: PMC4168213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to withstand and repair DNA damage differs among species and plays a role in determining an organism's resistance to genotoxicity, life history, and susceptibility to disease. Environmental stressors that affect organisms at the genetic level are of particular concern in ecotoxicology due to the potential for chronic effects and trans-generational impacts on populations. Echinoderms are valuable organisms to study the relationship between DNA repair and resistance to genotoxic stress due to their history and use as ecotoxicological models, little evidence of senescence, and few reported cases of neoplasia. Coelomocytes (immune cells) have been proposed to serve as sensitive bioindicators of environmental stress and are often used to assess genotoxicity; however, little is known about how coelomocytes from different echinoderm species respond to genotoxic stress. In this study, DNA damage was assessed (by Fast Micromethod) in coelomocytes of four echinoderm species (sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus, Echinometra lucunter lucunter, and Tripneustes ventricosus, and a sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus) after acute exposure to H2O2 (0-100 mM) and UV-C (0-9999 J/m2), and DNA repair was analyzed over a 24-hour period of recovery. Results show that coelomocytes from all four echinoderm species have the capacity to repair both UV-C and H2O2-induced DNA damage; however, there were differences in repair capacity between species. At 24 hours following exposure to the highest concentration of H2O2 (100 mM) and highest dose of UV-C (9999 J/m2) cell viability remained high (>94.6 ± 1.2%) but DNA repair ranged from 18.2 ± 9.2% to 70.8 ± 16.0% for H2O2 and 8.4 ± 3.2% to 79.8 ± 9.0% for UV-C exposure. Species-specific differences in genotoxic susceptibility and capacity for DNA repair are important to consider when evaluating ecogenotoxicological model organisms and assessing overall impacts of genotoxicants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena H. El-Bibany
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's, Bermuda
| | - Andrea G. Bodnar
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's, Bermuda
| | - Helena C. Reinardy
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's, Bermuda
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15
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Praveen Kumar MK, Shyama SK, Sonaye BS, Naik UR, Kadam SB, Bipin PD, D'costa A, Chaubey RC. Evaluation of γ-radiation-induced DNA damage in two species of bivalves and their relative sensitivity using comet assay. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:1-8. [PMID: 24642292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to induce genetic damage in diverse groups of organisms. Under accidental situations, large quantities of radioactive elements get released into the environment and radiation emitted from these radionuclides may adversely affect both the man and the non-human biota. The present study is aimed (a) to know the genotoxic effect of gamma radiation on aquatic fauna employing two species of selected bivalves, (b) to evaluate the possible use of 'Comet assay' for detecting genetic damage in haemocytes of bivalves as a biomarker for environmental biomonitoring and also (c) to compare the relative sensitivity of two species of bivalves viz. Paphia malabarica and Meretrix casta to gamma radiation. The comet assays was optimized and validated using different concentrations (18, 32 and 56 mg/L) of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), a direct-acting reference genotoxic agent, to which the bivalves were exposed for various times (24, 48 and 72 h). Bivalves were irradiated (single acute exposure) with 5 different doses (viz. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gy) of gamma radiation and their genotoxic effects on the haemocytes were studied using the comet assay. Haemolymph was collected from the adductor muscle at 24, 48 and 72 h of both EMS-exposed and irradiated bivalves and comet assay was carried out using standard protocol. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed as indicated by an increase in % tail DNA damage at different concentrations of EMS and all the doses of gamma radiation as compared to controls in both bivalve species. This showed a dose-dependent increase of genetic damage induced in bivalves by EMS as well as gamma radiation. Further, the highest DNA damage was observed at 24h. The damage gradually decreased with time, i.e. was smaller at 48 and 72 h than at 24h post irradiation in both species of bivalves. This may indicate repair of the damaged DNA and/or loss of heavily damaged cells as the post irradiation time advanced. The present study reveals that gamma radiation induces single strand breaks in DNA as measured by alkaline comet assay in bivalves and comet assay serves as a sensitive and rapid method to detect genotoxicity of gamma radiation. This study further indicates that both M. casta and P. malabarica exhibit almost identical sensitivity to gamma radiation as measured by DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S K Shyama
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India.
| | - B S Sonaye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Goa Medical College, Goa, India
| | - U Roshini Naik
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - S B Kadam
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - P D Bipin
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - A D'costa
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India
| | - R C Chaubey
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Dallas LJ, Cheung VV, Fisher AS, Jha AN. Relative sensitivity of two marine bivalves for detection of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects: a field assessment in the Tamar Estuary, South West England. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3397-3412. [PMID: 22890867 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The input of anthropogenic contaminants to the aquatic environment is a major concern for scientists, regulators and the public. This is especially relevant in areas such as the Tamar valley in SW England, which has a legacy of contamination from industrial activity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Following on from previous laboratory validation studies, this study aimed to assess the relationship between genotoxic and cytotoxic responses and heavy metal concentrations in two bivalve species sampled from locations along the Tamar estuary. Adult cockles, Cerastoderma edule, and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, were sampled from five locations in the Tamar and one reference location on the south Devon coast. Bivalve haemocytes were processed for comet and neutral red retention (NRR) assays to determine potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, respectively. Sediment and soft tissue samples were analysed for metal content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Sediment concentrations were consistent with the physico-chemical nature of the Tamar estuary. A significant correlation (P = 0.05) was found between total metal concentration in sediment and C. edule soft tissues, but no such correlation was found for M. edulis samples. DNA damage was elevated at the site with highest Cr concentrations for M. edulis and at the site with highest Ni and Pb concentrations for C. edule. Analysis of NRR revealed a slight increase in retention time at one site, in contrast to comet data. We conclude that the comet assay is a reliable indicator of genotoxic damage in the field for both M. edulis and C. edule and discuss reasons for the apparent discrepancy with NRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Dallas
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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17
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Reinardy HC, Skippins E, Henry TB, Jha AN. Assessment of DNA damage in sperm after repeated non-invasive sampling in zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:1074-1081. [PMID: 23464563 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Repeated non-invasive sampling of zebrafish Danio rerio sperm was conducted, sperm counts were obtained and a method for measurement of DNA damage in sperm was developed and validated (single-cell gel electrophoresis, comet, assay). DNA damage in sperm increased with concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 , 0-200 µM), and in vitro exposure of sperm to 200 µM H2 O2 produced 88·7 ± 3·9% tail DNA compared to unexposed controls [12 ± 0·7% tail DNA (mean ± s.e., n = 3)]. Frequency of sperm sampling (sampled every 2, 4 or 7 days) did not affect DNA damage in sperm, but sperm counts decreased 57 and 22% for fish sampled every 2 or 4 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Reinardy
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
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18
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Alamri OD, Cundy AB, Di Y, Jha AN, Rotchell JM. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage response identified in marine mussels, Mytilus sp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 168:107-112. [PMID: 22609861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern over the potential detrimental impact of ionizing radiation on natural biota. The mechanistic cause-and-effect impact of ionizing radiation has yet to be characterized in any aquatic species. Adopting an integrated approach, including radiochemical analysis of environmental samples, we evaluate molecular responses to ionizing radiation in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. These responses included analyses of RAD51 mRNA expression, a gene involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks, and induction of DNA strand breaks using the comet assay, in samples collected from a site impacted by low level ionizing radiation discharges. Based on activities of the radionuclides measured in sediment and mussel tissue at the discharge site, external and internal dose rates were low, at ca. 0.61 μGyh(-1) and significantly lower than the generic (all species) "no effect" dose rate of 10 uGyh(-1), yet DNA strand breakage and RAD51 mRNA expression were both altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud D Alamri
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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19
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Al-Subiai SN, Arlt VM, Frickers PE, Readman JW, Stolpe B, Lead JR, Moody AJ, Jha AN. Merging nano-genotoxicology with eco-genotoxicology: an integrated approach to determine interactive genotoxic and sub-lethal toxic effects of C(60) fullerenes and fluoranthene in marine mussels, Mytilus sp. Mutat Res 2012; 745:92-103. [PMID: 22230430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Whilst there is growing concern over the potential detrimental impact of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on the natural environment, little is known about their interactions with other contaminants. In the present study, marine mussels (Mytilus sp.) were exposed for 3 days to C(60) fullerenes (C(60); 0.10-1 mg l(-1)) and a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), fluoranthene (32-100 μg l(-1)), either alone or in combination. The first two experiments were conducted by exposing the organisms to different concentrations of C(60) and fluoranthene alone, in order to determine the effects on total glutathione levels (as a measure of generic oxidative stress), genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks using Comet assay in haemocytes), DNA adduct analyses (using (32)P-postlabelling method) in different organs, histopathological changes in different tissues (i.e. adductor muscle, digestive gland and gills) and physiological effects (feeding or clearance rate). Subsequently, in the third experiment, a combined exposure of C(60) plus fluoranthene (0.10 mg l(-1) and 32 μg l(-1), respectively) was carried out to evaluate all endpoints mentioned above. Both fluoranthene and C(60) on their own caused concentration-dependent increases in DNA strand breaks as determined by the Comet assay. Formation of DNA adducts however could not be detected for any exposure conditions. Combined exposure to C(60) and fluoranthene additively enhanced the levels of DNA strand breaks along with a 2-fold increase in the total glutathione content. In addition, significant accumulation of C(60) was observed in all organs, with highest levels in digestive gland (24.90 ± 4.91μg C(60) g(-1) ww). Interestingly, clear signs of abnormalities in adductor muscle, digestive gland and gills were observed by histopathology. Clearance rates indicated significant differences compared to the control with exposure to C(60), and C(60)/fluoranthene combined treatments, but not after fluoranthene exposure alone. This study demonstrated that at the selected concentrations, both C(60) and fluoranthene evoke toxic responses and genetic damage. The combined exposure produced enhanced damage with additive rather than synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherain N Al-Subiai
- School of Biomedical & Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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20
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Nilin J, Monteiro M, Domingues I, Loureiro S, Costa-Lotufo LV, Soares AMVM. Bivalve esterases as biomarker: identification and characterization in European cockles (Cerastoderma edule). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:707-711. [PMID: 22241547 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized esterase activity in Cerastoderma edule tissues using different substrates and specific inhibitors and identified the tissue distribution of esterases in this species. Synthetic thiocholines and thioacetate esters and specific inhibitors (eserine, BW284C51 and iso-OMPA) were used to identify and quantify cholines and carboxyl esterases. The results demonstrated the presence of a non-specific propionyl thiocholine (PrSCh)-cleaving cholinesterase (ChE) and a large amount of carboxylesterases (CaE). For further studies using C. edule esterases as biomarkers, our results suggest that the adductor muscle, with PrSCh (5 mM) as substrate should be used to analyze ChE, and for CaE analyses, phenyl thioacetate should be used in digestive gland extracts (PSA, 5 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeamylle Nilin
- Laboratory of Marine Ecotoxicology, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60165-081, Brazil
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21
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Dallas LJ, Keith-Roach M, Lyons BP, Jha AN. Assessing the Impact of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Invertebrates: A Critical Review. Radiat Res 2012; 177:693-716. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2687.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Di Y, Schroeder DC, Highfield A, Readman JW, Jha AN. Tissue-specific expression of p53 and ras genes in response to the environmental genotoxicant benzo(α)pyrene in marine mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8974-8981. [PMID: 21899289 DOI: 10.1021/es201547x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine mussels can develop hemeic and gonadal neoplasia in the natural environment. Associated with these diseases are the tumor suppressor (TS) p53 and the proto-oncogene ras coded proteins, both of which are highly conserved among molluscs and vertebrates. We report, for the first time, tissue-specific expression analysis of p53 and ras genes in Mytilus edulis by means of quantitative RT-PCR. A tissue-specific response was observed after 6 and 12 days exposure to a sublethal concentration of a model Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo(α)pyrene (B(α)P). This sublethal concentration (56 μg/L) was selected based on an integrated biomarker analysis carried out prior to gene expression analysis, which included a 'clearance rate' assay, histopathological analysis, and DNA strand break measurements. The results indicated that the selected concentration of B(α)P can lead to the induction of DNA strand breaks, tissue damage, and expression of tumor-regulating genes. Both p53 and ras are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, which collaborate with tissue-specific function in response to genotoxic stress. The integrated biological responses in Mytilus edulis strengthen the use of this organism to investigate the fundamental mechanism of development of malignancy in invertebrate which could be translated to other organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Di
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
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23
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Fernández-Tajes J, Flórez F, Pereira S, Rábade T, Laffon B, Méndez J. Use of three bivalve species for biomonitoring a polluted estuarine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:289-300. [PMID: 20686838 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are marine areas at great contamination risk due to their hydrodynamic features. PAH are wide and ubiquitous contaminants with a high presence in these marine environments. Chemical analysis of sediments can provide information, although it does not give a direct measure of the toxicological effect of such contaminants in the biota. Samples of Venerupis pullastra, Cerastoderma edule, and Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected from two locations in Corcubión estuary (Norhwest of Spain). The level of PAH in sediment and biota, and its possible origin were assessed. A moderate level of contamination was observed with a predominance of PAH of a pyrogenic origin. Genotoxic damage, measured as single-strand DNA breaks with the comet assay, was evaluated in gill tissue and in hemolymph. The values of DNA damage obtained showed a higher sensitivity of clams and cockles to the pollution load level. These differences among species make us suggest the use of some other species coupled with mussels as an optimal tool for biomonitoring estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-Tajes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
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24
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Jose S, Jayesh P, Mohandas A, Philip R, Bright Singh IS. Application of primary haemocyte culture of Penaeus monodon in the assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of heavy metals and pesticides. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 71:169-177. [PMID: 21281964 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lack of shrimp cell lines has hindered the study of pollutants which adversely affects shrimp health and its export value. In this context a primary haemocyte culture developed from Penaeus monodon was employed for assessing the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of two heavy metal compounds, cadmium chloride and mercuric chloride and two organophosphate insecticides, malathion and monocrotophos. Using MTT assay 12 h IC(50) values calculated were 31.09 ± 16.27 μM and 5.52 ± 1.16 μM for cadmium chloride and mercuric chloride and 59.94 ± 52.30 mg l(-1) and 186.76 ± 77.00 mg l(-1) for malathion and monocrotophos respectively. Employing Comet assay, DNA damage inflicted by these pollutants on haemocytes were evaluated and the pollutants induced DNA damage in >60% of the cells. The study suggested that haemocyte culture could be used as a tool for quantifying cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aquaculture drugs, management chemicals and pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seena Jose
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi 682016, India
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Carmona ER, Guecheva TN, Creus A, Marcos R. Proposal of an in vivo comet assay using haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:165-169. [PMID: 20740640 DOI: 10.1002/em.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first application of an in vivo alkaline comet assay using haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. These cells, which play a role similar to that of mammalian blood, can be easily obtained and represent an overall exposure of the treated larvae. To validate the assay, we evaluated the response of these cells to three well-known mutagenic agents: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), potassium dichromate (PD), and gamma radiation (γ-irradiation). Third-instar Drosophila larvae were exposed to different concentrations of EMS (1, 2, and 4 mM) and PD (0.5, 1, and 2.5 mM) and to different doses of γ-irradiation (2, 4, and 8 Gγ). Subsequently, haemolymph was extracted from the larvae, and haemocytes were isolated by centrifugation and used in the comet assay. Haemocytes exhibited a significant dose-related increase in DNA damage, indicating that these cells are clearly sensitive to the treatments. These results suggest that the proposed in vivo comet test, using larvae haemocytes of D. melanogaster, may be a useful in vivo assay for genotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico R Carmona
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Pereira SM, Fernández-Tajes J, Rábade T, Flórez-Barrós F, Laffon B, Méndez J. Comparison between two bivalve species as tools for the assessment of pollution levels in an estuarian environment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1020-1029. [PMID: 21707426 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are semi-enclosed marine areas with water short residence times. Estuary ecosystems show a higher susceptibility to contamination, as historically these sites are linked to urban and industrial development. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous contaminants present in high quantities in these marine environments. Chemical analyses of sediments provides information regarding PAH pollution levels but not a direct measure of the toxicological effects attributed to these contaminants. Samples of sediments and of two bivalve species, Cerastoderma edule and Mytilus galloprovincialis, were collected from two locations (Corcubión and A Concha) in an estuary from northwestern Spain. The PAH levels in sediment and bivalve species and possible sources were determined. A moderate level and a low level of pyrogenic PAH contamination were observed in Corcubión and in A Concha, respectively. Genotoxic damage was evaluated in gills and hemocytes from mussels and cockles by means of the comet assay. DNA damage measured as DNAt values showed a reliable relationship with pollution load levels of the two sampling sites. The higher sensitivity of C. edule compared to M. galloprovincialis enables one to recommend including another species coupled with mussels for biomonitoring estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Pereira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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27
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Genotoxic effects of monocrotophos, an organophosphorous pesticide, on an estuarine bivalve, Meretrix ovum. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1618-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gestal C, Roch P, Renault T, Pallavicini A, Paillard C, Novoa B, Oubella R, Venier P, Figueras A. Study of Diseases and the Immune System of Bivalves Using Molecular Biology and Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802325518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Guerlet E, Ledy K, Giambérini L. Is the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus, a suitable sentinel species for the implementation of histochemical biomarkers? CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:697-702. [PMID: 18499217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to enlarge the range of potential sentinel species for the implementation of a multiple biomarker approach, spatial and monthly morphological variations of four cellular compartments and contents were assessed during two years in the hepatopancreatic caeca of the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda), using histochemistry coupled to image analysis. Among the three study sites, the second one, located in a reservoir receiving the overheated and copper-contaminated waters of a nuclear power plant, was the most anthropised. During this passive biomonitoring survey, unsaturated neutral lipids were more abundant, the surface densities of the lysosomal and peroxisomal systems were, respectively less and more important, and lipofuscin granules tended to accumulate in the amphipods from the second site compared to both others. Nonetheless, in this context, the present cellular biomarker suite, analysed through an integrative approach, was not powerful enough to highlight spatial heterogeneity significantly. This may partly result from particularities in the patterns of metal accumulation and copper physiological requirements of amphipods (haemocyanin synthesis). Nevertheless, we think that the use of this Ponto-Caspian non-indigenous species in biomonitoring surveys deserves further investigation, owing to its current position in freshwater and brackish European ecosystems, considering both biomass and functioning. Cellular responses could be studied in parallel with endpoints at other levels of the biological organization to compose a more powerful biomarker suite. Furthermore, comparing biological responses to environmental stress in this invasive species and less competitive autochthonous gammarids could be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Guerlet
- Université Paul Verlaine Metz, Laboratoire Interactions Ecotoxicologie, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes (LIEBE), CNRS UMR 7146, Campus Bridoux, Metz, France
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