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Sylvestre MN, Jean-Louis P, Grimonprez A, Bilas P, Collienne A, Azède C, Gros O. Candidatus Thiovulum sp. strain imperiosus: the largest free-living Epsilonproteobacteraeota Thiovulum strain lives in a marine mangrove environment. Can J Microbiol 2021; 68:1-14. [PMID: 34461021 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A large (47.75 ± 3.56 µm in diameter) Thiovulum bacterial strain forming white veils is described from a marine mangrove ecosystem. High sulfide concentrations (up to 8 mM of H2S) were measured on sunken organic matter (wood/bone debris) under laboratory conditions. This sulfur-oxidizing bacterium colonized the organic matter, forming a white veil. According to conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, bacterial cells are ovoid and slightly motile by numerous small flagella present on the cell surface. Large intracytoplasmic internal sulfur granules were observed, suggesting a sulfidic-based metabolism. Observations were confirmed by elemental sulfur distribution detected by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) on non-dehydrated samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequence of 16S rDNA obtained from purified fractions of this Epsilonproteobacteraeota strain indicates that this bacterium belongs to the Thiovulaceae cluster and could be one of the largest Thiovulum ever described. We propose to name this species Candidatus Thiovulum sp. strain imperiosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Sylvestre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Patrick Jean-Louis
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Adrien Grimonprez
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Philippe Bilas
- Centre Commun de Caractérisation des Matériaux des Antilles et de la Guyane (C3MAG), UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
- Groupe de Technologie des Surfaces et des Interfaces, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Amandine Collienne
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Catherine Azède
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Olivier Gros
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
- Centre Commun de Caractérisation des Matériaux des Antilles et de la Guyane (C3MAG), UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
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Autochthonous production contributes to the diet of wood-boring invertebrates in temperate shallow water. Oecologia 2021; 196:877-889. [PMID: 34159424 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine wood-boring invertebrates rapidly fragment coarse woody debris in the sea. These wood borers have the ability to digest wood cellulose, but other potential food sources have been less investigated. To assess the contribution of each potential food source to the diet of wood borers, we traced seasonal and environmental changes in δ13C of shipworms cultured under the same experimental conditions and related these changes to variations in δ13C of potential food sources, i.e., wood log and particulate organic matter (POM) by using multiple linear regression models rather than the Bayesian mixing model. Based on the standardized partial regression coefficients in the model, it became clear that wood-derived organic carbon was the main carbon source for the teredinids, and POM also accounted for 37.9% of the teredinids' carbon source. Furthermore, we clarified variations in supplemental nitrogen sources for the teredinids: one species depended on both POM and wood log, whereas the other three species depended on either POM or wood log for their nitrogen source. δ13C values of another wood-boring bivalve of Martesia (Pholadidae) increase as it grows, which suggests that the bivalve switches its feeding strategy from xylophagous to filter feeding as it grows. Wood borers are known to accelerate the transfer of organic materials derived from wood logs to marine ecosystems. However, this study suggests that autochthonous production strongly contribute to the diet of marine wood borers, helping them to decompose wood logs in temperate shallow water.
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Shipway JR, Altamia MA, Haga T, Velásquez M, Albano J, Dechavez R, Concepcion GP, Haygood MG, Distel DL. Observations on the Life History and Geographic Range of the Giant Chemosymbiotic Shipworm Kuphus polythalamius (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:167-177. [PMID: 30624120 DOI: 10.1086/700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kuphus polythalamius (Teredinidae) is one of the world's largest, most rarely observed, and least understood bivalves. Kuphus polythalamius is also among the few shallow-water marine species and the only teredinid species determined to harbor sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic (thioautotrophic) symbionts. Until the recent discovery of living specimens in the Philippines, this species was known only from calcareous hard parts, fossils, and the preserved soft tissues of a single large specimen. As a result, the anatomy, biology, life history, and geographic range of K. polythalamius remain obscure. Here we report the collection and description of the smallest living specimens of K. polythalamius yet discovered and confirm the species identity of these individuals by using sequences of three genetic markers. Unlike previously collected specimens, all of which have been reported to occur in marine sediments, these specimens were observed burrowing in wood, the same substrate utilized by all other members of the family. These observations suggest that K. polythalamius initially settles on wood and subsequently transitions into sediment, where this species may grow to enormous sizes. This discovery led us to search for and find previously unidentified and misidentified wood-boring specimens of this species within museum collections, and it allowed us to show that the recent geographic range (since 1933) of this species extends across a 3000-mile span from the Philippines to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
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Woo HL, Hazen TC. Enrichment of Bacteria From Eastern Mediterranean Sea Involved in Lignin Degradation via the Phenylacetyl-CoA Pathway. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:922. [PMID: 29867833 PMCID: PMC5954211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of allochthonous terrestrial organic matter, such as recalcitrant lignin and hemicellulose from plants, occurs in the ocean. We hypothesize that bacteria instead of white-rot fungi, the model organisms of aerobic lignin degradation within terrestrial environments, are responsible for lignin degradation in the ocean due to the ocean's oligotrophy and hypersalinity. Warm oxic seawater from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea was enriched on lignin in laboratory microcosms. Lignin mineralization rates by the lignin-adapted consortia improved after two sequential incubations. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing detected a higher abundance of aromatic compound degradation genes in response to lignin, particularly phenylacetyl-CoA, which may be an effective strategy for marine microbes in fluctuating oxygen concentrations. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing detected a higher abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria bacteria such as taxonomic families Idiomarinaceae, Alcanivoraceae, and Alteromonadaceae in response to lignin. Meanwhile, fungal Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes remained at very low abundance. Our findings demonstrate the significant potential of bacteria and microbes utilizing the phenylacetyl-CoA pathway to contribute to lignin degradation in the Eastern Mediterranean where environmental conditions are unfavorable for fungi. Exploring the diversity of bacterial lignin degraders may provide important enzymes for lignin conversion in industry. Enzymes may be key in breaking down high molecular weight lignin and enabling industry to use it as a low-cost and sustainable feedstock for biofuels or other higher-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Terry C Hazen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Grimonprez A, Molza A, Laurent MC, Mansot JL, Gros O. Thioautotrophic ectosymbiosis in Pseudovorticella sp., a peritrich ciliate species colonizing wood falls in marine mangrove. Eur J Protistol 2018; 62:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kalenitchenko D, Péru E, Contreira Pereira L, Petetin C, Galand PE, Le Bris N. The early conversion of deep-sea wood falls into chemosynthetic hotspots revealed by in situ monitoring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:907. [PMID: 29343757 PMCID: PMC5772046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood debris on the ocean floor harbor flourishing communities, which include invertebrate taxa thriving in sulfide-rich habitats belonging to hydrothermal vent and methane seep deep-sea lineages. The formation of sulfidic niches from digested wood material produced by woodborers has been known for a long time, but the temporal dynamics and sulfide ranges encountered on wood falls remains unknown. Here, we show that wood falls are converted into sulfidic hotpots, before the colonization by xylophagaid bivalves. Less than a month after immersion at a depth of 520 m in oxygenated seawater the sulfide concentration increased to millimolar levels inside immersed logs. From in situ experiments combining high-frequency chemical and video monitoring, we document the rapid development of a microbial sulfur biofilm at the surface of wood. These findings highlight the fact that sulfide is initially produced from the labile components of wood and supports chemosynthesis as an early pathway of energy transfer to deep-sea wood colonists, as suggested by recent aquarium studies. The study furthermore reveals that woodborers promote sulfide-oxidation at the periphery of their burrows, thus, not only facilitating the development of sulfidic zones in the surrounding of degraded wood falls, but also governing sulfur-cycling within the wood matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kalenitchenko
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Université Laval, Département de Biologie, Québec, Canada
| | - E Péru
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - L Contreira Pereira
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Laboratório de Hidroquímica-IO/FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - C Petetin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - P E Galand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - N Le Bris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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Bacteria alone establish the chemical basis of the wood-fall chemosynthetic ecosystem in the deep-sea. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:367-379. [PMID: 28984846 PMCID: PMC5776450 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood-fall ecosystems host chemosynthetic bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor. The production of hydrogen sulfide from decaying wood in the deep-sea has long been suspected to rely on the activity of wood-boring bivalves, Xylophaga spp. However, recent mesocosm experiments have shown hydrogen sulfide production in the absence of wood borers. Here, we combined in situ chemical measurements, amplicon sequencing and metagenomics to test whether the presence of Xylophaga spp.-affected hydrogen sulfide production and wood microbial community assemblages. During a short-term experiment conducted in a deep-sea canyon, we found that wood-fall microbial communities could produce hydrogen sulfide in the absence of Xylophaga spp. The presence of wood borers had a strong impact on the microbial community composition on the wood surface but not in the wood centre, where communities were observed to be homogeneous among different samples. When wood borers were excluded, the wood centre community did not have the genetic potential to degrade cellulose or hemicellulose but could use shorter carbohydrates such as sucrose. We conclude that wood centre communities produce fermentation products that can be used by the sulfate-reducing bacteria detected near the wood surface. We thus demonstrate that microorganisms alone could establish the chemical basis essential for the recruitment of chemolithotrophic organisms in deep-sea wood falls.
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Gros O. First description of a new uncultured epsilon sulfur bacterium colonizing marine mangrove sediment in the Caribbean: Thiovulum sp. strain karukerense. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4067810. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Discovery of chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the giant shipworm Kuphus polythalamia (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) extends wooden-steps theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3652-E3658. [PMID: 28416684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620470114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The "wooden-steps" hypothesis [Distel DL, et al. (2000) Nature 403:725-726] proposed that large chemosynthetic mussels found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents descend from much smaller species associated with sunken wood and other organic deposits, and that the endosymbionts of these progenitors made use of hydrogen sulfide from biogenic sources (e.g., decaying wood) rather than from vent fluids. Here, we show that wood has served not only as a stepping stone between habitats but also as a bridge between heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic symbiosis for the giant mud-boring bivalve Kuphus polythalamia This rare and enigmatic species, which achieves the greatest length of any extant bivalve, is the only described member of the wood-boring bivalve family Teredinidae (shipworms) that burrows in marine sediments rather than wood. We show that K. polythalamia harbors sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic (thioautotrophic) bacteria instead of the cellulolytic symbionts that allow other shipworm species to consume wood as food. The characteristics of its symbionts, its phylogenetic position within Teredinidae, the reduction of its digestive system by comparison with other family members, and the loss of morphological features associated with wood digestion indicate that K. polythalamia is a chemoautotrophic bivalve descended from wood-feeding (xylotrophic) ancestors. This is an example in which a chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis arose by displacement of an ancestral heterotrophic symbiosis and a report of pure culture of a thioautotrophic endosymbiont.
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Judge J, Barry JP. Macroinvertebrate community assembly on deep-sea wood falls in Monterey Bay is strongly influenced by wood type. Ecology 2016; 97:3031-3043. [PMID: 27870024 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Environmental filtering, including the influence of environmental constraints and biological interactions on species' survival, is known to significantly affect patterns of community assembly in terrestrial ecosystems. However, its role in regulating patterns and processes of community assembly in deep-sea environments is poorly studied. Here we investigated the role of wood characteristics in the assembly of deep-sea wood fall communities. Ten different wood species (substrata) that varied in structural complexity were sunk to a depth of 3,100 m near Monterey Bay, CA. In total, 28 wood parcels were deployed on the deep-sea bed. After 2 yr, the wood parcels were recovered with over 7,000 attached or colonizing macroinvertebrates. All macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, and included several undescribed species. Diversity indices and multivariate analyses of variance detected significant variation in the colonizing community assemblages among different wood substrata. Structural complexity seemed to be the primary factor altering community composition between wood substrata. For example, wood-boring clams were most abundant on solid logs, while small arthropods and limpets were more abundant on bundles of branches that provided more surface area and small, protected spaces to occupy. Other factors such as chemical defenses, the presence of bark, and wood hardness likely also played a role. Our finding that characteristics of woody debris entering the marine realm can have significant effects on community assembly supports the notion of ecological and perhaps evolutionarily significant links between land and sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Judge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - James P Barry
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
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Kalenitchenko D, Dupraz M, Le Bris N, Petetin C, Rose C, West NJ, Galand PE. Ecological succession leads to chemosynthesis in mats colonizing wood in sea water. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2246-58. [PMID: 26905628 PMCID: PMC4989304 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemosynthetic mats involved in cycling sulfur compounds are often found in hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and whale falls. However, there are only few records of wood fall mats, even though the presence of hydrogen sulfide at the wood surface should create a perfect niche for sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Here we report the growth of microbial mats on wood incubated under conditions that simulate the Mediterranean deep-sea temperature and darkness. We used amplicon and metagenomic sequencing combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization to test whether a microbial succession occurs during mat formation and whether the wood fall mats present chemosynthetic features. We show that the wood surface was first colonized by sulfide-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Arcobacter genus after only 30 days of immersion. Subsequently, the number of sulfate reducers increased and the dominant Arcobacter phylotype changed. The ecological succession was reflected by a change in the metabolic potential of the community from chemolithoheterotrophs to potential chemolithoautotrophs. Our work provides clear evidence for the chemosynthetic nature of wood fall ecosystems and demonstrates the utility to develop experimental incubation in the laboratory to study deep-sea chemosynthetic mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Kalenitchenko
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogeochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Marlène Dupraz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogeochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Nadine Le Bris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogeochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Carole Petetin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Christophe Rose
- UMR EEF INRA/UL, Plateforme Technique d'Ecologie et d'Ecophysiologie Forestières (PTEF), INRA-LORRAINE, Champenoux, France
| | - Nyree J West
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Pierre E Galand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogeochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls sur Mer, France
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Laming SR, Duperron S, Gaudron SM, Hilário A, Cunha MR. Adapted to change: The rapid development of symbiosis in newly settled, fast-maturing chemosymbiotic mussels in the deep sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:100-112. [PMID: 26275834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses between microbiota and marine metazoa occur globally at chemosynthetic habitats facing imminent threat from anthropogenic disturbance, yet little is known concerning the role of symbiosis during early development in chemosymbiotic metazoans: a critical period in any benthic species' lifecycle. The emerging symbiosis of Idas (sensu lato) simpsoni mussels undergoing development is assessed over a post-larval-to-adult size spectrum using histology and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Post-larval development shows similarities to that of both heterotrophic and chemosymbiotic mussels. Data from newly settled specimens confirm aposymbiotic, planktotrophic larval development. Sulphur-oxidising (SOX) symbionts subsequently colonise multiple exposed, non-ciliated epithelia shortly after metamorphosis, but only become abundant on gills as these expand with greater host size. This wide-spread bathymodiolin recorded from sulphidic wood, bone and cold-seep habitats, displays a suite of adaptive traits that could buffer against anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven R Laming
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ana Hilário
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marina R Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Abouna S, Gonzalez-Rizzo S, Grimonprez A, Gros O. First Description of Sulphur-Oxidizing Bacterial Symbiosis in a Cnidarian (Medusozoa) Living in Sulphidic Shallow-Water Environments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127625. [PMID: 26011278 PMCID: PMC4444309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the discovery of thioautotrophic bacterial symbiosis in the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, there has been great impetus to investigate such partnerships in other invertebrates. In this study, we present the occurrence of a sulphur-oxidizing symbiosis in a metazoan belonging to the phylum Cnidaria in which this event has never been described previously. Methodology/Principal Findings Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) observations and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXs) analysis, were employed to unveil the presence of prokaryotes population bearing elemental sulphur granules, growing on the body surface of the metazoan. Phylogenetic assessments were also undertaken to identify this invertebrate and microorganisms in thiotrophic symbiosis. Our results showed the occurrence of a thiotrophic symbiosis in a cnidarian identified as Cladonema sp. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report describing the occurrence of a sulphur-oxidizing symbiosis in a cnidarian. Furthermore, of the two adult morphologies, the polyp and medusa, this mutualistic association was found restricted to the polyp form of Cladonema sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Abouna
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138—Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Silvina Gonzalez-Rizzo
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138—Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Adrien Grimonprez
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138—Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Olivier Gros
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138—Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
- C3MAG, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
- * E-mail:
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Temporal and spatial constraints on community assembly during microbial colonization of wood in seawater. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:2657-70. [PMID: 25885564 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wood falls on the ocean floor form chemosynthetic ecosystems that remain poorly studied compared with features such as hydrothermal vents or whale falls. In particular, the microbes forming the base of this unique ecosystem are not well characterized and the ecology of communities is not known. Here we use wood as a model to study microorganisms that establish and maintain a chemosynthetic ecosystem. We conducted both aquaria and in situ deep-sea experiments to test how different environmental constraints structure the assembly of bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities. We also measured changes in wood lipid concentrations and monitored sulfide production as a way to detect potential microbial activity. We show that wood falls are dynamic ecosystems with high spatial and temporal community turnover, and that the patterns of microbial colonization change depending on the scale of observation. The most illustrative example was the difference observed between pine and oak wood community dynamics. In pine, communities changed spatially, with strong differences in community composition between wood microhabitats, whereas in oak, communities changed more significantly with time of incubation. Changes in community assembly were reflected by changes in phylogenetic diversity that could be interpreted as shifts between assemblies ruled by species sorting to assemblies structured by competitive exclusion. These ecological interactions followed the dynamics of the potential microbial metabolisms accompanying wood degradation in the sea. Our work showed that wood is a good model for creating and manipulating chemosynthetic ecosystems in the laboratory, and attracting not only typical chemosynthetic microbes but also emblematic macrofaunal species.
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15
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Szafranski KM, Deschamps P, Cunha MR, Gaudron SM, Duperron S. Colonization of plant substrates at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean and occurrence of symbiont-related bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 25774156 PMCID: PMC4343019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing conditions with elevated sulfide and methane concentrations in ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or organic falls, are suitable for chemosynthetic primary production. Understanding processes driving bacterial diversity, colonization and dispersal is of prime importance for deep-sea microbial ecology. This study provides a detailed characterization of bacterial assemblages colonizing plant-derived substrates using a standardized approach over a geographic area spanning the North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean. Wood and alfalfa substrates in colonization devices were deployed for different periods at 8 deep-sea chemosynthesis-based sites in four distinct geographic areas. Pyrosequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene was used to describe bacterial communities. Colonization occurred within the first 14 days. The diversity was higher in samples deployed for more than 289 days. After 289 days, no relation was observed between community richness and deployment duration, suggesting that diversity may have reached saturation sometime in between. Communities in long-term deployments were different, and their composition was mainly influenced by the geographical location where devices were deployed. Numerous sequences related to horizontally-transmitted chemosynthetic symbionts of metazoans were identified. Their potential status as free-living forms of these symbionts was evaluated based on sequence similarity with demonstrated symbionts. Results suggest that some free-living forms of metazoan symbionts or their close relatives, such as Epsilonproteobacteria associated with the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, are efficient colonizers of plant substrates at vents and seeps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil M Szafranski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deschamps
- UMR8079 Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11 Orsay, France
| | - Marina R Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
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Bright M, Espada-Hinojosa S, Lagkouvardos I, Volland JM. The giant ciliate Zoothamnium niveum and its thiotrophic epibiont Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli: a model system to study interspecies cooperation. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 24778630 PMCID: PMC3985026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbioses between chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing (thiotrophic) bacteria and protists or animals are among the most diverse and prevalent in the ocean. They are extremely difficult to maintain in aquaria and no thiotrophic symbiosis involving an animal host has ever been successfully cultivated. In contrast, we have cultivated the giant ciliate Zoothamnium niveum and its obligate ectosymbiont Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli in small flow-through aquaria. This review provides an overview of the host and the symbiont and their phylogenetic relationships. We summarize our knowledge on the ecology, geographic distribution and life cycle of the host, on the vertical transmission of the symbiont, and on the cultivation of this symbiosis. We then discuss the benefits and costs involved in this cooperation compared with other thiotrophic symbioses and outline our view on the evolution and persistence of this byproduct mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | | | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marie Volland
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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