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Aguirre-Martínez GV, Martín-Díaz ML. A multibiomarker approach to assess toxic effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents and activated defence mechanisms in marine (Ruditapes philippinarum) and fresh water (Corbicula fluminea) bivalve species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:941-958. [PMID: 32350641 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since it has been demonstrated that urban effluents can have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, a multibiomarker study was used to evaluate the effects of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents discharged into the marine and freshwater environments on clams in Cádiz, Spain. One bioassay was performed in the Bay of Cádiz, exposing Ruditapes philippinarum (marine) to a reference site as well as two sites close to WWTP discharges for 14 days. A second bioassay was performed in the Guadalete River, exposing Corbicula fluminea (fresh water) to three sites for 21 days. The biomarkers analysed included defence mechanisms and various toxic effects. Results indicated that WWTP effluents activated defence mechanisms and induced toxic effects in clams exposed to both environments, thus indicating bioavailability of contaminants present in water. Elevated enzymatic activity was found in clams deployed in La Puntilla and El Trocadero compared to control clams and those exposed to the reference site, and 96% of clams deployed at G2 in the Guadalete River died before day 7. Clams exposed to G1 and G3 indicated significant differences in all biomarkers analysed with respect to control clams (p < 0.05). Both species were sensitive to contaminants present in studied sites. This is the first time that these species were used in cages to assess the environmental risk of wastewater effluent discharges in freshwater and marine column environments. The multibiomarker approach provided important ecotoxicological information and is useful for the assessment of the bioavailability and effect of contaminants from WWTP effluents on marine and fresh water invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Campus Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n. P. Real, Cádiz, Spain.
- Faculty of Health Science, Arturo Prat University, Casilla 121, 1110939, Iquique, Chile.
- Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Campus Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n. P. Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
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Sturla Lompré J, Malanga G, Gil MN, Giarratano E. Multiple-Biomarker Approach in a Commercial Marine Scallop from San Jose gulf (Patagonia, Argentina) for Health Status Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:451-462. [PMID: 31748941 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The health status of the commercial Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus from San Román and El Riacho in San José gulf (Patagonia, Argentina) was evaluated through biomarkers widely used in ecotoxicological applications. Natural levels of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were measured to determine their potential relationships with fluctuations of several oxidative stress biomarkers in the scallop. Oxidative biomarkers, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), metallothioneins (MT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), α-tocopherol (α-T), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid radical (LR∙), were measured in gills, digestive gland, and muscle of Tehuelche scallop in winter (August 2015) and summer (January 2016). Levels of As and Cd and of most of the biomarkers (SOD, ROS, TBARS, and LR∙) showed strong seasonal variability in the three tissues. In general, the highest values were recorded in digestive gland. The Integrated Biomarker Response index indicated that the most stressed condition of A. tehuelchus was in summer in San Román. Additionally, the Integrated Biomarker Response index showed a strong relationship among tissues and As and Cd accumulation. This kind of approach could be used as an integrated tool to identify the health status of scallop A. tehuelchus from San José gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Sturla Lompré
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915 (U9120ACD), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Malanga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Fisicoquímica, Junín 956 (C1113AAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Noemi Gil
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915 (U9120ACD), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Erica Giarratano
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915 (U9120ACD), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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Juhel G, Bayen S, Goh C, Lee WK, Kelly BC. Use of a suite of biomarkers to assess the effects of carbamazepine, bisphenol A, atrazine, and their mixtures on green mussels, Perna viridis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:429-441. [PMID: 27415772 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the toxicity of several emerging contaminants: the pharmaceutical drug carbamazepine (CBZ), the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), and the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) in a marine bivalve. Green mussels (Perna viridis) were exposed to different concentrations of CBZ, BPA, and ATZ, either individually or as mixtures over a 7-d period, and a suite of molecular and cellular biomarkers were analyzed: biomarkers of immunotoxicity (total hemocyte count, phagocytosis, extracellular lysozyme), genotoxicity (Comet assay), neurotoxicity (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [AChE]), endocrine disruption (vitellin-like proteins), and detoxification enzymes (cytochrome P4501A [CYP1A], 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase [EROD], and glutathione-S-transferase [GST]). Results of the single-chemical exposure tests highlighted the relatively low toxicity of CBZ because most biomarker responses observed were recorded at concentrations well above environmental levels. Bisphenol A exposure at environmentally realistic concentrations resulted in clear immunomodulatory, genotoxic, and endocrine-disruptive effects. Similarly, 3 of the 10 biomarkers tested on green mussels (genotoxicity, inhibition of AchE, and EROD) responded after exposure to ATZ at environmentally relevant doses or below, and confirmed the potency of this herbicide to marine bivalves. Exposure tests using mixtures of CBZ, BPA, and ATZ also revealed that these 3 substances were generally acting in an additive manner on the selected biomarkers, at environmental doses, with some exceptions (antagonism and/or synergy) at low and high concentrations. The present study also confirms that most of the biomarkers used are suitable for biomonitoring studies with green mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:429-441. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Juhel
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephane Bayen
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christine Goh
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Kit Lee
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Estrada ES, Juhel G, Han P, Kelly BC, Lee WK, Bayen S. Multi-tool assessment of trace metals in mangroves combining sediment and clam sampling, DGT passive samplers and caged mussels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:847-857. [PMID: 27665445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid loss of mangroves globally has triggered a call for a better understanding of this habitat, including its dynamics and the threats it is exposed to. The present paper reports the study of trace metals at nine mangrove sites in Singapore in 2012/2013, using the simultaneous application of various tools, namely sediment analyses, the technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and caged/native bivalves (for both chemical and biomarker analyses). DGT devices were successfully deployed over 28days in tropical mangrove waters, and the concentration measured with DGT showed significant correlation with the accumulation for Cu, Zn and Cd in caged mussels, and Cu for native clams, supporting the relevance of DGT to predict metal bioaccumulation. Concentrations in mangrove sediment are reported for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Sediment levels on a dry weight (dw) basis of Cu (ND-219.5μg/g dw) and Zn (ND-502μg/g dw) exceeded general sediment quality criteria at two sites. Most notably for these two metals, investigations based on the four tools (DGT, sediments, caged mussels and clams) were all able to segregate sites above and below the sediment quality guideline. This was further supported by a range of significant linear correlations between the measurements obtained with the various tools. The present findings support that these monitoring tools are comparable in the field to provide a time-integrated assessment of metals such as Cu and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvagris Segovia Estrada
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Juhel
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ping Han
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Kit Lee
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada.
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Giltrap M, Ronan J, Tanner C, O'Beirn FX, Lyons BP, Mag Aoidh R, Rochford H, McHugh B, McGovern E, Wilson J. Application of a weight of evidence approach utilising biological effects, histopathology and contaminant levels to assess the health and pollution status of Irish blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 122:33-45. [PMID: 27742448 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A weight of evidence (WOE) approach, integrating biological effects, mussel histopathology and tissue contaminant levels is proposed to evaluate mussel health and pollution status. Contaminant levels, histopathology and several biological effects (BEs) including Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), acetylcholinesterase (AChe), metallothionein proteins (MT) and alkali labile phosphate (ALP), in Mytilus edulis are presented, improving the current knowledge base for these data. Potential links between histopathology, BEs and contaminants and ranking of sites are investigated with an integrated response (IR) indexing technique. Histopathological condition indices (Ih) in mussel digestive gland are used to calculate health indices. A spatial and temporal assessment is conducted at Irish coastal locations. Linear mixed effects modelling revealed effects of confounding factors such as reproductive condition on NRRT (gonad stage (p < 0.001)). Higher prevalence of inflammation, brown cells and epithelial thinning of the digestive gland was evident at Dublin and Wexford and this linked well with the Ih. Levels of contaminants were generally found to be low with few exceptions as were BE responses. Using the IR approach, Dublin was ranked as being most impacted while Shannon ranked the least impacted, this being consistent with the BE ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Giltrap
- Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Nanolab Research Centre, Focas Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Jenny Ronan
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Colby Tanner
- The Ecology Center - Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | | | - Brett P Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brendan McHugh
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Evin McGovern
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - James Wilson
- Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Song L, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang M. The immune system and its modulation mechanism in scallop. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:65-78. [PMID: 25797696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves, and some of them are highly prized as dominant aquaculture species. In the past decades, there have been increasing studies on the basic biology and immunology of scallops, and this review summarizes the research progresses of immune system and its modulation mechanism in scallop. As invertebrate, scallops lack adaptive immunity and they have evolved an array of sophisticated strategies to recognize and eliminate various invaders by employing a set of molecules and cells. It is evident that basic immune reactions such as immune recognition, signal transduction, and effector synthesis involved in immune response are accomplished in a variety of ways. They rely upon an extensive repertoire of phagocytosis, apoptosis and encapsulation of the circulating hemocytes for eliminating invasive pathogens, as well as the production of immune effectors that are active against a large range of pathogens or sensitive for the environmental stress. Furthermore, the molecular constitutions, metabolic pathways and immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, enkephalinergic system and NO system in scallop are also discussed, which can be taken as an entrance to better understand the origin and evolution of the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Tao Y, Pan L, Zhang H, Tian S. Assessment of the toxicity of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in clams Ruditapes philippinarum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:22-30. [PMID: 23642779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of endosulfan in clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). For this purpose, a study was performed on clams exposed to 0.005, 0.05 and 0.5μg/L endosulfan for 15 days. S ubsequently, the level of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA strand break was determined in gills and digestive glands. Among the parameters, endosulfan caused significant changes in induction of EROD activity and oxidative stress in clams R. philippinarum. The exposure to endosulfan increased the concentration of EROD, GST, GSH, MDA and decreased the concentration of SOD. Moreover, according to the correlation analysis results, the EROD activity and GSH content in digestive gland as well as GST activity, LPO and DNA damage in both tissues had excellent correlation with endosulfan concentration. These results provided information on potential biomarkers that could be effectively applied to the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystem in areas susceptible to persistent organochlorine compounds contamination, and also information on toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Scott AP. Do mollusks use vertebrate sex steroids as reproductive hormones? II. Critical review of the evidence that steroids have biological effects. Steroids 2013; 78:268-81. [PMID: 23219696 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In assessing the evidence as to whether vertebrate sex steroids (e.g. testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) have hormonal actions in mollusks, ca. 85% of research papers report at least one biological effect; and 18 out of 21 review papers (published between 1970 and 2012) express a positive view. However, just under half of the research studies can be rejected on the grounds that they did not actually test steroids, but compounds or mixtures that were only presumed to behave as steroids (or modulators of steroids) on the basis of their effects in vertebrates (e.g. Bisphenol-A, nonylphenol and sewage treatment effluents). Of the remaining 55 papers, some can be criticized for having no statistical analysis; some for using only a single dose of steroid; others for having irregular dose-response curves; 40 out of the 55 for not replicating the treatments; and 50 out of 55 for having no within-study repetition. Furthermore, most studies had very low effect sizes in comparison to fish-based bioassays for steroids (i.e. they had a very weak 'signal-to-noise' ratio). When these facts are combined with the fact that none of the studies were conducted with rigorous randomization or 'blinding' procedures (implying the possibility of 'operator bias') one must conclude that there is no indisputable bioassay evidence that vertebrate sex steroids have endocrinological or reproductive roles in mollusks. The only observation that has been independently validated is the ability of estradiol to trigger rapid (1-5 min) lysosomal membrane breakdown in hemocytes of Mytilus spp. This is a typical 'inflammatory' response, however, and is not proof that estradiol is a hormone - especially when taken in conjunction with the evidence (discussed in a previous review) that mollusks have neither the enzymes necessary to synthesize vertebrate steroids nor nuclear receptors with which to respond to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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Andrew-Priestley MN, O'Connor WA, Dunstan RH, Van Zwieten L, Tyler T, Kumar A, MacFarlane GR. Estrogen mediated effects in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, following field exposures to sewage effluent containing estrogenic compounds and activity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 120-121:99-108. [PMID: 22673404 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, has been demonstrated as a useful biomonitor of estrogenic compounds following laboratory exposures, yet its utility in the assessment of estrogenic exposure and effects under field conditions requires investigation. To achieve this aim, S. glomerata were deployed in Newcastle, Australia in the effluent receiving marine waters of Burwood Beach WWTP (Burwood Beach "near", <50 m from outfall and Burwood Beach "far", 100-150 m from outfall) and reference locations (Redhead, Fingal Island 1 and Fingal Island 2) at depths of 4, 8 and 12 m for six weeks. Effluent receiving waters of Burwood Beach WWTP were found to be a suitable impact location, demonstrated via measurement of estrogenic compounds and activity throughout the deployment. Estrogenic compounds were detected (average of combined solids and liquid fractions) at average concentrations of: 1.42 ng/L for estrone, 0.69 ng/L for 17β estradiol, 3.83 ng/L for estriol (E3), 0.56 ng/L for 17α-ethynylestradiol, 64.2 ng/L for bisphenol A, 7.51 ng/L for 4-nonylphenol and 5.93 ng/L for 4-tert-octylphenol. Total estrogenic activity was estimated at 4.48 ng/L EEQ via the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES(®)) assay (average of combined solid and liquid fractions). Female vitellogenin gene expression was highest at Burwood Beach locations, yet no significant differences were detected among locations for either sex. Vitellogenin protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in S. glomerata at Burwood Beach Near compared to reference locations for the 4 and 12 m depths. Increased proportions of females were found at Burwood Beach Near, at 4m depth (p<0.05). Both Burwood Beach locations had higher proportions of mature female gonadal development stages compared to reference locations (p<0.05). Oocyte area was highest at both Burwood Beach locations, but no significant differences were detected among locations. Findings provided further evidence that female S. glomerata may be a suitable candidate species for assessment of effects of estrogenic compounds in Australian waters.
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Schmidt W, O'Shea T, Quinn B. The effect of shore location on biomarker expression in wild Mytilus spp. and its comparison with long line cultivated mussels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 80:70-76. [PMID: 22898133 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are a common tool in the assessment of potential effects of contaminants in aquatic organisms. In order to identify the effects of anthropogenic pollution it is essential to identify background levels and to know the range of natural variability in the biomarker response. In this study, we examined various biomarkers of stress (glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein), damage (lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage (DNA)) and reproduction (vitellin-like proteins) in marine mussels (Mytilus spp.) from four locations along a vertical transect from high to low shore and compared them with cultivated long line mussels. High shore and cultivated mussels showed significantly higher LPO and DNA damage expression than the low shore mussels indicating a level of oxidative stress resulting from mussel location. Significant effects in physiological endpoints were also found. This study highlights the need to consider the diversity of natural environmental stress factors when using biomarkers in environmental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schmidt
- Irish Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Farcy E, Gagné F, Martel L, Fortier M, Trépanier S, Brousseau P, Fournier M. Short-term physiological effects of a xenobiotic mixture on the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata exposed to municipal effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1096-1106. [PMID: 21831370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of tertiary-treated municipal effluents on the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Caged mussels were immersed during 2 weeks in a river located North of Montreal Island, upstream/downstream the outfall and in one reference site located at the beginning of the Rivière des Prairies. A selection of biomarkers was analyzed to depict changes on various physiological systems: general physiology (mussel viability, condition index and gonado-somatic index), immune status (hemocyte viability, cellularity, phagocytosis efficiency, NK-like cytotoxic activity and lysozyme activity), inflammation (cyclo-oxygenase activity), detoxification (glutathione-S-transferases activity) and vitellogenesis (alkali-labile phosphate level). The analysis of total and fecal coliform counts in water and of heterotrophic bacteria levels in mussel tissues showed that the bacteriological quality of the water strongly decreased from the reference site to the downstream site. This was correlated with a significant loss of weight and an increase of mussel mortality. Cellularity and phagocytosis efficiency were significantly increased in the downstream site compared to the reference site. Though not statistically significant, lysozyme activity was also increased. NK-like cytotoxicity, activity of the pro-inflammatory enzyme COX and the levels of ALP and MT were not significantly changed. Conversely, the municipal effluents induced a significant increase of GST activity in downstream site, indicating a stimulation of detoxification metabolism. Altogether, these results confirm that a short-term exposure to a mixture of bacterial and chemical compounds released by the wastewater treatment plant La Pinière induces adverse physiological effects in E. complanata, as observed with the modulation of immune response and induction of detoxification metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Farcy
- Environment Canada, Fluvial Ecosystem Research, 105 McGill Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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Quinn B, Schmidt W, O'Rourke K, Hernan R. Effects of the pharmaceuticals gemfibrozil and diclofenac on biomarker expression in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and their comparison with standardised toxicity tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:657-63. [PMID: 21489596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, including the lipid regulator gemfibrozil and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac have been identified in waste water treatment plant effluents and receiving waters throughout the western world. The acute and chronic toxicity of these compounds was assessed for three freshwater species (Daphnia magna, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor) using standardised toxicity tests with toxicity found in the non-environmentally relevant mid mg L(-1) concentration range. For the acute endpoints (IC(50) and EC(50)) gemfibrozil showed higher toxicity ranging from 29 to 59 mg L(-1) (diclofenac 47-67 mg L(-1)), while diclofenac was more toxic for the chronic D. magna 21 d endpoints ranging from 10 to 56 mg L(-1) (gemfibrozil 32-100 mg L(-1)). These results were compared with the expression of several biomarkers in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) 24 and 96 h after exposure by injection to concentrations of 21 and 21,000 μg L(-1) corresponding to nominal concentrations of 1 and 1000 μg L(-1). Exposure to gemfibrozil and diclofenac at both concentrations significantly increased the level of lipid peroxidation, a biomarker of damage. At the elevated nominal concentration of 1000 μg L(-1) the biomarkers of defence glutathione transferase and metallothionein were significantly elevated for gemfibrozil and diclofenac respectively, as was DNA damage after 96 h exposure to gemfibrozil. No evidence of endocrine disruption was observed using the alkali-labile phosphate technique. Results from this suite of biomarkers indicate these compounds can cause significant stress at environmentally relevant concentrations acting primarily through oxidation pathways with significant destabilization of the lysosomal membrane and that biomarker expression is a more sensitive endpoint than standardised toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Quinn
- Irish Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland.
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Sarkar A, Gaitonde DCS, Sarkar A, Vashistha D, D'Silva C, Dalal SG. Evaluation of impairment of DNA integrity in marine gastropods (Cronia contracta) as a biomarker of genotoxic contaminants in coastal water around Goa, West coast of India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:473-482. [PMID: 18358533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the impairment of DNA in marine gastropod (Cronia contracta) provides an insight into the genotoxic effects of contaminants on marine organisms along the Goa coast. The impact of genotoxic contaminants on Goan coastal environment was evaluated in terms of the loss of DNA integrity (expressed as the value of 'I') in marine snails with respect to those from the reference site (Palolem) over a period from April 2004 to May 2005 using the technique of alkaline unwinding assay. The DNA integrity in marine snails was found to be significantly damaged at Dona Paula (58%), Vasco (73.5%), and Velsao (48.5%) during the monsoon period (July-August 2004). Similar trend in the loss of DNA integrity in marine gastropods was also detected during the post-monsoon (November-December 2004) and the pre-monsoon (April-May 2005) periods. The low integrities of DNA in marine gastropods at these sites can be attributed to exposure to genotoxic contaminants especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Mn) prevalent in the marine environment as evident by their accumulation in the tissues of the marine snails inhabiting different sites along the Goa coast. The contaminant-induced DNA strand breaks in marine snails increased significantly at Dona Paula, Vasco, and Velsao clearly indicating the levels of contamination of the sites by genotoxic compounds in those regions. The genotoxic effects of contaminants were further substantiated by detection of the impairment (39%) of DNA integrity in marine snails in a field experiment in which the same species of marine snails (C. contracta) collected from the reference site, Palolem, were deployed at Dona Paula and caged for 25 days for exposure to ambient marine pollutants. The impairment of DNA integrity in marine gastropods along the Goa coast can thus act as a biomarker for marine pollution monitoring of genotoxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarkar
- Marine Pollution Assessment and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India.
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15
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Tavakoli O, Yoshida H. Application of sub-critical water technology for recovery of heavy metal ions from the wastes of Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 398:175-184. [PMID: 18452973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sub-critical water (sub-CW) technology was used as a new technology with environmental and financial benefits for the recovery of harmful heavy metal ions Cd (II), Zn (II), Cu (II), Fe (II), Mn (II) and Ni (II) in the waste of Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. The metals are responsible for environmental problems owing to the large amount of the waste. This study proposes a new method using sub-CW treatment to recover the metal ions from scallop waste and simultaneously produce harmless and valuable materials. Reactions were conducted in a temperature range of 473-653 K and for reaction times of 1-60 min. After the sub-CW reaction, four phases existed: an oil phase, metal-soap phase, aqueous phase and solid residual. Some oil was hydrolyzed by the sub-CW reaction and converted to free fatty acids and glycerin. Free fatty acids reacted with metal ions and became metal-soap phase. Both the metal-soap phase and oil phase caught almost all metal ions at low and medium reaction temperatures (473-573 K) from original wastes, although the concentrations of the metal ions in the metal-soap phase were much higher than those in the oil phase. With increasing temperature, these two phases decomposed and the metal ions concentrated in solid residual (un-reacted waste). The binding mechanisms in the oil and metal-soap phases are discussed including the key functional groups involved. The maximum concentrations of metal ions in metal-soap phase were 7225 ppm (Fe), 862 ppm (Zn), and 800 ppm (Cd) at 573 K. The aqueous phase showed the lowest concentration of metal ions especially at temperatures above 550 K (~1.5 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Tavakoli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Pan L, Miao J, Wang J, Liu J. AHH activity, tissue dose and DNA damage in different tissues of the scallop Chlamys farreri exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:192-8. [PMID: 17900767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative study was performed on scallops (Chlamys farreri) exposed to 0.5, 3 and 10 microg/L benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 20 days. The levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, B[a]P accumulation and DNA strand break were assayed in the gill and digestive gland. Results showed that AHH activity and B[a]P accumulation were significantly related to B[a]P dose. AHH activity was induced and then became stable gradually. B[a]P accumulation increased first and showed an incoming plateau. DNA strand break levels in the 0.5 and 3 microg/L B[a]P groups remained high and significantly different from control values until day 6, followed by a reduction in the gill and no recovery in the digestive gland. The 10 microg/L B[a]P groups remained significantly lower than control until the end. These results suggested that the application of comprehensive indices may give information on the actual exposure of organisms to pollutants, and also information on toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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17
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Matozzo V, Gagné F, Marin MG, Ricciardi F, Blaise C. Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds in aquatic invertebrates: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:531-545. [PMID: 18029015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenins (Vg) are the major precursor of the egg-yolk proteins, vitellins (Vn), which provide energy reserves for embryonic development in oviparous organisms. In mature females, Vg are generally synthesised in response to endogenous estrogens, such as 17beta-estradiol (E2), released into the bloodstream and then stored in developing oocytes. In males, the Vg gene, although present, is normally silent. However, it may be activated by (xeno)-estrogens. These substances belong to a large and heterogeneous group of environmental contaminants capable of altering endocrine functions in organisms. For this reason, they are named endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Natural steroidal estrogens [E2, estrone (E1), estriol (E3)] and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and household products (surfactants) are estrogenic compounds widespread in aquatic ecosystems. The main sources of contamination mostly stem (or originate) from municipal and industrial effluents, agricultural practices, livestock wastes and sewage treatment plants (STP). Recently, Vg induction, mainly in males and immature females, has been proposed as a useful biomarker to assess estrogenic contamination in aquatic environments. Indeed, estrogenicity of individual chemicals and mixtures has extensively been evaluated, in both laboratory and field studies, albeit mostly in fish. In contrast, limited attention has centred on evaluating xenoestrogen effects in aquatic invertebrates, probably owing to limited knowledge of their endocrinology. This review focuses on a brief description of xenoestrogens and their occurrence in aquatic environments, and on Vg induction in aquatic invertebrates in response to both experimental and environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds. Results of recent field and laboratory studies are presented. In addition, new perspectives about the use of Vg induction as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Stolyar OB, Loumbourdis NS, Falfushinska HI, Romanchuk LD. Comparison of metal bioavailability in frogs from urban and rural sites of Western Ukraine. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 54:107-13. [PMID: 17680172 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal and spatial fluctuations of heavy metals in the liver of the frog Rana ridibunda from a river in Western Ukraine were investigated. Liver weight was seen to increase from spring to summer/autumn, most probably as a result of accumulation of metabolites, especially fat and glycogen. The concentrations of the metals found in the liver of the frog was in the order: Fe>Cu approximately Zn>Mn>Cd. For most metals, the highest concentration was recorded in the frogs inhabiting the urban site. The highest level of Cu in the liver was observed in the spring, in the agricultural site, while the highest level of other metals was observed in the summer. The most probable explanation for the high concentration of Cu in the rural site was that in this wetland there were discharge effluents from fungicides with Cu in their formula. Compared to other metals, the bioavailability of Cu was approximately 1000 times higher. The high concentration of Fe rather reflects its fluctuation in the water. Despite its very low concentration in the water (below the limit of detection), Cd was detected in the liver of frogs inhabiting both sites. This is an indication that tissues accumulate Cd, despite the very low concentration detected in the water. This may be an indication of intermittent exposure of frogs to Cd and possibly of other heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Stolyar
- Department of Chemistry, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 43027 Kryvonosa Str 2, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Matozzo V, Marin MG. First evidence of altered vitellogenin-like protein levels in clam Tapes philippinarum and in cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from the Lagoon of Venice. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 55:494-504. [PMID: 17936854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Possible xenoestrogenic effects were investigated, for the first time, in two bivalve species from the Lagoon of Venice (Italy): the clam Tapes philippinarum and the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum. Bivalves were collected far from their reproductive phase at the very early stage of gametogenesis (January), and in the pre-spawning period (June) in six sites. Vitellogenin (Vg)-like proteins (a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds) were measured by the alkali-labile phosphate method (ALP), in both haemolymph and digestive gland from males and females (when it was possible to distinguish sex by microscopic observation of gonadal tissue). Haemolymph calcium concentrations (a parameter considered closely related to the presence of Vg-like proteins) and the bivalve condition index (CI) were also measured. In both seasons, bivalves collected at Campalto (near a sewage treatment plant) and Marghera (a highly contaminated area) had higher Vg-like protein levels, particularly in haemolymph, than animals from the other sampling sites. Interestingly, CI had high values in these polluted sites. In June only, Vg-like proteins and Ca(2+) levels in haemolymph exhibited similar trends in both bivalve species at most sampling sites. The responsiveness of bivalves to environmental xenoestrogens was higher in June, allowing better discrimination among sites. The present study demonstrates that animals from highly polluted areas have increased Vg-like protein levels. As endocrine disruption due to exposure to estrogenic compounds may cause fertility reduction, alterations in the sex ratio, and a decrease in reproductive rate, a condition of potential risk for bivalve populations in estuarine areas is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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20
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Rank J, Lehtonen KK, Strand J, Laursen M. DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and lysosomal stability in native and transplanted mussels (Mytilus edulis) in areas close to coastal chemical dumping sites in Denmark. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 84:50-61. [PMID: 17628714 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of genotoxicity (DNA damage, measured as tail moment in the Comet assay), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition, AChE) and general stress (lysosomal membrane stability, LMS) were studied in native and transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in coastal areas of western Denmark potentially affected by anthropogenic pollution originating from chemical dumping sites. The results indicate responses to pollution in all the biomarkers applied at the suspected areas, but the results were not consistent. Seasonal fluctuations in exposure situations at the study sites make interpretation of chemical pollution complex, as seen especially in the variability in results on DNA damage, and also in regard to AChE activity. These investigations further stress the importance of understanding the effects of natural factors (salinity, temperature, water levels, rain and storm events) in correct interpretation of the biomarker data obtained. In addition, adaptation of populations to local contamination may play a role in some of the response patterns observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Rank
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Martín-Díaz ML, Blasco J, Sales D, Delvalls TA. Biomarkers study for sediment quality assessment in spanish ports using the crab Carcinus maenas and the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:66-76. [PMID: 17502980 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intermolt crab Carcinus maenas and clam Ruditapes philippinarum were used to determine the toxicity of sediments collected in four Spanish ports (Cádiz, Huelva, Pasajes, and Bilbao) under laboratory conditions during 28 days. Sediment samples were analyzed to determine chemical concentration of metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, grain size distribution, and organic matter content. Different biomarkers of exposure of early biological stress were determined after 28-day exposure in crabs and clams, in the hepatopancreas and in the digestive gland, respectively: metallothionein, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase activities (GR). The battery of biomarkers tested resulted in showing and linking the bioavailability of various contaminants and sediment characteristics to the toxicity of the different sediments. Significant induction of MTs was observed when organisms were exposed to metal-contaminated sediments (port of Huelva), and induction of EROD and GPX activities after exposure to sediments containing organic compounds (port of Bilbao and Pasajes). Higher induction was shown in biomarkers tested in crabs; nevertheless, only interspecies significant differences were observed in the induction of GR and GST activities. The present work confirms the necessity of using species with different ecological lifestyles for sediment toxicity assessment and validates the use of this set of biomarkers as a potential tool in sediment toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martín-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n., 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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22
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Gagné F, André C, Cejka P, Gagnon C, Blaise C. Toxicological effects of primary-treated urban wastewaters, before and after ozone treatment, on freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:542-52. [PMID: 17383941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the toxic potential of a primary-treated municipal effluent, before and after ozonation, in freshwater mussels. Animals were exposed to various concentrations (0, 1, 3, 10 and 20% v/v) of a primary-treated effluent and also after a treatment with ozone at 10 mg/L in continuous flow-through mode for seven weeks. A suite of biomarkers was used to assess the potential toxic effects of various contaminants typically present in municipal wastewaters: heavy metal metabolism (metallothioneins and labile zinc), cytochrome P4501A1 and 3A4, glutathione S-transferase activities (biotransformation of organic compounds), lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidoreductase (oxygen radical scavenging), DNA damage, mitochondrial electron transport activity at various temperatures and gonad lipid levels (cellular energy allocation) and aspartate transcarbamoylase and dihydrofolate reductase (gonad activity). On the one hand, some biomarkers, including metallothioneins, labile zinc, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome P4503A4 activity, dehydrofolate reductase and aspartate transcarbamoylase, were readily decreased. In contrast, these biomarkers, cytochrome P4501A1, gill lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks in gills and digestive gland, mitochondrial electron transport at high and low temperatures (temperature-dependent activity) and total gonad lipids, were readily increased. In general, ozone treatment reduced adverse effects by either decreasing the intensity of the toxic responses or increasing the threshold concentration. For gill lipid peroxidation, however, intensity was greater at a higher threshold concentration. Ozone treatment eliminated the temperature sensitivity of the mitochondrial electron transport system, indicating a loss of interaction between temperature and urban pollution in terms of energy expenditure in mussels. Ozone treatment could significantly decrease either the toxic potency or intensity of urban pollutants at the expense of increased oxidative stress in gills of freshwater mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 Mc Gill, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Flood VS, Pitt JM, Smith SR. Historical and ecological analysis of coral communities in Castle Harbour (Bermuda) after more than a century of environmental perturbation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:545-57. [PMID: 16242159 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coral reefs in Bermuda's Castle Harbour basin have been subjected to varying anthropogenic stressors for over 100 years. These include restriction of water flow through the construction of a causeway in the late 19th century and an extensive dredging and land reclamation operation during World War II. In the 1970s, disposal of bulk waste commenced at a foreshore reclamation site in Castle Harbour. Since 1996 the waste stream has included blocks of cement-stabilized municipal incinerator ash. This study provides a historical and quantitative ecological review of the Castle Habour reef ecosystem as a case study, assessing the responses of the reef to more than a century of anthropogenic disturbance. Measures of the coral community, flow rates, turbidity and sedimentary regimes suggest the present structure of the coral community largely reflects the impacts of the historic dredge and fill operations prior to the establishment of the foreshore dump site. Recent increases in the abundance of some sediment tolerant, massive reef-building coral species (Diploria strigosa and Montastraea cavernosa) suggest adaptation to chronic sediment stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanese S Flood
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501, USA
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Morgan MB, Edge SE, Snell TW. Profiling differential gene expression of corals along a transect of waters adjacent to the Bermuda municipal dump. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:524-33. [PMID: 16256144 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A coral cDNA array containing 32 genes was used to examine the gene expression profiles of coral populations located at four sites that varied with distance from a semi-submerged municipal dump in Castle Harbour, Bermuda (previously identified as a point source of anthropogenic stressors). Genes on the array represent transcripts induced under controlled laboratory conditions to a variety of stressors both natural (temperature, sediment, salinity, darkness) and xenobiotic (heavy metals, pesticides, PAH) in origin. The gene expression profiles produced revealed information about the types of stressors. Consistent with other studies undertaken in Castle Harbour, the coral cDNA array detected responses to heavy metals, sedimentation, as well as oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morgan
- Berry College, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Rm 364A, Mount Berry, GA 30149-0430, USA.
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Owen R, Mitchelmore C, Woodley C, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Galloway T, Depledge M, Readman J, Buxton L, Sarkis S, Jones R, Knap A. A common sense approach for confronting coral reef decline associated with human activities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:481-5. [PMID: 16199062 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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