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Sayinli B, Dong Y, Park Y, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Recent progress and challenges facing ballast water treatment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132776. [PMID: 34742764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transoceanic movement of non-indigenous microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants through the transfer of ballast water of ocean-going vessels can be considered highly likely. The introduction of contaminants and non-indigenous microorganisms can cause changes in indigenous microorganisms, marine species, and biota, which can create problems for the ecology, economy, environment, and human health. This paper compiles and presents ballast water treatment system concepts, principles of inactivation mechanisms used, and the advantages and challenges of the treatment technologies. In addition, the paper aims to draw attention to the relationship between various organisms and the individual mechanism to be inactivated, including the effect of external factors (e.g., pH, salinity, turbidity) on inactivation efficiency. This review can assist in the choice of a suitable ballast water treatment system, taking into account the water conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, salinity) and indigenous species of the maritime areas where the ships intend to operate. This review also provides information describing the responses of the various organisms to different treatment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sayinli
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Box 111, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Institute of Environmental Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Du G, Sun W, Hu Y, Liao J, Tian X, Gao H, Ge C. IrO x Nanoclusters Modified by BaCO 3 Enable ″Two Birds with One Stone″ in Solar-Driven Direct Unbuffered Seawater Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61088-61097. [PMID: 34911293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct seawater electrolysis (DSE) coupled with renewable energy can maximize the sustainability of hydrogen energy acquisition by effectively alleviating the dependence on pure water resources. In a practical sense, the parallel chlorine evolution reaction (CER) of DSE opens up an opportunity to hit ″two birds with one stone″ by the dual values of anode and cathode. However, the biggest challenge is how to control the selectivity of CER to balance its values and drawbacks. Here, we use the different nucleation rates of iridium and barium ions in a weak basic solution and subsequent acid etching to devise an IrOx nanocluster (IrOx-Cs) supported BaCO3. The catalyst-support interaction between IrOx-Cs and BaCO3 enables repelling the Cl- near the electrode interface layer to achieve a controlled CER selectivity. Additionally, the mass activity of the prepared IrOx-Cs@BaCO3 is as high as 1402 A g-1Ir, which is 7.12 times higher than that of IrO2 oxides in unbuffered seawater. The photovoltaic-electrolysis device paired by IrOx-Cs@BaCO3 with controlled CER activity and Pt demonstrated that valuable active chlorine and H2 can be simultaneously obtained, with the flexibility to bind to different ion exchange membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Du
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Hanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Liu G, Zhang S. Potentiometric Sensor Based on Carbon Paste Electrode for Monitoring Total Residual Chlorine in Electrolytically-Treated Ballast Water. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:E350. [PMID: 33430170 PMCID: PMC7825626 DOI: 10.3390/s21020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new potentiometric sensor based on modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was prepared for the sensitive and selective detection of total residual chlorine (TRC) in simulated electrolytically-treated ballast water (BW). The modified CPE was prepared using ferrocene (Fc) as the sensing species and paraffin oil as the binder. It is revealed that the addition of Fc can significantly shorten the response time and improve the reproducibility, selectivity, and stability of the sensor. The open circuit potential of the Fc-CPE is in linear proportion to the logarithm of TRC within the TRC concentration range from 1 mg∙dm-3 to 15 mg∙dm-3. In addition, the Fc-CPE sensor exhibits good selectivity to TRC over a wide concentration range of the possible co-exiting interference ions in seawater. The Fc-CPE electrode can be used as a convenient and reliable sensor for the continuous monitoring of TRC during the electrolytic treatment of BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zhihui Li
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (X.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (X.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangzhou Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (X.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (X.G.); (G.L.)
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Hess-Erga OK, Moreno-Andrés J, Enger Ø, Vadstein O. Microorganisms in ballast water: Disinfection, community dynamics, and implications for management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:704-716. [PMID: 30677936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have accelerated the development of international regulations and methods for ballast water management to limit the introduction of non-indigenous species. The transport of microorganisms with ballast water has received scientific attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the importance of organisms smaller than 10 μm in diameter. In this work, we review the effects of ballast water transport, disinfection, and the release of microorganisms on ecosystem processes with a special focus on heterotrophic bacteria. It is important to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of ballast water treatment systems, such as the generation of easily degradable substrates and the subsequent regrowth of heterotrophic microorganisms in ballast tanks. Disinfection of water can alter the composition of bacterial communities through selective recolonization in the ballast water or the recipient water, and thereby affects bacterial driven functions that are important for the marine food web. Dissolved organic matter quality and quantity and the ecosystem status of the treated water can also be affected by the disinfection method used. These side effects of disinfection should be further investigated in a broader context and in different scales (laboratory studies, large-scale facilities, and on the ships).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Kristian Hess-Erga
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cádiz, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Camepus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Øivind Enger
- Sarsia Seed AS, Postboks 7150, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Performance modelling of seawater electrolysis in an undivided cell: Effects of current density and seawater salinity. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee JS, Hong S, Lee J, Choi TS, Rhie K, Khim JS. Evaluation of residual toxicity of hypochlorite-treated water using bioluminescent microbes and microalgae: Implications for ballast water management. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:130-137. [PMID: 30317117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Total residual oxidants (TRO) in treated ballast water can produce various disinfection by-products (DBPs) depending on local conditions, such as salinity and organic matter content in water. Because TRO and DBPs are known to be harmful to aquatic organisms and humans, ecotoxicity tests have been proposed for screening the residual toxicity before discharging treated ballast water. In the present study, we aimed to address the decay rates and toxicity changes of TRO under various conditions in salinity, initial TRO concentrations, and residence time of TRO. In addition, the toxicological sensitivities of bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri and a commonly-used microalgae Skeletonema costatum relative to the residual toxicity of TRO and six selected DBPs were determined. Decay rate of TRO concentration increased as a function of salinity and was affected by the initial concentrations of TRO. Unexpectedly, significant bioluminescence inhibition was observed for hypochlorite-treated water at < 0.1 mg L-1 TRO (expressed as Cl2), which is a lower concentration than the maximum allowable discharge concentration (MADC) to marine waters established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The ecotoxicological thresholds of no observed effective concentration and median effect concentration for all tested DBPs were about 3-10 times lower for V. fischeri than for S. costatum. The results indicate that bioluminescent microbes possess an ecologically-relevant sensitivity to both TRO and DBPs in ballast water. In general, bioassay using V. fischeri was potentially more effective than microalgae for screening the total toxicity of TRO and DBPs in treated ballast water, especially given that ballast water usually contains a highly variable and complex mixture of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Lee
- Neo Environmental Business Co. (NeoEnBiz), Bucheon 14523, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Seob Choi
- Neo Environmental Business Co. (NeoEnBiz), Bucheon 14523, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Rhie
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Lin L, Meng X, Li Q, Huang Z, Wang L, Lin K, Chen J, Crittenden J. Electrochemical oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa using a Ti/RuO 2 anode: contributions of electrochemically generated chlorines and hydrogen peroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27924-27934. [PMID: 30058039 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation was proposed as a promising technology for algal control in drinking water treatment. To be effective, the electrogenerated oxidants should have long half-lives and could continually inhibit the growth of algae. In this study, we used the electrochemical system equipped with a Ti/RuO2 anode which focus on generating long half-life chlorines and H2O2. We explored the impact of electrical field and electrogenerated oxidants on algal inhibition, and we investigated the production of electrogenerated reactive species and their contributions to the inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) in simulated surface water with low Cl- concentrations (< 18 mg/L). We developed a kinetic model to simulates the concentrations of chlorines and H2O2. The results showed that electrical field and electrogenerated oxidants were both important contributors to algal inhibition during electrochemical oxidation treatment. The Ti/RuO2 anode mainly generates chlorines and H2O2 from Cl- and water. During the electrolysis at current density of 20 mA/cm2, when initial Cl- concentrations increased from 0 to 18 mg/L (0-5.07 × 10-4 mol/L), the chlorines increased from 0 to 3.62 × 10-6 mol/L, and the H2O2 concentration decreased from 3.68 × 10-6 to 1.15 × 10-6 mol/L. Our model made decent predictions of other Cl- concentrations by comparing with experiment data which validated the rationality of this modeling approach. The electrogenerated chlorine species were more effective than H2O2 at an initial Cl- concentration of 18 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China.
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China.
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Meng
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Linling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, Hubei, China.
| | - John Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Kim H, Lee S, Son B, Jeon J, Kim D, Lee W, Youn H, Lee JM, Youn B. Biocidal effect of thymol and carvacrol on aquatic organisms: Possible application in ballast water management systems. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:734-740. [PMID: 30041370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is essential for maintaining the balance and integrity of a ship. However, exchanging ballast water resulted in discharging water of different origins in vessel recipient ports, and this may have caused ecosystem disturbance or aquatic pollution. The ballast water management (BWM) system is essential for the purification and disinfection of the ballast water that is taken up. Because current BWM systems widely use biocides for the treatment of aquatic organisms, the biocides may result in unintended toxicity of the discharged ballast water. In this study, we suggested thymol and carvacrol as chemical biocides for BWM systems and investigated their effectiveness using Artemia salina and Escherichia coli. Thymol and carvacrol showed biocidal effects in our study. A combination of these substances showed a synergistic increase in the biocidal effects. Moreover, carvacrol naturally degrades after disinfection, which indicates that natural substances may be promising candidates to increase the efficacy and reduce unwanted side effects of the BWM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Son
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Jeon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Lee
- QuantomBio. Co., Ltd, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Lee
- Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Song SJ, Kim JG. Influence of Magnesium Ions in the Seawater Environment on the Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Low-Chromium-Alloy Steel. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010162. [PMID: 29361710 PMCID: PMC5793660 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the synergic effect of alloying the element Cr and the environmental element Mg2+ ions on the corrosion property of a low-alloy steel in seawater at 60 °C, by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests and weight-loss tests. The Mg2+ ions in seawater played an important role in lowering the electron transfer of the rust layer in the Cr-containing steel. The corrosion resistance of the Cr-containing steel is superior to that of blank steel in Mg2+ ions containing seawater. XPS and XRD results indicated that the formation of MgFe2O4 and a mixed layer (Cr oxide + FeCr2O4 + MgCr2O4) improved the corrosion resistance of the low-alloy steel in the seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol-Ji Song
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Jung-Gu Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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Nosrati-Ghods N, Ghadiri M, Früh WG. Management and environmental risk study of the physicochemical parameters of ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:428-438. [PMID: 27720218 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is a vital industry for the global economy. Stability of ships, provided by ballast water, is a crucial factor for cargo loading and unloading processes. Ballast water treatment has practical significance in terms of environmental issues, ecosystem, and human health, because ships discharge this water into the environment before loading their cargos. This study reviews the common methods for ballast water management - exchange, heating, filtration, ultrasonic treatment, ultraviolet irradiation, chemicals, and gas supersaturation - to select the best one. This study compares water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals (Co, Cr, Ni, Pb) for ballast tanks of selected ships with the recipient port environment in the Persian Gulf as a case study. The exchange of ballast water in the ocean and/or its treatment on board to prevent inadvertent effects on the environment's physicochemical conditions is related to vessel characteristics, legislation, and the environmental condition. Ecological risk study showed that the salt content in ballast water is close to that of seawater, but the values of Cr (2.1mg/l) and Ni (0.029mg/l) in ballast water are higher than those in seawater (1 and 0.004mg/l, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosaibeh Nosrati-Ghods
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Ghadiri
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Wolf-Gerrit Früh
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Chen S, Hu W, Hong J, Sandoe S. Electrochemical disinfection of simulated ballast water on PbO2/graphite felt electrode. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:319-323. [PMID: 26880130 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel PbO2/graphite felt electrode was constructed by electrochemical deposition of PbO2 on graphite felt and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The prepared electrode is a viable technology for inactivation of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Artemia salina as indicator organisms in simulated ballast water treatment, which meets the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation D-2. The effects of contact time and current density on inactivation were investigated. An increase in current density generally had a beneficial effect on the inactivation of the three species. E.faecalis and A.salina were more resistant to electrochemical disinfection than E. coli. The complete disinfection of E.coli was achieved in <8min at an applied current density of 253A/m(2). Complete inactivation of E. faecalis and A.salina was achieved at the same current density after 60 and 40min of contact time, respectively. A. salina inactivation follows first-order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Chen
- School of Resource & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Weidong Hu
- School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jianxun Hong
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Steve Sandoe
- School of Resource & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Dai XH, Zhang J, Pang XJ, Zhou JP, Liu GZ, Zhang SY. Ferrocene-enhanced polyvinyl chloride-coated electrode for the potentiometric detection of total residual chlorine in simulated ballast water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lin L, Feng C, Li Q, Wu M, Zhao L. Effects of electrolysis by low-amperage electric current on the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14932-14939. [PMID: 25997810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of electrolysis by low-amperage electric current on the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated in order to reveal the mechanisms of electrolytic inhibition of algae. Threshold of current density was found under a certain initial no. of algae cell. When current density was equal to or higher than the threshold (fixed electrolysis time), growth of algae was inhibited completely and the algae lost the ability to survive. Effect of algal solution volume on algal inhibition was insignificant. Thresholds of current density were 8, 10, 14, 20, and 22 mA cm(-2) at 2.5 × 10(7), 5 × 10(7), 1 × 10(8), 2.5 × 10(8), and 5 × 10(8) cells mL(-1) initial no. of algae cell, respectively. Correlativity between threshold of current and initial no. of algae cells was established for scale-up and determining operating conditions. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters demonstrated that photosystem (PS) II of algae was damaged by electrolysis but still maintained relatively high activity when algal solution was treated by current densities lower than the threshold. The activity of algae recovered completely after 6 days of cultivation. On the contrary, when current density was higher than the threshold, connection of phycobilisome (PBS) and PS II core complexes was destroyed, PS II system of algae was damaged irreversibly, and algae could not survive thoroughly. The inactivation of M. aeruginosa by electrolysis can be attributed to irreversible separation of PBS from PS II core complexes and the damage of PS II of M. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Basin Water Environmental Research, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China.
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources in River Basins and Eco-Environmental Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China.
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Basin Water Environmental Research, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources in River Basins and Eco-Environmental Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Basin Water Environmental Research, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources in River Basins and Eco-Environmental Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basin Water Environmental Research, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources in River Basins and Eco-Environmental Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Liangyuan Zhao
- Department of Basin Water Environmental Research, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources in River Basins and Eco-Environmental Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
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Badve MP, Bhagat MN, Pandit AB. Microbial disinfection of seawater using hydrodynamic cavitation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rajakaruna H, Potapov A, Lewis M. Impact of stochasticity in immigration and reintroduction on colonizing and extirpating populations. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 85:38-48. [PMID: 23402773 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A thorough quantitative understanding of populations at the edge of extinction is needed to manage both invasive and extirpating populations. Immigration can govern the population dynamics when the population levels are low. It increases the probability of a population establishing (or reestablishing) before going extinct (EBE). However, the rate of immigration can be highly fluctuating. Here, we investigate how the stochasticity in immigration impacts the EBE probability for small populations in variable environments. We use a population model with an Allee effect described by a stochastic differential equation (SDE) and employ the Fokker-Planck diffusion approximation to quantify the EBE probability. We find that, the effect of the stochasticity in immigration on the EBE probability depends on both the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the mean rate of immigration (p). In general, if r is large and positive (e.g. invasive species introduced to favorable habitats), or if p is greater than the rate of population decline due to the demographic Allee effect (e.g., effective stocking of declining populations), then the stochasticity in immigration decreases the EBE probability. If r is large and negative (e.g. endangered populations in unfavorable habitats), or if the rate of decline due to the demographic Allee effect is much greater than p (e.g., weak stocking of declining populations), then the stochasticity in immigration increases the EBE probability. However, the mean time for EBE decreases with the increasing stochasticity in immigration with both positive and negative large r. Thus, results suggest that ecological management of populations involves a tradeoff as to whether to increase or decrease the stochasticity in immigration in order to optimize the desired outcome. Moreover, the control of invasive species spread through stochastic means, for example, by stochastic monitoring and treatment of vectors such as ship-ballast water, may be suitable strategies given the environmental and demographic uncertainties at introductions. Similarly, the recovery of declining and extirpated populations through stochastic stocking, translocation, and reintroduction, may also be suitable strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshana Rajakaruna
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Nanayakkara KGN, Alam AKMK, Zheng YM, Chen JP. A low-energy intensive electrochemical system for the eradication of Escherichia coli from ballast water: process development, disinfection chemistry, and kinetics modeling. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1238-45. [PMID: 22483951 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of biological organisms via ballast water has created threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cost-effective electrochemical disinfection reactor was developed to inactivate Escherichia coli, one of the IMO-regulated indicator microbes, in simulated ballast water. The complete inactivation of E. coli could be achieved within a very short time (150, 120, or 60 s) with an energy consumption as low as 0.0090, 0.0074 or 0.0035 kWh/m(3) for ballast water containing E. coli at concentrations of 10(8), 10(7) and 10(6) CFU/100 mL, respectively. Electrochemical chlorination was the major disinfection mechanism in chloride-abundant electrolytes, whereas oxidants such as ozone and free radicals contributed to 20% of the disinfection efficiency in chloride-free electrolytes. Moreover, a disinfection kinetics model was successfully developed to describe the inactivation of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Nadeeshani Nanayakkara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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