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Tyohemba RL, Humphries MS, Schleyer MH, Porter SN. Accumulation of commonly used agricultural herbicides in coral reef organisms from iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118665. [PMID: 34902525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth, but are significantly impacted by agricultural runoff. Despite herbicides being commonly detected in coastal waters, the possibility of herbicide accumulation in coral reef species has largely been overlooked. We investigate the accumulation of several herbicides in five species of coral reef invertebrates collected from ten sites along the Maputaland coast, South Africa. Multiple herbicide residues were detected in 95% of the samples, with total average concentrations across sites ranging between 25.2 ng g-1 to 51.3 ng g-1 dw. Acetochlor, alachlor and hexazinone were the predominant herbicides detected at all sites, with atrazine and simazine detected less frequently. Significant interactive effects were detected between sites nested in reef complex crossed with species, based on multiple and total herbicide concentrations. In general, multivariate herbicide concentrations varied significantly between species within and across most sites. Contrastingly, the concentrations of the different herbicides and that of total herbicide did not differ between conspecifics at most sites nested in their respective reef complexes. On average, highest total herbicide concentrations were measured in soft coral (Sarcophyton glaucum; 90.4 ± 60 ng g-1 and Sinularia gravis; 42.7 ± 25 ng g-1) and sponge (Theonela swinhoei; 39.0 ± 40 ng g-1) species, while significantly lower concentrations were detected in hard corals (Echinopora hirsutissima; 10.5 ± 5.9 ng g-1 and Acropora austera; 5.20 ± 4.5 ng g-1) at most sites. Agricultural runoff entering the ocean via the uMfolozi-St Lucia Estuary and Maputo Bay are likely sources of herbicide contamination to coral reefs in the region. There is an urgent need to assess the long-term effects of herbicide exposure on coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Tyohemba
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Marc S Humphries
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Michael H Schleyer
- Oceanographic Research Institute, PO Box 10712, Marine Parade, Durban, 4056, South Africa
| | - Sean N Porter
- Oceanographic Research Institute, PO Box 10712, Marine Parade, Durban, 4056, South Africa.
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2
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Holmes MJ, Venables B, Lewis RJ. Critical Review and Conceptual and Quantitative Models for the Transfer and Depuration of Ciguatoxins in Fishes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080515. [PMID: 34437386 PMCID: PMC8402393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We review and develop conceptual models for the bio-transfer of ciguatoxins in food chains for Platypus Bay and the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Platypus Bay is unique in repeatedly producing ciguateric fishes in Australia, with ciguatoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus spp.) growing epiphytically on free-living, benthic macroalgae. The Gambierdiscus are consumed by invertebrates living within the macroalgae, which are preyed upon by small carnivorous fishes, which are then preyed upon by Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson). We hypothesise that Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa species growing on turf algae are the main source of ciguatoxins entering marine food chains to cause ciguatera on the Great Barrier Reef. The abundance of surgeonfish that feed on turf algae may act as a feedback mechanism controlling the flow of ciguatoxins through this marine food chain. If this hypothesis is broadly applicable, then a reduction in herbivory from overharvesting of herbivores could lead to increases in ciguatera by concentrating ciguatoxins through the remaining, smaller population of herbivores. Modelling the dilution of ciguatoxins by somatic growth in Spanish mackerel and coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) revealed that growth could not significantly reduce the toxicity of fish flesh, except in young fast-growing fishes or legal-sized fishes contaminated with low levels of ciguatoxins. If Spanish mackerel along the east coast of Australia can depurate ciguatoxins, it is most likely with a half-life of ≤1-year. Our review and conceptual models can aid management and research of ciguatera in Australia, and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Holmes
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
| | | | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Olguín-Jacobson C, Pitt KA. Symbiotic microalgae do not increase susceptibility of zooxanthellate medusae (Cassiopea xamachana) to herbicides. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105866. [PMID: 34052718 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are among the most detected pesticides in coastal environments. Herbicides may impact non-target organisms, but invertebrates that have a symbiotic relationship with microalgae (zooxanthellae) may be particularly susceptible. How zooxanthellae influence the response of organisms to herbicides, however, remains untested. We exposed zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate Cassiopea xamachana medusae to environmentally relevant concentrations of the herbicide atrazine (0 µg L - 1, 7 µg L - 1 and 27 µg L - 1) for 20 days. We hypothesised that atrazine would have adverse effects on the size, rate of bell contractions and, respiration of medusae, but that effects would be more severe in zooxanthellate than azooxanthellate medusae. We also predicted that photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll a (Chla) content and zooxanthellae density would decrease in zooxanthellate medusae exposed to atrazine. Both zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate medusae shrank, yet the size-specific respiration rates were not constant during the experiment. Photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellate medusae significantly decreased at 7 and 27 µgL-1 atrazine, but atrazine did not affect the Chla content or zooxanthellae density. Our results showed that even though atrazine inhibited photosynthesis, zooxanthellae were not expelled from the host. We conclude that the presence of zooxanthellae did not increase the susceptibility of C. xamachana medusae to atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Olguín-Jacobson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, South Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, South Australia
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Syakti AD, Jaya JV, Rahman A, Hidayati NV, Raza'i TS, Idris F, Trenggono M, Doumenq P, Chou LM. Bleaching and necrosis of staghorn coral (Acropora formosa) in laboratory assays: Immediate impact of LDPE microplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:528-535. [PMID: 31051356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics (<100 μm; P100-A P100-B, P100-C, 100-200 μm; P200, 200-500 μm; P500) on Acropora formosa was investigated. This study investigated the bleaching and necrosis extent of A. formosa caused by LDPE contamination via laboratory assay. The staghorn coral ingested the microplastics, resulting in bleaching and necrosis that concomitantly occurred with the release of zooxanthellae. P100-A experimentation was the worst case, showing bleaching by day 2 (10.8 ± 2.2%) and continued bleaching to 93.6% ± 2.0 by day 14 followed by 5.9 ± 2.5% necrosis. The overall results confirmed that the LDPE concentration impacts coral health. We highlighted that microplastics have been ingested and partially egested. Their presence showed either a direct or indirect impact on coral polyps via direct interaction or through photosynthesis perturbation due to microplastics that cover the coral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dhamar Syakti
- Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies - Institute for Sciences and Community Service, Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia; Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty - Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjung pinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia.
| | - Jales Veva Jaya
- Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty - Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjung pinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia
| | - Aulia Rahman
- Marine and Fisheries Agency - Riau Islands Province Dompak, Bukit Bestari, Tanjung pinang, Riau Islands, Indonesia
| | - Nuning Vita Hidayati
- Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
| | - Tengku Said Raza'i
- Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty - Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjung pinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia
| | - Fadliyah Idris
- Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty - Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjung pinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia
| | - Mukti Trenggono
- Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 4, France
| | - Loke Ming Chou
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 5 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119214, Republic of Singapore
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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Wang J, Luo J, Wang L, Zhang Y. Temperature regulates the recognition activities of a galectin to pathogen and symbiont in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 96:103-110. [PMID: 30857983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lectins serve as essential pattern recognition receptors, and play important roles in the recognition of non-self and mediation of innate immune response in metazoans. Scleractinian corals are vulnerable to pathogen infection and endosymbiosis disruption under heat stress that can finally lead to coral bleaching. In this study, a cDNA sequence encoding one galectin was cloned in scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis (PdGLT-1). The deduced PdGLT-1 protein shared highest amino acid sequence similarity (99%) with galectin from Stylophora pistillata (XP_022806650.1), and was composed of one signal peptide, one Collagen domain and one Gal-Lectin domain. PdGLT-1 recombinant protein (rPdGLT-1) was expressed and purified in vitro. Binding activities of rPdGLT-1 to bacteria and symbiont were determined using western blotting method. Results showed that rPdGLT-1 was able to bind to gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus mutans, gram-negative bacteria Vibrio coralliilyticus and Escherichia coli, with the highest activity for V. coralliilyticus, and further agglutinated them. The bound rPdGLT-1 to Symbiodinium (10-104 cells mL-1) was detectable, and its binding ability was concentration-dependent. Furthermore, dual binding activities were determined under different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C), and the optimal temperatures were found to be 25 and 30 °C for V. coralliilyticus and Symbiodinium, respectively. Results suggested that PdGLT-1 could recognize pathogenic bacteria and symbiotic dinoflagellates Symbiodinium. However, their recognition activities were repressed under high temperature (>30 °C). This study provided insights into the underlying mechanism of lectin modulation to heat bleaching through its pathogen and Symbiodinium recognition in the scleractinian coral P. damicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lingui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Fey P, Bustamante P, Bosserelle P, Espiau B, Malau A, Mercader M, Wafo E, Letourneur Y. Does trophic level drive organic and metallic contamination in coral reef organisms? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:208-221. [PMID: 30831362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallic and organic pollutants constitute a serious threat for coral reef ecosystems, potentially affecting a great number of species interacting within complex trophodynamic processes. Pesticides, PCBs and trace elements were measured on coral reef communities of three Pacific islands (Moorea, Wallis and New Caledonia) in relation with δ15N values, a proxy of trophic level. Several potential sources of organic matter, benthic invertebrates and fish belonging to various trophic strategies were sampled at each island. Wallis and New Caledonia displayed, respectively, the highest concentrations of pesticides and trace elements. In the three islands, most trace element concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and V) decreased when δ15N was rising (i.e. bioreduction), whereas Hg and Se biomagnified with increasing δ15N values. Only few trace elements in some islands did not show any significant trend in relation with δ15N (i.e., Ag in New Caledonia, Zn in Wallis and As plus Zn in Moorea). PCBs concentrations showed a significant bioreduction in New Caledonia and in Moorea, but a significant biomagnification in Wallis. Aldrin and heptachlor were the only pesticides to show a similar significant bioreduction in the three islands. Other pesticides, such as chlordecone, diazinon, endosulfan I and II, heptachlor-epoxide A and B, lindane and pp'-DDE displayed contrasted patterns (e.g. chlordecone significantly biomagnified in New Caledonia, significantly bioreduced in Wallis and did not displayed any significant trend in Moorea). Finally, for unclear reasons, Moorea displayed only negative significant correlations between δ15N and all pesticides (except pp'-DDT). Our results highlight that trophic level, here assessed through δ15N values, is a good predictor of metallic trace elements biomagnification or bioreduction in coral reef organisms. However, at large spatial scale, trophic level relevance to predict pesticides and PCBs biomagnification or bioreduction should be considered with caution and studied in close relation with local characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fey
- Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, EA 7484, LabEx "CORAIL", BP R4, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - P Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - P Bosserelle
- Pacific Community (SPC), Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystem division, BP D5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia; Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), LabEx "CORAIL" USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - B Espiau
- Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), LabEx "CORAIL" USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, BP 1013, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - A Malau
- Service de l'Environnement de Wallis et Futuna, BP 294, 98600 Mata Utu, Wallis and Futuna
| | - M Mercader
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens (CEFREM), UMR 5110 CNRS-UPVD, 52 avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - E Wafo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Y Letourneur
- Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, EA 7484, LabEx "CORAIL", BP R4, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
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7
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Cheang CC, Ma Y, Fok L. Occurrence and Composition of Microplastics in the Seabed Sediments of the Coral Communities in Proximity of a Metropolitan Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102270. [PMID: 30332808 PMCID: PMC6210488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In marine environments, microplastics have become a focus in scientific research in the last decade due to the global threat this pollutant poses to the marine environment. Corals in Hong Kong are under threat due to the degradation of the marine environment caused by human activities. This study investigated the occurrence, abundance and composition of microplastic debris (0.3⁻5 mm) in seabed sediments adjacent to coral communities in Hong Kong. Twenty-four benthic sediment samples were collected from four study sites located along the northeastern and eastern shores of Hong Kong. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 169 ± 48 to 221 ± 45 items/kg, and the mean concentration of microplastics in the seabed sediments was 189 ± 50 items/kg, which was comparable to similar studies in other regions. Microplastics accounted for 95.4% of particles extracted from benthic sediment samples using 40× light microscopy. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) comprised the majority of polymer types, contributing 45.3% and 29.3%, respectively. The proportion of microplastics made from PE and PET in seabed sediments was significantly higher than that observed in local beach sediments. The proportion of microplastics made from PE and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) together in the seabed sediments was much higher than that of PET and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The results have provided information with reference to environmental concentrations of microplastics for fringe reef habitat close to urban areas, which can be applied in studies concerning ecotoxicity of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Cheang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Lincoln Fok
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Zhou Z, Zhao S, Ni J, Su Y, Wang L, Xu Y. Effects of environmental factors on C-type lectin recognition to zooxanthellae in the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:228-233. [PMID: 29775739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin is a superfamily of Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins that play significant roles in nonself-recognition and pathogen clearance. In the present study, a C-type lectin (PdC-Lectin) was chosen from stony coral Pocillopora damicornis to understand its recognition characteristics to zooxanthellae. PdC-Lectin protein contained a signal peptide and a carbohydrate-recognition domain with EPN motif in Ca2+-binding site 2. The PdC-Lectin recombinant protein was expressed and purified in vitro. The binding of PdC-Lectin protein to zooxanthellae was determined with western blotting method, and the bound protein to 10-105 cell mL-1 zooxanthellae was detectable in a concentration-dependent manner. Less PdC-Lectin protein binding to zooxanthellae was observed for the incubation at 36 °C than that at 26 °C. Furthermore, the PAMP recognition spectrum of PdC-Lectin protein was tested through surface plasmon resonance method, and it bound to LPS and Lipid A, but not to LTA, β-glucan, mannose or Poly (I:C). When PdC-Lectin protein was preincubated with LPS, there was less protein binding to zooxanthellae compared with that in non-preincubation group. These results collectively suggest that PdC-Lectin could recognize zooxanthellae, and the recognition could be repressed by high temperature and pathogenic bacteria, which would help to further understand the molecular mechanism of coral bleaching and the establishment of coral-zooxanthella symbiosis in the stony coral P. damicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuimiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junyi Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yilu Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lingui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanlai Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Qingdao First Sanitarium of Navy, Qingdao 266071, China
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9
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Contribution of transformation products towards the total herbicide toxicity to tropical marine organisms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4808. [PMID: 29556061 PMCID: PMC5859250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of herbicide degradation (transformation) products is rarely taken into account, even though these are commonly detected in the marine environment, sometimes at concentrations higher than the parent compounds. Here we assessed the potential contribution of toxicity by transformation products of five photosystem II herbicides to coral symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.), the green algae Dunaliella sp., and prawn (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Concentration-dependent inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency (∆F/Fm′) was observed for all herbicides in both microalgal species. The toxicity of solutions of aged diuron solutions containing transformation products to Symbiodinium sp. and Dunaliella sp. was greater than could be explained by the concentrations of diuron measured, indicating transformation products contributed to the inhibition of ∆F/Fm′. However, the toxicity of aged atrazine, simazine, hexazinone, and ametryn solutions could be explained by the concentration of parent herbicide, indicating no contribution by transformation products. Prawn larval metamorphosis was not sensitive to the herbicides, but preliminary results indicated some toxicity of the transformation products of atrazine and diuron. Risk assessments should take into account the contribution of herbicide transformation products; however, further studies are clearly needed to test the toxicity of a far wider range of transformation products to a representative diversity of relevant taxa.
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Zhou Z, Yu X, Tang J, Zhu Y, Chen G, Guo L, Huang B. Dual recognition activity of a rhamnose-binding lectin to pathogenic bacteria and zooxanthellae in stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:88-93. [PMID: 28069433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) is a type of Ca2+-independent lectin with tandem repeat carbohydrate-recognition domain, and is crucial for the innate immunity in many invertebrates. In this study, the cDNA sequence encoding RBL in coral Pocillopora damicornis (PdRBL-1) was cloned. The PdRBL-1 protein shared highest amino acid sequence similarity (55%) with the polyp of Hydra vulgaris, and contained a signal peptide and two tandem carbohydrate-recognition domains in which all cysteine residues were conserved. Surface plasmon resonance method revealed that the recombinant PdRBL-1 protein bound to LPS and Lipid A, but not to LTA, β-glucan, mannose and Poly (I:C). Results also showed that it bonded with zooxanthellae using western blotting method, and that the bound protein was detectable only at concentrations higher than 102 zooxanthellae cell mL-1. When recombinant PdRBL-1 protein was preincubated with LPS, lower amounts of protein bound to zooxanthellae compared to cells not preincubated with LPS. Furthermore, PdRBL-1 mRNA expression increased significantly at 12 h, and declined to the baseline at 24 h after heat stress at 31 °C. These results collectively suggest that PdRBL-1 could recognize not only pathogenic bacteria but also symbiotic zooxanthellae, and that the recognition of zooxanthellae by PdRBL-1 could be repressed by pathogenic bacteria through competitive binding. This information allows us to gain new insights in the mechanisms influencing the establishment and maintenance of coral-zooxanthella symbiosis in coral P. damicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guangmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Angly FE, Pantos O, Morgan TC, Rich V, Tonin H, Bourne DG, Mercurio P, Negri AP, Tyson GW. Diuron tolerance and potential degradation by pelagic microbiomes in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1758. [PMID: 26989611 PMCID: PMC4793316 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diuron is a herbicide commonly used in agricultural areas where excess application causes it to leach into rivers, reach sensitive marine environments like the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon and pose risks to marine life. To investigate the impact of diuron on whole prokaryotic communities that underpin the marine food web and are integral to coral reef health, GBR lagoon water was incubated with diuron at environmentally-relevant concentration (8 µg/L), and sequenced at specific time points over the following year. 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling revealed no significant short- or long-term effect of diuron on microbiome structure. The relative abundance of prokaryotic phototrophs was not significantly altered by diuron, which suggests that they were largely tolerant at this concentration. Assembly of a metagenome derived from waters sampled at a similar location in the GBR lagoon did not reveal the presence of mutations in the cyanobacterial photosystem that could explain diuron tolerance. However, resident phages displayed several variants of this gene and could potentially play a role in tolerance acquisition. Slow biodegradation of diuron was reported in the incubation flasks, but no correlation with the relative abundance of heterotrophs was evident. Analysis of metagenomic reads supports the hypothesis that previously uncharacterized hydrolases carried by low-abundance species may mediate herbicide degradation in the GBR lagoon. Overall, this study offers evidence that pelagic phototrophs of the GBR lagoon may be more tolerant of diuron than other tropical organisms, and that heterotrophs in the microbial seed bank may have the potential to degrade diuron and alleviate local anthropogenic stresses to inshore GBR ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent E. Angly
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Pantos
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Morgan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Virginia Rich
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Microbiology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Hemerson Tonin
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G. Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Mercurio
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Salvat B, Roche H, Ramade F. On the occurrence of a widespread contamination by herbicides of coral reef biota in French Polynesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:49-60. [PMID: 25850738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Research has been conducted within the framework of the French Initiative for Coral Reefs (IFRECOR) to assess pesticide pollution levels in the coral reef trophic webs in French Polynesia. Unexpected widespread contamination by herbicides was found in algae, fishes and macro-invertebrates located at various levels of the reef trophic web. Concentrations in organisms investigated were for the majority below the lowest observable effect level and do not pose a dietary risk to native population who subsist on these fish. However, the widespread contamination may affect the reef ecosystem in the future as coral symbiotic algae, Symbidinium sp. (Dinophyta) are particularly sensitive to photosystem II herbicides, particularly the substituted urea and triazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Salvat
- USR 3278 CNRS EPHE UPVD, Université de Perpignan, Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, CRIOBE-EPHE, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française.
| | - Hélène Roche
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91405, Orsay cedex, France.
| | - François Ramade
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91405, Orsay cedex, France.
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13
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Wilkinson AD, Collier CJ, Flores F, Negri AP. Acute and additive toxicity of ten photosystem-II herbicides to seagrass. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17443. [PMID: 26616444 PMCID: PMC4663499 DOI: 10.1038/srep17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II herbicides are transported to inshore marine waters, including those
of the Great Barrier Reef, and are usually detected in complex mixtures. These
herbicides inhibit photosynthesis, which can deplete energy reserves and reduce
growth in seagrass, but the toxicity of some of these herbicides to seagrass is
unknown and combined effects of multiple herbicides on seagrass has not been tested.
Here we assessed the acute phytotoxicity of 10 PSII herbicides to the seagrass
Halophila ovalis over 24 and/or 48 h. Individual herbicides
exhibited a broad range of toxicities with inhibition of photosynthetic activity
(∆F/Fm′) by 50% at
concentrations ranging from 3.5 μg
l−1 (ametryn) to 132 μg
l−1 (fluometuron). We assessed potential additivity
using the Concentration Addition model of joint action for binary mixtures of diuron
and atrazine as well as complex mixtures of all 10 herbicides. The effects of both
mixture types were largely additive, validating the application of additive effects
models for calculating the risk posed by multiple PSII herbicides to seagrasses.
This study extends seagrass ecotoxicological data to ametryn, metribuzin, bromacil,
prometryn and fluometuron and demonstrates that low concentrations of PSII herbicide
mixtures have the potential to impact ecologically relevant endpoints in seagrass,
including ∆F/Fm′.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Wilkinson
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - Catherine J Collier
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Water &Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Florita Flores
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
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14
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El-Nahhal Y, Hamdona N. Phytotoxicity of Alachlor, Bromacil and Diuron as single or mixed herbicides applied to wheat, melon, and molokhia. SPRINGERPLUS 2015. [PMID: 26207198 PMCID: PMC4510307 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the phytotoxicity of herbicides applied singly or as mixtures to different crops under greenhouse conditions. Growth inhibition of the crops was taken as an indicator of phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity of mixtures was estimated by calculating EC50 value in toxic units. EC50 (mg/kg soil) of Alachlor, Bromacil and/or Diuron were: 11.37, 4.77, 1.64, respectively, on melon; 0.11, 0.08, 0.24, respectively, on molokhia, and 3.91, 3.08, 1.83, respectively, on wheat. EC50 values of binary mixture tests of (Alachlor + Bromacil), (Alachlor + Diuron), and (Bromacil + Diuron) were 12.21, 5.84, 10.22 on melon, 0.982, 925.4, 38.1 on molokhia, and 0.673, 1.34, 0.644 on wheat. Tertiary mixture tests showed EC50 values (TU/kg soil) of (Alachlor + Bromacil + Diuron) was 633.9 on melon, 3.02 on molokhia and 32.174 on wheat. Diuron was more toxic than Alachlor and Bromacil to the tested crops based on individual tests. Molokhia was the most sensitive crop to herbicides. Binary mixtures showed a synergistic effect as compared to the tertiary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser El-Nahhal
- Department of Environment and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Nisreen Hamdona
- Department of Environment and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine
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15
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Davis AM, Lewis SE, Brodie JE, Benson A. The potential benefits of herbicide regulation: a cautionary note for the Great Barrier Reef catchment area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:81-92. [PMID: 24840283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Industry transitions away from traditional photosystem II inhibiting (PSII) herbicides towards an 'alternative' herbicide suite are now widely advocated as a key component of improved environmental outcomes for Australia's Great Barrier Reef and improved environmental stewardship on the part of the Queensland sugar industry. A systematic desktop risk analysis found that based on current farming practices, traditional PSII herbicides can pose significant environmental risks. Several of the 'alternatives' that can directly fill a specific pre-emergent ('soil residual') weed control function similar to regulated PSII herbicides also, however, presented a similar environmental risk profile, regardless of farming systems and bio-climatic zones being considered. Several alternatives with a pre-emergent residual function as well as alternative post-emergent (contact or 'knockdown') herbicides were, predicted to pose lower environmental risks than the regulated PSII herbicides to most trophic levels, although environmental risks could still be present. While several herbicides may well be viable alternatives in terms of weed control, they can still present equal or possibly higher risks to the environment. Imposing additional regulations (or even de-registrations) on particular herbicides could result in marginal, and possibly perverse environmental impacts in the long term, if usage shifts to alternative herbicides with similar risk profiles. Regardless of any regulatory efforts, improved environmental sustainability outcomes in pesticide practices within the Great Barrier Reef catchment area will hinge primarily on the continuing adoption of integrated, strategic pest management systems and technologies applied to both traditional and 'alternative' herbicides. One of the emerging policy challenges is ensuring the requisite technical and extension support for cane growers to ensure effective adoption of rapidly evolving farming system technologies, in a very dynamic and scrutinised herbicide management environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Davis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - S E Lewis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - J E Brodie
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ash Benson
- Herbert Cane Productivity Services Limited, 181 Fairford Road , Ingham, Qld 4850, Australia.
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16
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Oliver DP, Anderson JS, Davis A, Lewis S, Brodie J, Kookana R. Banded applications are highly effective in minimising herbicide migration from furrow-irrigated sugar cane. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:841-848. [PMID: 23973548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Runoff from farm fields is a common source of herbicide residues in surface waters in many agricultural industries around the world. In Queensland, Australia, the runoff of PSII inhibitor herbicides (in particular diuron and atrazine) is a major concern due to their potential impact on the Great Barrier Reef. This study compared the conventional practice of broadcast application of herbicides in sugarcane production across the whole field with the banded application of particular herbicides onto raised beds only using a shielded sprayer. This study found that the application of two moderately soluble herbicides, diuron and atrazine, to only the raised beds decreased the average total load of both herbicides moving off-site by >90% compared with the conventional treatment. This was despite the area being covered with the herbicides by the banded application being only 60% less than with the conventional treatment. The average total amount of atrazine in drainage water was 7.5% of the active ingredient applied in the conventional treatment compared with 1.8% of the active ingredient applied in the banded application treatment. Similarly, the average total amount of diuron in drainage water was 4.6% of that applied in the conventional treatment compared with 0.9% of that applied in the banded application treatment. This study demonstrates that the application of diuron and atrazine to raised beds only is a highly effective way of minimising migration of these herbicides in drainage water from furrow irrigated sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Oliver
- CSIRO Land and Water, Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship, PMB 2 Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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17
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Devlin M, Schaffelke B. Catchment-to-reef continuum: Case studies from the Great Barrier Reef. A special issue--Marine Pollution Bulletin 2012. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 65:77-80. [PMID: 22626622 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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18
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Brodie JE, Kroon FJ, Schaffelke B, Wolanski EC, Lewis SE, Devlin MJ, Bohnet IC, Bainbridge ZT, Waterhouse J, Davis AM. Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: An update of issues, priorities and management responses. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 65:81-100. [PMID: 22257553 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a World Heritage Area and contains extensive areas of coral reef, seagrass meadows and fisheries resources. From adjacent catchments, numerous rivers discharge pollutants from agricultural, urban, mining and industrial activity. Pollutant sources have been identified and include suspended sediment from erosion in cattle grazing areas; nitrate from fertiliser application on crop lands; and herbicides from various land uses. The fate and effects of these pollutants in the receiving marine environment are relatively well understood. The Australian and Queensland Governments responded to the concerns of pollution of the GBR from catchment runoff with a plan to address this issue in 2003 (Reef Plan; updated 2009), incentive-based voluntary management initiatives in 2007 (Reef Rescue) and a State regulatory approach in 2009, the Reef Protection Package. This paper reviews new research relevant to the catchment to GBR continuum and evaluates the appropriateness of current management responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brodie
- Catchment to Reef Research Group, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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19
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Lewis SE, Schaffelke B, Shaw M, Bainbridge ZT, Rohde KW, Kennedy K, Davis AM, Masters BL, Devlin MJ, Mueller JF, Brodie JE. Assessing the additive risks of PSII herbicide exposure to the Great Barrier Reef. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 65:280-291. [PMID: 22172236 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide residues have been measured in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon at concentrations which have the potential to harm marine plant communities. Monitoring on the Great Barrier Reef lagoon following wet season discharge show that 80% of the time when herbicides are detected, more than one are present. These herbicides have been shown to act in an additive manner with regards to photosystem-II inhibition. In this study, the area of the Great Barrier Reef considered to be at risk from herbicides is compared when exposures are considered for each herbicide individually and also for herbicide mixtures. Two normalisation indices for herbicide mixtures were calculated based on current guidelines and PSII inhibition thresholds. The results show that the area of risk for most regions is greatly increased under the proposed additive PSII inhibition threshold and that the resilience of this important ecosystem could be reduced by exposure to these herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Lewis
- Catchment to Reef Research Group, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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