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Projecting Future Climate Change-Mediated Impacts in Three Paralytic Shellfish Toxins-Producing Dinoflagellate Species. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101424. [PMID: 36290328 PMCID: PMC9598431 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Harmful algal blooms present a particular risk for marine ecosystems and human health alike. In this sense, it is important to accurately predict how toxin-producing microalgae could be affected by future climate change. The present study applied species distribution models (SDMs) to project the potential changes in the habitat suitability and distribution of three key paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate species (i.e., Alexandrium catenella, A. minutum, and Gymnodinium catenatum), up to 2040/50 and 2090/2100, across four different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and using four abiotic predictors (i.e., sea surface temperature, salinity, current velocity, and bathymetry). In general, considerable contractions were observed for all three species in the lower latitudes of their distribution, together with projected expansions into higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. This study aims to entice further research on the future biogeographical impacts of climate change in toxin-producing microalgae species while, at the same time, helping to advise the correct environmental management of coastal habitats and ecosystems. Abstract Toxin-producing microalgae present a significant environmental risk for ecosystems and human societies when they reach concentrations that affect other aquatic organisms or human health. Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been linked to mass wildlife die-offs and human food poisoning episodes, and climate change has the potential to alter the frequency, magnitude, and geographical extent of such events. Thus, a framework of species distribution models (SDMs), employing MaxEnt modeling, was used to project changes in habitat suitability and distribution of three key paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate species (i.e., Alexandrium catenella, A. minutum, and Gymnodinium catenatum), up to 2050 and 2100, across four representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP-2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5; CMIP5). Despite slightly different responses at the regional level, the global habitat suitability has decreased for all the species, leading to an overall contraction in their tropical and sub-tropical ranges, while considerable expansions are projected in higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting poleward distributional shifts. Such trends were exacerbated with increasing RCP severity. Yet, further research is required, with a greater assemblage of environmental predictors and improved occurrence datasets, to gain a more holistic understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on PST-producing species.
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Manning T, Thilagaraj AV, Mouradov D, Piola R, Grandison C, Gordon M, Shimeta J, Mouradov A. Diversity of dinoflagellate assemblages in coastal temperate and offshore tropical waters of Australia. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:27. [PMID: 33588746 PMCID: PMC7885227 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dinoflagellates are a ubiquitous and ecologically important component of marine phytoplankton communities, with particularly notable species including those associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) and those that bioluminesce. High-throughput sequencing offers a novel approach compared to traditional microscopy for determining species assemblages and distributions of dinoflagellates, which are poorly known especially in Australian waters. RESULTS We assessed the composition of dinoflagellate assemblages in two Australian locations: coastal temperate Port Phillip Bay and offshore tropical waters of Davies Reef (Great Barrier Reef). These locations differ in certain environmental parameters reflecting latitude as well as possible anthropogenic influences. Molecular taxonomic assessment revealed more species than traditional microscopy, and it showed statistically significant differences in dinoflagellate assemblages between locations. Bioluminescent species and known associates of HABs were present at both sites. Dinoflagellates in both areas were mainly represented by the order Gymnodiniales (66%-82% of total sequence reads). In the warm waters of Davies Reef, Gymnodiniales were equally represented by the two superclades, Gymnodiniales sensu stricto (33%) and Gyrodinium (34%). In contrast, in cooler waters of Port Phillip Bay, Gymnodiniales was mainly represented by Gyrodinium (82%). In both locations, bioluminescent dinoflagellates represented up to 0.24% of the total sequence reads, with Protoperidinium the most abundant genus. HAB-related species, mainly represented by Gyrodinium, were more abundant in Port Phillip Bay (up to 47%) than at Davies Reef (28%), potentially reflecting anthropogenic influence from highly populated and industrial areas surrounding the bay. The entire assemblage of dinoflagellates, as well as the subsets of HAB and bioluminescent species, were strongly correlated with water quality parameters (R2 = 0.56-0.92). Significant predictors differed between the subsets: HAB assemblages were explained by salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids; whereas, bioluminescent assemblages were explained only by salinity and dissolved oxygen, and had greater variability. CONCLUSION High-throughput sequencing and genotyping revealed greater diversity of dinoflagellate assemblages than previously known in both subtropical and temperate Australian waters. Significant correlations of assemblage structure with environmental variables suggest the potential for explaining the distribution and composition of both HAB species and bioluminescent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee Manning
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Piola
- Maritime Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Canberra, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Grandison
- Maritime Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Canberra, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Gordon
- Maritime Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Canberra, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hallegraeff GM, Schweibold L, Jaffrezic E, Rhodes L, MacKenzie L, Hay B, Farrell H. Overview of Australian and New Zealand harmful algal species occurrences and their societal impacts in the period 1985 to 2018, including a compilation of historic records. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101848. [PMID: 33875178 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Similarities and differences between Australia and New Zealand in Harmful Algal species occurrences and Harmful Algal Events impacting on human society (HAEDAT) are reported and factors that explain their differences explored. Weekly monitoring of harmful phytoplankton and biotoxins commenced in Australia in 1986 and in New Zealand in 1993. Anecdotal historic HAB records in both countries are also catalogued. In Australia, unprecedented highly toxic Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing blooms of Alexandrium catenella have impacted the seafood industry along the 200 km east coast of Tasmania from 2012 to present. Toxic blooms in 1986-1993 by Gymnodinium catenatum in Tasmania were effectively mitigated by closing the affected area for shellfish farming, while a bloom by this same species in 2000 in New Zealand caused significant economic damage from restrictions on the movement of greenshell mussel spat. The biggest biotoxin event in New Zealand was an unexpected outbreak of Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) in 1993 in Hauraki Gulf (putatively due to Karenia cf. mikimotoi) with 180 reported cases of human poisonings as well as reports of respiratory irritation north of Auckland. Strikingly, NSP never recurred in New Zealand since and no NSP events have ever been reported in Australia. In New Zealand, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) was the predominant seafood toxin syndrome, while in Australia Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) was the major reported seafood toxin syndrome, while no CFP has been recorded from consumption of New Zealand fish. In Australia, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) illnesses were recorded from two related outbreaks in 1997/98 following consumption of beach harvested clams (pipis) from a previously non-monitored area, whereas in New Zealand limited DSP illnesses are known. No human illnesses from Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) have been reported in either Australia or New Zealand. Selected examples of HABs appearing and disappearing (NSP in New Zealand, Alexandrium catenella in Tasmania), species expanding their ranges (Noctiluca, Gambierdiscus), and reputed ballast water introductions (Gymnodinium catenatum) are discussed. Eutrophication has rarely been invoked as a cause except for confined estuaries and fish ponds and estuarine cyanobacterial blooms. No trend in the number of HAEDAT events from 1985 to 2018 was discernible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Laura Schweibold
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
| | - Enora Jaffrezic
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France; Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | | | - Brenda Hay
- AquaBio Consultants Limited, 102 McLeod Rd, RD1, Helensville 0874, New Zealand
| | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, PO Box 6682, Silverwater, New South Wales 811, Australia
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Barua A, Ajani PA, Ruvindy R, Farrell H, Zammit A, Brett S, Hill D, Sarowar C, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. First Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Alexandrium pacificum above the Regulatory Limit in Blue Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) in New South Wales, Australia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E905. [PMID: 32560067 PMCID: PMC7356031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, 2017 and 2018, elevated levels of the species Alexandrium pacificum were detected within a blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) aquaculture area at Twofold Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. In 2016, the bloom persisted for at least eight weeks and maximum cell concentrations of 89,000 cells L-1 of A. pacificum were reported. The identity of A. pacificum was confirmed using molecular genetic tools (qPCR and amplicon sequencing) and complemented by light and scanning electron microscopy of cultured strains. Maximum reported concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussel tissue was 7.2 mg/kg PST STX equivalent. Elevated cell concentrations of A. pacificum were reported along the adjacent coastal shelf areas, and positive PST results were reported from nearby oyster producing estuaries during 2016. This is the first record of PSTs above the regulatory limit (0.8 mg/kg) in commercial aquaculture in New South Wales since the establishment of routine biotoxin monitoring in 2005. The intensity and duration of the 2016 A. pacificum bloom were unusual given the relatively low abundances of A. pacificum in estuarine and coastal waters of the region found in the prior 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanti Barua
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Penelope A. Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Rendy Ruvindy
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hill
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Chowdhury Sarowar
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman 2088, Australia;
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
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Ninčević Gladan Ž, Matić F, Arapov J, Skejić S, Bužančić M, Bakrač A, Straka M, Dekneudt Q, Grbec B, Garber R, Nazlić N. The relationship between toxic phytoplankton species occurrence and environmental and meteorological factors along the Eastern Adriatic coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101745. [PMID: 32113610 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the time series of toxic phytoplankton species collected between 2004 and 2018 from the Northern Adriatic, Šibenik Bay, and Mali Ston Bay was analyzed in relation to environmental (temperature, salinity, water column stability, and river flow) and meteorological parameters (precipitation and wind). Because of the mostly non-linear relation between biotic and abiotic parameters, self-organizing maps (SOM) were used to identify these relationships. SOM analysis distinguished species of the genus Dinophysis from Gonyaulax spinifera and Lingulodinium polyedrum species, which better tolerate wind-induced disturbance. Among the Dinophysis species, Dinophysis fortii, Dinophysis tripos, and Dinophysis acuta preferred higher precipitation rate and river flow in addition to optimal temperatures. The abundances of Alexandrium species, which occurred more frequently in estuarine areas, were associated with river flow and maximum stable water column. Regardless of the ecological preferences of individual harmful algae, freshwater inflow-caused stratification is present in all clusters of environmental conditions associated with increased abundances of harmful algae in the SOM analysis. It is highly likely that stratification represents an important factor for the development and maintenance of HABs. The non-linear relationship between the NAO index and rainfall was noted, of which the most important for the development of harmful algae is the proportional correlation between the positive phase of the NAO index and higher rainfall, especially in winter and spring. Such conditions are conducive to the development of harmful algae because, with the increase in temperature accompanying the positive phase of the NAO index, increased rainfall further stimulates their growth. This can be achieved either through nutrient yields or through higher freshwater inflow that further stabilizes the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živana Ninčević Gladan
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Frano Matić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasna Arapov
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Sanda Skejić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mia Bužančić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Bakrač
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Straka
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Quentin Dekneudt
- Diplôme d'ingénieur de l'Université de Toulon-SeaTech, Toulon, France
| | - Branka Grbec
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Roman Garber
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nikša Nazlić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Murray SA, Ruvindy R, Kohli GS, Anderson DM, Brosnahan ML. Evaluation of sxtA and rDNA qPCR assays through monitoring of an inshore bloom of Alexandrium catenella Group 1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14532. [PMID: 31601884 PMCID: PMC6787220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexandrium catenella (formerly A. tamarense Group 1, or A. fundyense) is the leading cause of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia and Asia. The quantification of A.catenella via sxtA, a gene involved in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin synthesis, may be a promising approach, but has not been evaluated in situ on blooms of A. catenella, in which cell abundances may vary from not detectable to in the order of 106 cells L-1. In this study, we compared sxtA assay performance to a qPCR assay targeted to a species-specific region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and an established fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy method. Passing-Bablok regression analyses revealed the sxtA assay to overestimate abundances when <5 cell equivalents A. catenella DNA were analysed, but otherwise was closer to microscopy estimates than the rDNA assay, which overestimated abundance across the full range of concentrations analysed, indicative of a copy number difference between the bloom population and a culture used for assay calibration a priori. In contrast, the sxtA assay performed more consistently, indicating less copy number variation. The sxtA assay was generally reliable, fast and effective in quantifying A. catenella and was predictive of PST contamination of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Rendy Ruvindy
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gurjeet S Kohli
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, United States
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, United States
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Perini F, Bastianini M, Capellacci S, Pugliese L, DiPoi E, Cabrini M, Buratti S, Marini M, Penna A. Molecular methods for cost-efficient monitoring of HAB (harmful algal bloom) dinoflagellate resting cysts. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 147:209-218. [PMID: 29910142 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyst abundance and identity are essential for understanding and predicting blooms, and for assessing the dispersal of toxic target dinoflagellate species by natural or human mediated ways, as with ballast waters. The aim of this study was to apply rapid, specific and sensitive qPCR assays to enumerate toxic dinoflagellate cysts in sediment samples collected from Adriatic harbours. The molecular standard curves of various target species allowed obtaining the rDNA copy number per cyst. The analytical sensitivity for specific standard curves was determined to be 2 or 10 rDNA copies per reaction. The abundance varied in the range of 1-747 dinoflagellate cysts g-1 dry weight. The assays showed greater sensitivity as compared to counts by light microscopy. This qPCR method revealed a powerful tool for the quantification of cysts from toxic dinoflagellate resting stages in sediment samples from Adriatic ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - M Bastianini
- ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Venezia, Italy
| | - S Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - L Pugliese
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
| | - E DiPoi
- OGS, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy
| | - M Cabrini
- OGS, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy
| | - S Buratti
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, Cesenatico, Italy
| | - M Marini
- ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy; ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ancona, Italy.
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Casabianca S, Capellacci S, Giacobbe MG, Dell'Aversano C, Tartaglione L, Varriale F, Narizzano R, Risso F, Moretto P, Dagnino A, Bertolotto R, Barbone E, Ungaro N, Penna A. Plastic-associated harmful microalgal assemblages in marine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:617-626. [PMID: 30384067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris carry fouling a variety of class-size organisms, among them harmful microorganisms that potentially play a role in the dispersal of allochthonous species and toxic compounds with ecological impacts on the marine environment and human health. We analyzed samples of marine plastics floating at the sea surface using a molecular qPCR assay to quantify the attached microalgal taxa, in particular, harmful species. Diatoms were the most abundant group of plastic colonizers with maximum abundance of 8.2 × 104 cells cm-2 of plastics, the maximum abundance of dinoflagellates amounted to 1.1 × 103 cells cm-2 of plastics. The most abundant harmful microalgal taxon was the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp., including at least 12 toxic species, and the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata with 6606 and 259 cells cm-2, respectively. The abundance of other harmful microalgal species including the toxic allochthonous dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum ranged from 1 to 73 cells cm-2. In the present study, a direct relationship between the abundance of harmful algal species colonizing the plastic substrates and their toxin production was found. The levels of potential toxins on plastic samples ranged from 101 to 102 ng cm-2, considering the various toxin families produced by the colonized harmful microalgal species. We also measured the rate of adhesion by several target microalgal species. It ranged from 1.8 to 0.3 day-1 demonstrating the capacity of plastic substrate colonizing rapidly by microalgae. The present study reports the first estimates of molecular quantification of microorganisms including toxin producing species that can colonize plastics. Such findings provide important insights for improving the monitoring practice of plastics and illustrate how the epi-plastic community can exacerbate the harmful effects of plastics by dispersal, acting as an alien and toxic species carrier and potentially being ingested through the marine trophic web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giacobbe
- IRBIM CNR, Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Varriale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Narizzano
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Fulvia Risso
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Moretto
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dagnino
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Rosella Bertolotto
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Barbone
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Puglia (ARPA Puglia), Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Ungaro
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Puglia (ARPA Puglia), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy; IRBIM CNR, Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ancona, Italy.
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Ruvindy R, Bolch CJ, MacKenzie L, Smith KF, Murray SA. qPCR Assays for the Detection and Quantification of Multiple Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Species of Alexandrium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3153. [PMID: 30619217 PMCID: PMC6305576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates have negatively impacted the shellfish aquaculture industry worldwide, including in Australia and New Zealand. Morphologically identical cryptic species of dinoflagellates that may differ in toxicity, in particular, species of the former Alexandrium tamarense species complex, co-occur in Australia, as they do in multiple regions in Asia and Europe. To understand the dynamics and the ecological drivers of the growth of each species in the field, accurate quantification at the species level is crucial. We have developed the first quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primers for A. australiense, and new primers targeting A. ostenfeldii, A. catenella, and A. pacificum. We showed that our new primers for A. pacificum are more specific than previously published primer pairs. These assays can be used to quantify planktonic cells and cysts in the water column and in sediment samples with limits of detection of 2 cells/L for the A. catenella and A. australiense assays, 2 cells/L and 1 cyst/mg sediment for the A. pacificum assay, and 1 cells/L for the A. ostenfeldii assay, and efficiencies of >90%. We utilized these assays to discriminate and quantify co-occurring A. catenella, A. pacificum, and A. australiense in samples from the east coast of Tasmania, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Ruvindy
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Bolch
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lewis AM, Coates LN, Turner AD, Percy L, Lewis J. A review of the global distribution of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) and comments on ecology and associated paralytic shellfish toxin profiles, with a focus on Northern Europe. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:581-598. [PMID: 30047623 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alexandrium minutum is a globally distributed harmful algal bloom species with many strains that are known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and consequently represent a concern to human and ecosystem health. This review highlights that A. minutum typically occurs in sheltered locations, with cell growth occurring during periods of stable water conditions. Sediment characteristics are important in the persistence of this species within a location, with fine sediments providing cyst deposits for ongoing inoculation to the water column. Toxic strains of A. minutum do not produce a consistent toxin profile, different populations produce a range of PSTs in differing quantities. Novel cluster analysis of published A. minutum toxin profiles indicates five PST profile clusters globally. Some clusters are grouped geographically (Northern Europe) while others are widely spread. Isolates from Taiwan have a range of toxin profile clusters and this area appears to have the most diverse set of PST producing A. minutum populations. These toxin profiles indicate that within the United Kingdom there are two populations of A. minutum grouping with strains from Northern France and Southern Ireland. There is a degree of interconnectivity in this region due to oceanic circulation and a high level of shipping and recreational boating. Further research into the interrelationships between the A. minutum populations in this global region would be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Lewis
- Cefas, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT48UB, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W6UW, UK
| | | | - Andrew D Turner
- Cefas, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT48UB, UK
| | - Linda Percy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W6UW, UK
| | - Jane Lewis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W6UW, UK
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11
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Tian C, Doblin MA, Dafforn KA, Johnston EL, Pei H, Hu W. Dinoflagellate cyst abundance is positively correlated to sediment organic carbon in Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay, NSW, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5808-5821. [PMID: 29235023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing public concern about the global expansion of harmful algal bloom species (HABs), with dinoflagellate microalgae comprising the major portion of the harmful taxa. These motile, unicellular organisms have a lifecycle involving sexual reproduction and resting cyst formation whereby cysts can germinate from sediments and 'seed' planktonic populations. Thus, investigation of dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) distribution in sediments can provide significant insights into HAB dynamics and contribute to indices of habitat quality. Species composition and abundance of dinocysts in relation to sediment characteristics were studied at 18 stations in two densely populated temperate Australian estuaries, Sydney Harbour (Parramatta River/Port Jackson; PS) and Botany Bay (including Georges River; GB). Eighteen dinocyst taxa were identified, dominated by Protoceratium reticulatum and Gonyaulax sp.1 in the PS estuary, together with Archaeperidinium minutum and Gonyaulax sp.1 in the GB estuary. Cysts of Alexandrium catenella, which is one of the causative species of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), were also detected in both estuaries. Out of the measured sediment characteristics (TOC, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), TOC was the parameter explaining most of the variation in dinocyst assemblages and was positively correlated to most of the heavy metals. Given the significant relationship between sediment TOC and dinocyst abundance and heavy metal concentrations, this study suggests that sediment TOC could be broadly used in risk management for potential development of algal blooms and sediment contamination in these estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Tian
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Wenrong Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
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12
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Ajani P, Harwood DT, Murray SA. Recent Trends in Marine Phycotoxins from Australian Coastal Waters. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E33. [PMID: 28208796 PMCID: PMC5334613 DOI: 10.3390/md15020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to ecosystem and human health, as well as constraining the progress of aquaculture, one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. With better monitoring, advanced analytical skills and an increase in microalgal expertise, many phycotoxins have been identified in Australian coastal waters in recent years. The most concerning of these toxins are ciguatoxin, paralytic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid and domoic acid, with palytoxin and karlotoxin increasing in significance. The potential for tetrodotoxin, maitotoxin and palytoxin to contaminate seafood is also of concern, warranting future investigation. The largest and most significant toxic bloom in Tasmania in 2012 resulted in an estimated total economic loss of~AUD$23M, indicating that there is an imperative to improve toxin and organism detection methods, clarify the toxin profiles of species of phytoplankton and carry out both intra- and inter-species toxicity comparisons. Future work also includes the application of rapid, real-time molecular assays for the detection of harmful species and toxin genes. This information, in conjunction with a better understanding of the life histories and ecology of harmful bloom species, may lead to more appropriate management of environmental, health and economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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13
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A database of marine phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition in Australian waters. Sci Data 2016; 3:160043. [PMID: 27328409 PMCID: PMC4915276 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many individual phytoplankton datasets collected across Australia since the mid 1900s, but most are unavailable to the research community. We have searched archives, contacted researchers, and scanned the primary and grey literature to collate 3,621,847 records of marine phytoplankton species from Australian waters from 1844 to the present. Many of these are small datasets collected for local questions, but combined they provide over 170 years of data on phytoplankton communities in Australian waters. Units and taxonomy have been standardised, obviously erroneous data removed, and all metadata included. We have lodged this dataset with the Australian Ocean Data Network (http://portal.aodn.org.au/) allowing public access. The Australian Phytoplankton Database will be invaluable for global change studies, as it allows analysis of ecological indicators of climate change and eutrophication (e.g., changes in distribution; diatom:dinoflagellate ratios). In addition, the standardised conversion of abundance records to biomass provides modellers with quantifiable data to initialise and validate ecosystem models of lower marine trophic levels.
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Farrell H, Seebacher F, O'Connor W, Zammit A, Harwood DT, Murray S. Warm temperature acclimation impacts metabolism of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in commercial oysters. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3402-3413. [PMID: 26032975 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species of Alexandrium produce potent neurotoxins termed paralytic shellfish toxins and are expanding their ranges worldwide, concurrent with increases in sea surface temperature. The metabolism of molluscs is temperature dependent, and increases in ocean temperature may influence both the abundance and distribution of Alexandrium and the dynamics of toxin uptake and depuration in shellfish. Here, we conducted a large-scale study of the effect of temperature on the uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in three commercial oysters (Saccostrea glomerata and diploid and triploid Crassostrea gigas, n = 252 per species/ploidy level). Oysters were acclimated to two constant temperatures, reflecting current and predicted climate scenarios (22 and 27 °C), and fed a diet including the paralytic shellfish toxin-producing species Alexandrium minutum. While the oysters fed on A. minutum in similar quantities, concentrations of the toxin analogue GTX1,4 were significantly lower in warm-acclimated S. glomerata and diploid C. gigas after 12 days. Following exposure to A. minutum, toxicity of triploid C. gigas was not affected by temperature. Generally, detoxification rates were reduced in warm-acclimated oysters. The routine metabolism of the oysters was not affected by the toxins, but a significant effect was found at a cellular level in diploid C. gigas. The increasing incidences of Alexandrium blooms worldwide are a challenge for shellfish food safety regulation. Our findings indicate that rising ocean temperatures may reduce paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation in two of the three oyster types; however, they may persist for longer periods in oyster tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Farrell
- School Plant Functional Ecology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- NSW Food Authority, 6 Avenue of the Americas, Newington, NSW, 2127, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon Laurence Building A08, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, NSW, 2315, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, 6 Avenue of the Americas, Newington, NSW, 2127, Australia
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Shauna Murray
- School Plant Functional Ecology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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15
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Murray SA, Diwan R, Orr RJS, Kohli GS, John U. Gene duplication, loss and selection in the evolution of saxitoxin biosynthesis in alveolates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 92:165-80. [PMID: 26140862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A group of marine dinoflagellates (Alveolata, Eukaryota), consisting of ∼10 species of the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum and Pyrodinium bahamense, produce the toxin saxitoxin and its analogues (STX), which can accumulate in shellfish, leading to ecosystem and human health impacts. The genes, sxt, putatively involved in STX biosynthesis, have recently been identified, however, the evolution of these genes within dinoflagellates is not clear. There are two reasons for this: uncertainty over the phylogeny of dinoflagellates; and that the sxt genes of many species of Alexandrium and other dinoflagellate genera are not known. Here, we determined the phylogeny of STX-producing and other dinoflagellates based on a concatenated eight-gene alignment. We determined the presence, diversity and phylogeny of sxtA, domains A1 and A4 and sxtG in 52 strains of Alexandrium, and a further 43 species of dinoflagellates and thirteen other alveolates. We confirmed the presence and high sequence conservation of sxtA, domain A4, in 40 strains (35 Alexandrium, 1 Pyrodinium, 4 Gymnodinium) of 8 species of STX-producing dinoflagellates, and absence from non-producing species. We found three paralogs of sxtA, domain A1, and a widespread distribution of sxtA1 in non-STX producing dinoflagellates, indicating duplication events in the evolution of this gene. One paralog, clade 2, of sxtA1 may be particularly related to STX biosynthesis. Similarly, sxtG appears to be generally restricted to STX-producing species, while three amidinotransferase gene paralogs were found in dinoflagellates. We investigated the role of positive (diversifying) selection following duplication in sxtA1 and sxtG, and found negative selection in clades of sxtG and sxtA1, clade 2, suggesting they were functionally constrained. Significant episodic diversifying selection was found in some strains in clade 3 of sxtA1, a clade that may not be involved in STX biosynthesis, indicating pressure for diversification of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Murray
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rutuja Diwan
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell J S Orr
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Gurjeet S Kohli
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe John
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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16
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Murray SA, Hoppenrath M, Orr RJS, Bolch C, John U, Diwan R, Yauwenas R, Harwood T, de Salas M, Neilan B, Hallegraeff G. Alexandrium diversaporum sp. nov., a new non-saxitoxin producing species: Phylogeny, morphology and sxtA genes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2014; 31:54-65. [PMID: 28040111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Species of the PST producing planktonic marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium have been intensively scrutinised, and it is therefore surprising that new taxa can still be found. Here we report a new species, Alexandrium diversaporum nov. sp., isolated from spherical cysts found at two sites in Tasmania, Australia. This species differs in its morphology from all previously reported Alexandrium species, possessing a unique combination of morphological features: the presence of 2 size classes of thecal pores on the cell surface, a medium cell size, the size and shape of the 6″, 1', 2⁗ and Sp plates, the lack of a ventral pore, a lack of anterior and posterior connecting pores, and a lack of chain formation. We determined the relationship of the two strains to other species of Alexandrium based on an alignment of concatenated SSU-ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and partial LSU ribosomal RNA sequences, and found A. diversaporum to be a sister group to Alexandrium leei with high support. A. leei shares several morphological features, including the relative size and shapes of the 6″, 1', 2⁗ and Sp plates and the fact that some strains of A. leei have two size classes of thecal pores. We examined A. diversaporum strains for saxitoxin production and found them to be non-toxic. The species lacked sequences for the domain A4 of sxtA, as has been previously found for non-saxitoxin producing species of Alexandrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Murray
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Russell J S Orr
- Microbial Evolution Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Bolch
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Uwe John
- Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rutuja Diwan
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Rouna Yauwenas
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Miguel de Salas
- Tasmanian Herbarium, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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17
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Ajani P, Murray S, Hallegraeff G, Lundholm N, Gillings M, Brett S, Armand L. The diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in New South Wales, Australia: morphotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny, toxicity, and distribution. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:765-785. [PMID: 27007209 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the potentially harmful diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia, isolated from 16 localities (31 sampling events) in the coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, were examined. Clonal isolates were characterized by (i) light and transmission electron microscopy; (ii) phylogenies, based on sequencing of nuclear-encoded ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) regions and, (iii) domoic acid (DA) production as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten taxa were unequivocally confirmed as Pseudo-nitzschia americana, P. arenysensis, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta, P. hasleana, P. micropora, P. multiseries, P. multistriata, and P. pungens. An updated taxonomic key for south-eastern Australian Pseudo-nitzschia is presented. The occurrence of two toxigenic species, P. multistriata (maximum concentration 11 pg DA per cell) and P. cuspidata (25.4 pg DA per cell), was documented for the first time in Australia. The Australian strains of P. multiseries, a consistent producer of DA in strains throughout the world, were nontoxic. Data from 5,888 water samples, collected from 31 oyster-growing estuaries (2,000 km coastline) from 2005 to 2009, revealed 310 regulatory exceedances for "Total Pseudo-nitzschia," resulting in six toxic episodes. Further examination of high-risk estuaries revealed that the "P. seriata group" had highest cell densities in the austral summer, autumn, or spring (species dependent), and lowest cell densities in the austral winter, while the "P. delicatissima group" had highest in winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Ajani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
| | - Shauna Murray
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen, 1307, Denmark
| | - Michael Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Road, Ormond, Victoria, 3204, Australia
| | - Leanne Armand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
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