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Cha J, Kim JH, Jung JY, Nam SI, Hong S. Chronological distribution and potential sources of persistent toxic substances in soils from the glacier foreland of Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124387. [PMID: 38897275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite its reputation as one of the cleanest regions globally, recent studies have identified the presence of various persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in the environmental matrices collected from Svalbard. This study investigated the chronological distribution and potential sources of 81 PTSs in soils from the glacier foreland of Midtre Lovénbreen. Soil samples (n = 45) were categorized by age based on exposure to the atmosphere due to glacier retreat in July 2014 into five age groups: 80-100 years (n = 7), 60-80 years (n = 12), 40-60 years (n = 16), 20-40 years (n = 7), and <20 years (n = 3). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, n = 32) in soils varied with age, ranging from 0.29 to 0.74 ng g-1 dw. In addition, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, n = 28), perylene, and alkyl-PAHs (n = 20) in soils ranged from 21 to 80 ng g-1 dw, 2.9-62 ng g-1 dw, and 73-420 ng g-1 dw, respectively. The concentrations of PTSs were observed to be greater in older soils. Principal component analysis revealed that PCBs in soils originated from various product sources. Positive matrix factorization modeling estimated the association of PAHs in soils with potential origins, such as diesel emissions, petroleum and coal combustion, and coal. Potential sources of PAHs were mainly coal in younger soils and diesel emissions and petroleum combustion in older soils. Alkyl-PAH compositions in the soil were similar to those of bituminous coal, with a noteworthy degree of weathering observed in older soils. The accumulation rate and flux of PTSs in soils exhibited compound-specific patterns, reflecting factors such as long-range transport, fate, origin, and recent inputs. These findings can serve as baseline data for protecting and preserving polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Cha
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Space Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Glacier and Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Jung
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Division of Glacier and Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Space Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Egas C, Galbán-Malagón C, Castro-Nallar E, Molina-Montenegro MA. Role of Microbes in the degradation of organic semivolatile compounds in polar ecosystems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163046. [PMID: 36965736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic and the Antarctic Continent correspond to two eco-regions with extreme climatic conditions. These regions are exposed to the presence of contaminants resulting from human activity (local and global), which, in turn, represent a challenge for life forms in these environments. Anthropogenic pollution by semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in polar ecosystems has been documented since the 1960s. Currently, various studies have shown the presence of SVOCs and their bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the polar regions with negative effects on biodiversity and the ecosystem. Although the production and use of these compounds has been regulated, their persistence continues to threaten biodiversity and the ecosystem. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding microbes and SVOCs in polar regions and pose that bioremediation by native microorganisms is a feasible strategy to mitigate the presence of SVOCs. Our systematic review revealed that microbial communities in polar environments represent a wide reservoir of biodiversity adapted to extreme conditions, found both in terrestrial and aquatic environments, freely or in association with vegetation. Microorganisms adapted to these environments have the potential for biodegradation of SVOCs through a variety of genes encoding enzymes with the capacity to metabolize SVOCs. We suggest that a comprehensive approach at the molecular and ecological level is required to mitigate SVOCs presence in these regions. This is especially patent when considering that SVOCs degrade at slow rates and possess the ability to accumulate in polar ecosystems. The implications of SVOC degradation are relevant for the preservation of polar ecosystems with consequences at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Egas
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Centro de Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente (GEMA), Universidad Mayor, Campus Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology (CIE), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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3
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Sari MF, Esen F, Cetin B. Concentration levels, spatial variations and exchanges of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air, surface water and sediment in Bursa, Türkiye. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163224. [PMID: 37019236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient air, surface water and sediment samples were simultaneously collected and analyzed for PCBs to investigate their levels, spatial variations and exchanges between these three compartments at different sampling sites for 12 months in Bursa, Türkiye. During the sampling period, a total of 41 PCB concentrations were determined in the ambient air, surface water (dissolved and particle phase) and sediment. Thus, 945.9 ± 491.6 pg/m3 (average ± STD), 53.8 ± 54.7 ng/L, 92.8 ± 59.3 ng/L and 71.4 ± 38.7 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the ambient air and in water particulate phase were measured at the industrial/agricultural sampling site (1308.6 ± 252.1 pg/m3 and 168.7 ± 21.2 ng/L, respectively), ∼ 4-10 times higher than background sites; while the highest concentrations in the sediment and dissolved phase were measured at the urban/agricultural sampling sites (163.8 ± 27.0 ng/L and 145.7 ± 15.3 ng/g, respectively), ∼ 5-20 times higher than background sites. PCB transitions between ambient air-surface water (fA/fW) and surface water-sediment (fW/fS) were investigated by fugacity ratio calculations. According to the fugacity ratios obtained, volatilization from the surface water to the ambient air was observed at all sampling sites (98.7 % of fA/fW ratios are <1.0). Additionally, it has been determined that there is a transport from the surface water to the sediment (100.0 % of fW/fS ratios are higher than 1.0). The flux values in ambient air-surface water and surface water-sediment environments ranged from -1.2 to 1770.6 pg/m2-day and from -225.9 to 0.001 pg/m2-day, respectively. The highest flux values were measured for PCBs with low chlorine content (Mono-, Di-Cl PCBs), while the lowest flux values were measured for the high chlorine content PCBs (Octa-, Nona- and Deca-Cl PCBs). As it was determined in this study that surface waters contaminated by PCBs have the potential to pollute both air and sediments, it will be important to take measures to protect surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ferhat Sari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Türkiye.
| | - Banu Cetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Lee J, Kim Y, Cha J, Kim D, Jang K, Kim JH, Nam SI, Hong S. Distributions and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the glacimarine sediments of Arctic Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114740. [PMID: 36841213 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Distribution and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the glacimarine sediments (35 sites) of Svalbard were investigated. PCBs (32 congeners), traditional PAHs (15 homologs), emerging PAHs (11 homologs), and alkylated PAHs (16 homologs) were widely distributed in the Svalbard sediments (ranges: below method detection limit to 20, 21 to 3600, 1.0 to 1400, and 31 to 15,000 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively). Compositional analysis indicated that PCBs mainly originated from combustion sources, with PAHs being strongly influenced by local sources. Positive matrix factorization analysis showed that PAHs were associated with vehicle and petroleum combustion, coal, and coal combustion. Coal-derived PAHs contributed significantly to the sediments of Van Mijenfjorden. Remnants of coal mining activity trapped in the permafrost appear to enter the coastal environments as ground ice melts. Consequently, PAHs are currently emerging as the most significant contributors to potential risks in the Svalbard ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangchul Jang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Xie Z, Zhang P, Wu Z, Zhang S, Wei L, Mi L, Kuester A, Gandrass J, Ebinghaus R, Yang R, Wang Z, Mi W. Legacy and emerging organic contaminants in the polar regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155376. [PMID: 35461927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of numerous emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and remobilization of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in polar regions have become significant concerns of the scientific communities, public groups and stakeholders. This work reviews the occurrences of EOCs and POPs and their long-range environmental transport (LRET) processes via atmosphere and ocean currents from continental sources to polar regions. Concentrations of classic POPs have been systematically monitored in air at several Arctic stations and showed seasonal variations and declining trends. These chemicals were also the major POPs reported in the Antarctica, while their concentrations were lower than those in the Arctic, illustrating the combination of remoteness and lack of potential local sources for the Antarctica. EOCs were investigated in air, water, snow, ice and organisms in the Arctic. Data in the Antarctica are rare. Reemission of legacy POPs and EOCs accumulated in glaciers, sea ice and snow may alter the concentrations and amplify their effects in polar regions. Thus, future research will need to understand the various biogeochemical and geophysical processes under climate change and anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lijia Wei
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lijie Mi
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anette Kuester
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Juergen Gandrass
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21025, Germany
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6
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Pacyna-Kuchta AD, Wietrzyk-Pełka P, Węgrzyn MH, Frankowski M, Polkowska Ż. A screening of select toxic and essential elements and persistent organic pollutants in the fur of Svalbard reindeer. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125458. [PMID: 31846790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reindeers play an important role in the polar ecosystem, being long-lived sole vegetarians feeding on local vegetation. They can be used as a valuable bioindicator, helping us to understand contaminants' impact on the polar terrestrial ecosystem. Still, scarce data exist from research in which polar herbivores (especially those from the European parts of the Arctic) were a major study subject for trace elements and persistent organic pollutant determination. Here, Svalbard reindeer fur has been used to determine metals, non-metals and metalloids using ICP-MS, and several persistent organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using gas chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). Samples were collected from reindeer populations living in the area near Ny-Ålesund and Longyearbyen. Essential elements like Fe, Mg, Zn, K, Ca, Cu predominated in the trace elements profile. Median values of As, Cd, Co, Li, Ni, Se and V were all below 0.5 μg/g dw. Mercury was below detection limit in all samples, while the Pb median varied from 0.35 to 0.74 μg/g dw. Except acenaphthylene and fluorene, PAHs were detectable only in samples collected in the vicinity of Longyearbyen. Of 15 studied pesticides, only DDT and its metabolites were above the detection limit, and, of PCBs, only PCB28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Dorota Pacyna-Kuchta
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wietrzyk-Pełka
- Jagiellonian University, Prof. Z. Czeppe Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Hubert Węgrzyn
- Jagiellonian University, Prof. Z. Czeppe Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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7
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Kristiansen SM, Leinaas HP, Herzke D, Hylland K, Gabrielsen GW, Harju M, Borgå K. Seabird-Transported Contaminants Are Reflected in the Arctic Tundra, But Not in Its Soil-Dwelling Springtails (Collembola). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12835-12845. [PMID: 31589028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic-breeding seabirds contain high levels of many anthropogenic contaminants, which they deposit through guano to the tundra near their colonies. Nutrient-rich soil in vicinity to seabird colonies are favorable habitats for soil invertebrates, such as springtails (Collembola), which may result in exposure to seabird-derived contaminants. We quantified a wide range of lipid-soluble and protein-associated environmental contaminants in two springtail species (Megaphorura arctica and Hypogastrura viatica) and their respective habitats (soil/moss) collected underneath seabird cliffs. Although springtails are commonly used in laboratory toxicity tests, this is the first study to measure concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) in springtails from the field, and to study biotransportation of contaminants by seabirds to soil fauna. We categorized the sites a priori as of low, medium, or high seabird influence, based on the seabird abundance and species composition. This ranking was reflected in increasing δ15N values in soil/moss and springtails with increasing seabird influence. We found clear indications of seabirds impacting the terrestrial soil environments with organic contaminants, and that concentrations were higher in soil and moss close to the bird cliff, compared to farther away. However, we did not find a relationship between contaminant concentration in springtails and the concentrations in soil/moss, or with level of seabird influence. Our study indicates a low uptake of contaminants in the soil fauna, despite seabird-derived contamination of their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans P Leinaas
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Geir W Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) , Fram Centre , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0316 Oslo , Norway
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8
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Aslam SN, Huber C, Asimakopoulos AG, Steinnes E, Mikkelsen Ø. Trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in terrestrial compartments of Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1127-1138. [PMID: 31390703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a remote location, the Arctic is a major receptor for anthropogenic pollution transported from the mid-latitudes. Vegetation and underlying organic soils in the Norwegian Arctic, Svalbard were used to study the occurrences of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trace elements. In this study, current concentrations of PCBs and trace elements, namely, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, U and Zn in the terrestrial compartments of Svalbard are presented. Samples were collected from Adventdalen near Longyearbyen and from areas in proximity to Ny-Ålesund. There was significant variability in soil organic matter (SOM) among the soils analysed (5.0%-72.1%), with the highest values detected in Ny-Ålesund. The concentrations of Al, As, Cr Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were associated with the geology of the local bedrock. The concentrations of all elements, except for Cd, Hg and Zn, were higher in soils than those in the overlying vegetation layers. Mean concentrations of ∑PCBs were significantly higher in vegetation (6.90 ± 0.81 ng g-1 dw) than the underlying organic soils (3.70 ± 0.36 ng g-1 dw). An inverse correlation of PCBs with the elements originating from the local bedrock indicated that their concentrations were potentially impacted by atmospheric deposition. PCBs and Cd were strongly associated, proposing a potential concomitant source of origin in Svalbard. Concentrations of PCBs and trace elements measured herein were below the proposed guidelines for Norwegian soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia N Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Carolin Huber
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | | | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Øyvind Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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9
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, De Silva AO, Wang X, Lamoureux SF, Lafrenière MJ. Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14187-14197. [PMID: 30521332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and emerging perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in vegetation and soil samples collected at remote lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. Field studies were carried out in 2015 and 2016 to assess concentrations of POPs, study the relevant sorbing phases, and determine whether Arctic soils were sinks or sources of legacy POPs to the atmosphere and to neighboring lakes. The patterns of legacy POPs in vegetation and soils were dominated by low molecular weight PCB congeners along with OCPs, confirming the importance of long-range atmospheric transport. Lipid and non-lipid organic matter was a key determinant of legacy POPs in Arctic vegetation. Soil organic matter was the main descriptor of hydrophobic PCBs and OCPs in soils, while soil inorganic carbon content, was an important driver of the sorption of PFASs in soils. While contaminant concentrations were low in soil and vegetation, higher PCBs and PFOS organic and inorganic carbon-normalized concentrations were found at Resolute Lake indicating the presence of local sources of contamination. Comparison of fugacities of PCBs in soil and air from Resolute Lake indicated soils as net sources of PCBs to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafrenière
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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10
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Węgrzyn MH, Wietrzyk P, Lehmann-Konera S, Chmiel S, Cykowska-Marzencka B, Polkowska Ż. Annual variability of heavy metal content in Svalbard reindeer faeces as a result of dietary preferences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36693-36701. [PMID: 30377969 PMCID: PMC6290696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During both winter and summer, Svalbard reindeer selectively feed on different types of vegetation that are not only a source of nutritional value, but also a place of heavy metal accumulation. In the present study, the content of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc in reindeer excrement was measured. The main aims were to determine the seasonal content of several heavy metals in Svalbard reindeer faeces, and to compare their values in terms of dietary preferences during the year. Summer and winter reindeer excrement was gathered along a designated linear transect running through Bolterdalen and the vegetation described on 1 m2 plots. All of the analysed heavy metals were detected in the reindeer faeces and this fact seems to be connected with the incomplete content of these elements in an animal's tissue after forage digestion. Analysis showed differences between summer and winter excrement in terms of concentrations of cadmium, chromium, iron, and nickel, but no differences were found for the other four elements analysed (manganese, lead, zinc, and copper). However, concentrations of heavy metals in faeces are rather low in comparison with both the levels in the vegetation that may be grazed by reindeer and in reindeer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Hubert Węgrzyn
- Prof. Z. Czeppe Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paulina Wietrzyk
- Prof. Z. Czeppe Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Sara Lehmann-Konera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Chmiel
- Department of Hydrology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 2cd Kraśnicka St., 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Cykowska-Marzencka
- Laboratory of Bryology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Cracow, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Na G, Yao Y, Gao H, Li R, Ge L, Titaley IA, Santiago-Delgado L, Massey Simonich SL. Trophic magnification of Dechlorane Plus in the marine food webs of Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:456-461. [PMID: 28214009 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The food web composition, assimilation efficiency of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in food web components, and even extrinsic conditions can affect the trophic biomagnification potentials of DP isomers in food webs. Antarctica ecological system is characterized by the presence of few consumers and simple trophic levels (TLs), which are crucial in discussing the behavior of contaminants. To assess the biomagnification potential of DP in the Antarctic food web, nine representative species were sampled and analyzed from the Fildes Peninsula. Results showed the DP concentrations ranged from 0.25ngg-1 to 6.81ngg-1 lipid weight in Antarctic biota and the concentrations of anti-DP and syn-DP showed significantly positive correlations with TLs (p<0.05, ra=0.85; rs=0.81, respectively), suggesting that syn-DP and anti-DP underwent biomagnification and the biomagnification ability of anti-DP was higher than that of syn-DP. The anti-DP fraction (anti-DP/∑DP) (ƒanti=0.23-0.53) of the organisms was lower than that of commercial products (ƒanti=0.68), demonstrating ƒanti was changed during long-range atmospheric transport or stereoselection enrichment through the food web. Furthermore, based on food web magnification factors (FWMF) comparison between DP and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the biomagnification potential of DP was found to be similar to that of highly chlorinated PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Linke Ge
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | | | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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12
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Chen Y, Li Y. QSAR Model-assisted Prediction of Largest Ultraviolet Absorption Wavelength of PCBs Based on Solvent Effects. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Szczybelski AS, van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Kampen T, Wang C, van den Brink NW, Koelmans AA. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene by three Arctic benthic species from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:65-74. [PMID: 27575395 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The predicted expansion of oil and gas (O&G) activities in the Arctic urges for a better understanding of impacts of these activities in this region. Here we investigated the influence of location, feeding strategy and animal size on the bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by three Arctic benthic species in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway). No toxicity was expected based on biota PAH critical body residues. Biota PCB levels were mainly below limit of detection, whereas samples were moderately polluted by HCB. PAH concentrations in biota and Biota Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs) were generally higher in Blomstrandhalvøya than in Ny-Ålesund, which was explained by a higher abundance of black carbon in Ny-Ålesund harbour. BSAFs differed significantly among species and stations. We conclude that contaminant body residues are a less variable and more straightforward monitoring parameter than sediment concentrations or BSAFs in Arctic benthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna S Szczybelski
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Alterra Wageningen UR, Department of Animal Ecology, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martine J van den Heuvel-Greve
- IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Kampen
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chenwen Wang
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands
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14
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Guzzella L, Salerno F, Freppaz M, Roscioli C, Pisanello F, Poma G. POP and PAH contamination in the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (Himalaya, Nepal): Long-range atmospheric transport, glacier shrinkage, or local impact of tourism? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:382-390. [PMID: 26657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their physico-chemical properties, POPs and PAHs are subjected to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and may be deposited in remote areas. In this study, the contamination with DDx, PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs was investigated in sediments and soils collected on the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (Himalaya, Nepal) in two different sampling campaigns (2008 and 2012). The results showed a limited contamination with POPs and PAHs in both soil and sediment samples. Therefore, the southern slopes of Mt. Everest can be considered a remote area in almost pristine condition. The LRAT mechanism confirmed its primary role in the transfer of contaminants to remote regions, while the gradual melting of glaciers, due to global warming, and the subsequent release of contaminants was suggested to be a secondary source of pollution of the lake sediments. In addition, the increase of tourism in this area during the last decades might have influenced the present concentrations of PAHs in the sediments and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Guzzella
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy.
| | - Franco Salerno
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Michele Freppaz
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA and NatRisk, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Claudio Roscioli
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Francesca Pisanello
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Giulia Poma
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.
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15
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Chen Y, Cai X, Jiang L, Li Y. Prediction of octanol-air partition coefficients for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using 3D-QSAR models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:202-212. [PMID: 26524653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the experimental data of octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) for 19 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, two types of QSAR methods, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), are used to establish 3D-QSAR models using the structural parameters as independent variables and using logKOA values as the dependent variable with the Sybyl software to predict the KOA values of the remaining 190 PCB congeners. The whole data set (19 compounds) was divided into a training set (15 compounds) for model generation and a test set (4 compounds) for model validation. As a result, the cross-validation correlation coefficient (q(2)) obtained by the CoMFA and CoMSIA models (shuffled 12 times) was in the range of 0.825-0.969 (>0.5), the correlation coefficient (r(2)) obtained was in the range of 0.957-1.000 (>0.9), and the SEP (standard error of prediction) of test set was within the range of 0.070-0.617, indicating that the models were robust and predictive. Randomly selected from a set of models, CoMFA analysis revealed that the corresponding percentages of the variance explained by steric and electrostatic fields were 23.9% and 76.1%, respectively, while CoMSIA analysis by steric, electrostatic and hydrophobic fields were 0.6%, 92.6%, and 6.8%, respectively. The electrostatic field was determined as a primary factor governing the logKOA. The correlation analysis of the relationship between the number of Cl atoms and the average logKOA values of PCBs indicated that logKOA values gradually increased as the number of Cl atoms increased. Simultaneously, related studies on PCB detection in the Arctic and Antarctic areas revealed that higher logKOA values indicate a stronger PCB migration ability. From CoMFA and CoMSIA contour maps, logKOA decreased when substituents possessed electropositive groups at the 2-, 3-, 3'-, 5- and 6- positions, which could reduce the PCB migration ability. These results are expected to be beneficial in predicting logKOA values of PCB homologues and derivatives and in providing a theoretical foundation for further elucidation of the global migration behaviour of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Resource and Environment Institute of North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimisation of Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Resource and Environment Institute of North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimisation of Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Resource and Environment Institute of North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimisation of Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- Resource and Environment Institute of North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; The State Key Laboratory of Regional Optimisation of Energy System, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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16
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Yuan X, Yang X, Na G, Zhang A, Mao Y, Liu G, Wang L, Li X. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the sand flats of Shuangtaizi Estuary, China: levels, distribution, and possible sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14337-14348. [PMID: 25982989 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from the sandy flat system of Shuangtaizi Estuary, the highest-latitude estuary in China, were investigated to identify their possible sources and potential ecological risk. The concentrations of 28 PCBs and 18 OCPs ranged from 1.83 to 36.68 ng g(-1) dw (mean 10.53 ng g(-1) dw) and from 0.02 to 14.57 ng g(-1) dw (mean 5.65 ng g(-1) dw), respectively. Generally, these organic pollutants showed an obvious spatial distribution, and relatively high levels were found at the high-tidal zone near river mouths. Compositional analyses indicated that tetra-PCBs were dominant for PCBs, whereas heptachlor was identified to be prevalent for OCPs in surficial sediment in the sand flats of Shuangtaizi Estuary. Overall, Shuangtaizi Estuary had moderate PCB and OCP levels in the sand flat sediments and posed a low ecological hazard to aquatic biota. Our results indicated that the sediment PCBs came from nonpoint deposition, such as atmospheric contribution and river input, for light chlorinated congeners and point source deposition, such as the industrial sources along river flow, for highly chlorinated congeners, whereas OCPs originate mainly from old residuals and new usage of pesticides in agriculture and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiutang Yuan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, 42 Linghe Street, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China,
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