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Khaled-Khodja S, Cheraitia H, Rouibah K, Ferkous H, Durand G, Cherif S, El-Hiti GA, Yadav KK, Erto A, Benguerba Y. Identification of the Contamination Sources by PCBs Using Multivariate Analyses: The Case Study of the Annaba Bay (Algeria) Basin. Molecules 2023; 28:6841. [PMID: 37836682 PMCID: PMC10574193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), particularly the indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were first quantified in water and sediments of two wadis, Boujemaâ and Seybouse, as well as in the effluents from a fertilizer and phytosanitary production industrial plant (Fertial). Since these contaminated discharges end in Annaba Bay (Algeria) in the Mediterranean Sea, with a significant level of contamination, all the potential sources should be identified. In this work, this task is conducted by a multivariate analysis. Liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were applied to quantify seven PCB congeners, usually taken as indicators of contamination. The sum of the PCB concentrations in the sediments ranged from 1 to 6.4 μg/kg dw (dry weight) and up to 0.027 μg/L in waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used for the multivariate analysis, indicating that the main sources of PCB emissions in the bay are urban/domestic and agricultural/industrial. The outfalls that mostly contribute to the pollution of the gulf are the Boujemaâ wadi, followed by the Seybouse wadi, and finally by the Fertial cluster and more precisely the annex basin of the plant. Although referring to a specific site of local importance, the work aims to present a procedure and a methodological analysis that can be potentially applicable to further case studies all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumeya Khaled-Khodja
- Physical Chemistry of Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid University, BP 73, El Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Hassen Cheraitia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of exact sciences, Jijel University, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria;
| | - Karima Rouibah
- Laboratory of Materials: Elaborations-Properties-Applications LMEPA, Jijel University, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria;
| | - Hana Ferkous
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de 20 Août 1955 de Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria;
- Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique et Matériaux, Faculté de Technologie, Université de 20 Août 1955 de Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | - Gaël Durand
- Public Laboratory Expertise and Analysis Consulting in Bretagne, C.S. 10052, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Semia Cherif
- Materials and Environment Research Laboratory for Sustainable Development LR18ES10, ISSBAT, Tunis University El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India;
- Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Alessandro Erto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università Di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmaco Technie (LBPT), Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat ABBAS Setif-1 University, Setif 19000, Algeria;
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Trabelsi L, Brik B, Alamoudi AJ, Alshamrani M, Zaaboub N, Fathalli A, Aleya L. Assessing the status of Ichkeul Lake and its catchment through identifying potentially toxic cyanobacteria, simultaneously extracted metals and use of acid-volatile-sulfide model. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115224. [PMID: 37454473 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lake Ichkeul is considered one of the most significant wetlands in the Mediterranean basin. It serves as a crucial wintering area for numerous western Palearctic birds. A notable decline in species diversity has been observed in the past decade, attributed to excessive water usage for irrigation and the effects of climate change. This study aimed to assess the status of Ichkeul Lake and its catchment through identifying potentially toxic cyanobacteria, and sediment quality. Our first striking finding was that Lyngbya majuscula the dominant potentially toxic cyanobacterium in the lake originated from the Tinja channel. Trace element concentrations in lake sediments exceeded SQG standards which is indicative of rare detrimental effects to biological life. However, the sediment in front of the Tinja channel exhibited high contamination levels of Zn and Cd. These findings call for an urgent need to ensure the ongoing management and conservation of this world heritage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Trabelsi
- Marine Biodiversity Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), 2025 Salammbo, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Bochra Brik
- Marine Biodiversity Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), 2025 Salammbo, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdulmohsin J Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine Zaaboub
- Marine Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), 2025 Salammbo, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Fathalli
- Marine Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), 2025 Salammbo, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, La Bouloie, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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Pelikan J, Majnarić N, Maurić Maljković M, Pikelj K, Hamer B. Physico-Chemical and Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Marine Sediments Contamination: A Case Study of Rovinj Coastal Area, NE Adriatic Sea, Croatia. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080478. [PMID: 36006157 PMCID: PMC9415096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive spatial and temporal data on sediment quality in the Adriatic Sea are lacking. Therefore, prior to planned anthropogenic interventions in the local marine environment, such as deepening of the Rovinj harbour, the results of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses of five local coastal sediments were compared with regional averages and SQGs of neighbouring countries. Analyses of sediment grain size, content of metals and heavy metals, PAHs and PCBs were performed according to standard protocols. Sediment quality was classified according to French legislation (N1 and N2 level) and sediment guidelines. The phytotoxicity of the eluates was studied by flax seed germination tests. The logistic regression models Pmax and Pavg were used to estimate the probability of toxic effects. Except for the open sea (S5), all other sediments had concentrations slightly higher than the N1 for some metals (Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr) or ΣPAHs, while the Rovinj harbour (S1) reached the N2 value for mercury. The phytotoxicity assay with sediment eluates showed inhibition of germination, root length and root biomass production, with an average phytotoxicity index (PI) ranging from 6.06% to 42.00%. Significant correlations of Pavg and Pmax values with phytotoxicity and other specific parameters were found. In general, according to the applied SQGs, there are no potential ecological impacts on the marine environment at any of the investigated sites, with the exception of site S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Pelikan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Marine Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Nina Majnarić
- Laboratory for Marine Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Maja Maurić Maljković
- Laboratory for Marine Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pikelj
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojan Hamer
- Laboratory for Marine Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-52-804-714
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Telahigue K, Rabeh I, Chouba L, Mdaini Z, El Cafsi M, Mhadhbi L, Hajji T. Assessment of the heavy metal levels and biomarker responses in the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber from a heavily urbanized Mediterranean lagoon (Bizerte lagoon). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:397. [PMID: 35488006 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine heavy metal pollution is a worldwide serious issue. Like almost all Mediterranean lagoons, the Bizerte lagoon is highly urbanized and suffers from intensive anthropogenic pressure. In the present study, we screened the metal contamination and biomarker responses in the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber inhabiting this vulnerable ecosystem. To this end, the concentrations of six heavy metals (HM) (i.e., Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Fe) and a panel of biochemical endpoints including malondialdehyde (MDA), metallothioneins (MT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined in the gills and digestive gland across seasons (warm and cold) and sites (S1 and S2). The distribution of almost all analyzed metals in F. glaber tissues varied significantly between sites, seasons, and organs. The highest levels were recorded at S2 during the warm period. Moreover, the digestive gland was found to accumulate greater concentrations of HM than the gills. Marked spatio-temporal variations were also observed for oxidative stress biomarkers, mainly in the gills, while the digestive gland seems to be rather sensitive to seasonal variability. Particularly, we noticed that among the used biomarkers, MT did not show significant variations in the two tested organs across seasons and sites. From the obtained results, F. glaber appears as a sensitive organism to anthropogenic metal contamination and can be proposed as a promising bioindicator species for marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Telahigue
- LR18ES41 Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Rabeh
- LR18ES41 Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad Chouba
- National Institute of Marine Science and Technology (INSTM), La Goulette Center, 2060 Tunis. Univ. Carthage, 2025, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zied Mdaini
- LR18ES41 Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institut Des Sciences de La Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec À Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - M'hamed El Cafsi
- LR18ES41 Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Mhadhbi
- LR18ES41 Lab. of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Hajji
- BVBGR-LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology - Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, , Univ., 2020, Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
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Bourhane Z, Lanzén A, Cagnon C, Ben Said O, Mahmoudi E, Coulon F, Atai E, Borja A, Cravo-Laureau C, Duran R. Microbial diversity alteration reveals biomarkers of contamination in soil-river-lake continuum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126789. [PMID: 34365235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting soil-water-sediment continuum in coastal areas provide important ecosystem services. Their adaptation in response to environmental stressors, particularly mitigating the impact of pollutants discharged from human activities, has been considered for the development of microbial biomonitoring tools, but their use is still in the infancy. Here, chemical and molecular (16S rRNA gene metabarcoding) approaches were combined in order to determine the impact of pollutants on microbial assemblages inhabiting the aquatic network of a soil-water-sediment continuum around the Ichkeul Lake (Tunisia), an area highly impacted by human activities. Samples were collected within the soil-river-lake continuum at three stations in dry (summer) and wet (winter) seasons. The contaminant pressure index (PI), which integrates Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkanes, Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and metal contents, and the microbial pressure index microgAMBI, based on bacterial community structure, showed significant correlation with contamination level and differences between seasons. The comparison of prokaryotic communities further revealed specific assemblages for soil, river and lake sediments. Correlation analyses identified potential "specialist" genera for the different compartments, whose abundances were correlated with the pollutant type found. Additionally, PICRUSt analysis revealed the metabolic potential for pollutant transformation or degradation of the identified "specialist" species, providing information to estimate the recovery capacity of the ecosystem. Such findings offer the possibility to define a relevant set of microbial indicators for assessing the effects of human activities on aquatic ecosystems. Microbial indicators, including the detection of "specialist" and sensitive taxa, and their functional capacity, might be useful, in combination with integrative microbial indices, to constitute accurate biomonitoring tools for the management and restoration of complex coastal aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Bourhane
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM CNRS 5254, Pau, France
| | - Anders Lanzén
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Christine Cagnon
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM CNRS 5254, Pau, France
| | - Olfa Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LBE, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, LBE, Tunisia
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK430AL, UK
| | - Emmanuel Atai
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK430AL, UK
| | - Angel Borja
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Robert Duran
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM CNRS 5254, Pau, France.
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Trace element assessment in Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolphi, 1918) (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) and its fish hosts, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chelon ramada (Risso, 1827) from Ichkeul Lagoon, Tunisia. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e61. [PMID: 34725015 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acanthocephalans belonging to the species Neoechinorhynchus agilis were collected from two mullets, Mugil cephalus and Chelon ramada from Ichkeul Lagoon in northern Tunisia. Collected parasites, as well as tissues of their hosts (muscle, liver and intestine), were analysed for trace elements (silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium, vanadium (V), zinc) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our results showed different accumulation patterns of trace elements in fish tissues and parasites. Among the host tissues, liver accumulated the highest metal amounts. Acanthocephalans showed Ni, Pb and V in significantly higher concentrations compared to their host's tissues. Further, the calculated bioconcentration factors demonstrated a 390-fold higher Pb accumulation in the parasite compared to fish muscle. This study is the first field survey in Tunisia dealing with elements' uptake in parasites and their hosts. Our results corroborate the usefulness of the acanthocephalans for biomonitoring of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and promote more research in order to understand host-parasite systems in brackish waters of the Mediterranean area.
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El Zrelli R, Yacoubi L, Wakkaf T, Castet S, Grégoire M, Mansour L, Courjault-Radé P, Rabaoui L. Surface sediment enrichment with trace metals in a heavily human-impacted lagoon (Bizerte Lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea): Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment, and implications for environmental protection. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112512. [PMID: 34052590 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies previously assessed the contents of trace metals in the sediments of the heavily human-impacted lagoon of Bizerte (northern Tunisia), multi-analytical approaches have not been, so far, used to assess the ecological risks in this water body. This study attempts to provide a comprehensive ecological risk assessment related to the enrichment of the lagoon sediments with seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn). Significant spatial variations were found in the metal concentrations in sediments, in relation to the degree of coastal human activities and hydrodynamics. This was confirmed with the results of the three pollution indices, Cf, PLI, and Igeo. Concordant results were found with most of the indices used to assess the ecological risks (PERI, PEL, ERL, ERM, M-ERM-Q, TU), indicating higher risks in the southern part of the lagoon. These findings can help to improve the environmental management plan of the socio-economic important lagoon of Bizerte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takwa Wakkaf
- University of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, Habib Bourguiba Avenue, Béja 9000, Tunisia
| | - Sylvie Castet
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, UMR 5563 CNRS/UPS/IRD/CNES, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Grégoire
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, UMR 5563 CNRS/UPS/IRD/CNES, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Courjault-Radé
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, UMR 5563 CNRS/UPS/IRD/CNES, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lotfi Rabaoui
- Center for Environment & Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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Gong X, Ding Q, Jin M, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Yao S, Xue B. Recording and response of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in urban lake sediments to anthropogenic activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145977. [PMID: 33676204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the intensification of human activities, urban lakes serving as important freshwater resources are becoming seriously deteriorated, especially due to persistent toxic substance (PTS) pollution. Therefore, the spatial distribution and sediment record of PTS in urban lake sediments in the middle Yangtze River Basin were investigated to indicate its response to anthropogenic emission and pollution reduction actions. Spatial distribution of typical PTSs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) included) showed that pollutants were concentrated in the southeast and center of the urban lake due to riverine inputs suffering from both petrochemical and municipal wastewaters. The sedimentary record of PAH concentrations indicated an increase from the 1960s to a peak level in the 2000s, which was induced mainly by increased PAH emissions, with PAH levels decreasing subsequently due to craft improvement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Source apportionment results revealed that historical PAH emissions transferred from petrogenic sources to a mixture of energy combustion and petrochemical industry. Furthermore, OCP and PCB pollutions reached peak levels in 1980s, which is consistent with their historical usage for agricultural and industrial production. From the synthetic sediment quality index (SeQI) analysis, sediment quality in nearly half of sites was poor, while the sediment record suggested that sediment quality had turned better since 2000s maybe due to the WWTP improvement. Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) between PTS levels and the ratio of PAH emissions to the number of WWTPs documented the PTS levels in response to the surrounding anthropogenic pollution and WWTPs in urban lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiqi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Miao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Shuchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Bin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
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Chen MY, Liu HY, Luo XJ, Mai BX, Lu FH. Investigating the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment in the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:321. [PMID: 33945020 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred forty-three surface sediment (0-5 cm depth) samples were collected from locations representing industrialized areas, less-industrialized areas, and e-waste recycling areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms were investigated. The average PCB concentration in the less-industrialized areas (background) in the PRD was approximately 10 ng/g dry weight (dw), which was generally half that found in the industrialized areas (approximately 22 ng/g dw). Severe PCB contamination, with concentrations ranging from 1000 to 26500 ng/g dw, was found in pond sediments collected from e-waste recycling areas. It is very likely that such contamination would have had adverse effects on the aquatic biota there. PCBs in the e-waste recycling areas were dominated by penta- and hex-PCB congeners, which made them significantly different from those found in other regions, where tri- and tetra-PCB congeners were predominant. Higher abundances of less chlorinated congeners were seen in the less-industrialized areas compared to the industrialized areas. Differences in the transport abilities of different congeners, together with dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners, is the most likely reasons for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ying Chen
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Guangzhou, 528300, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hong-Yin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Jebara A, Lo Turco V, Potortì AG, Bartolomeo G, Ben Mansour H, Di Bella G. Organic pollutants in marine samples from Tunisian coast: Occurrence and associated human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116266. [PMID: 33370609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
140 contaminants belonging to various classes (organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamates, fungicides, acaricides, herbicides, synergists, insect growth regulators, polychlorobiphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were simultaneously analysed by GC-MS/MS in marine sediments, aquatic plant leaves and fish tissues samples. A total of 260 samples from five stations along the coast of Tunisia were evaluated. The results highlight that only 28 residues (12 polychlorobiphenyls, 8 organochlorine pesticides, 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and triphenyl phosphate) were detected at levels higher than relative LOQ values. The amounts in sediment samples were compared with Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) showing that the values are acceptable and no toxic effect is expected on aquatic organisms. A little variation of contaminant residues in sediment samples among coastal stations was recorded. Namely, with respect to almost all polychlorobiphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, higher values were recorder in summer. With respect to almost all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, higher values were recorder in autumn. Aquatic plant leaves showed a residue accumulation higher than that of other compartments of marine system. The data about fish samples (Sparus aurata and Sarpa salpa, the two most frequently caught fish species at five sites on the central coast of Tunisia) do not pose direct hazard to human health because values were lower than protection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Jebara
- APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Vincenzo Lo Turco
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, Polo Universitario, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, Polo Universitario, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, Polo Universitario, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, Polo Universitario, 98168, Messina, Italy
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11
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Mbusnum KG, Malleret L, Deschamps P, Khabouchi I, Asia L, Lebarillier S, Menot G, Onguene R, Doumenq P. Persistent organic pollutants in sediments of the Wouri Estuary Mangrove, Cameroon: Levels, patterns and ecotoxicological significance. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111542. [PMID: 33181915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anthropogenic impact in the Wouri Estuary Mangrove located in the rapidly developing urban area of Douala, Cameroon, Africa, was studied. A set of 45 Persistent Organic Pollutant were analysed in surficial mangrove sediments at 21 stations. Chlorinated Pesticides (CLPs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have concentrations ranging from 2.2 - 27.4, and 83 - 544 ng/g, respectively. The most abundant CLPs were endosulfan, alachlor, heptachlor, lindane (γ-HCH) and DDT, which metabolites pattern revealed recent use. Selected PAHs diagnostic ratios show pyrolytic input predominantly. The sum of 7 carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) represented 30 to 50% of Total PAHs (TPAHs). According to effect-based sediment quality guidelines, the studied POPs levels imply low to moderate predictive biological toxicity. This study contributes to depict how far water resources are shifting within what is now termed the Anthropocene due to increasing local pressures in developing countries or African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Mbusnum
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Pierre Deschamps
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, CEREGE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Guillemette Menot
- Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, LGL-TPE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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12
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Bancon-Montigny C, Gonzalez C, Delpoux S, Avenzac M, Spinelli S, Mhadhbi T, Mejri K, Hlaili AS, Pringault O. Seasonal changes of chemical contamination in coastal waters during sediment resuspension. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:651-661. [PMID: 31276878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential of remobilization of pollutants is a major problem for anthropogenic ecosystems, because even when the anthropogenic source of pollution is identified and removed, pollutants stored in sediments can be released into the water column and impact pelagic communities during sediment resuspension provoked by dredging, storms or bottom trawling. The objectives of the present study were to assess the changes observed in the chemical composition of the water column following resuspension of a polluted marine sediment and the consequences for the chemical composition of adjacent marine waters according to season. For that purpose, an experimental sediment resuspension protocol was performed on four distinct occasions, spring, summer, fall and winter, and the changes in nutrients, organic contaminants and inorganic contaminants were measured after mixing sediment elutriate with lagoon waters and offshore waters sampled nearby. Significant seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the contaminated sediments were observed, with a strong accumulation of PAHs in fall, whereas minimum PAH concentrations were observed during winter. In all seasons, sediment resuspension provoked a significant enrichment in nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and trace metal elements like Ni, Cu, and Zn in offshore waters and lagoon waters, with enrichment factors that were season and site dependent. The most pronounced changes were observed for offshore waters, especially in spring and winter, whereas the chemical composition of lagoon waters was weakly impacted by the compounds supplied by sediment resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences HSM Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD 300, avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, CC57 34090, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Catherine Gonzalez
- IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès, cedex, France
| | - Sophie Delpoux
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences HSM Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD 300, avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, CC57 34090, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Muriel Avenzac
- IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès, cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Spinelli
- IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès, cedex, France
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès, cedex, France; Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Mejri
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Pringault
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia; UMR 9190 MARBEC IRD-Ifremer-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, case 093, 34095, Montpellier, cedex 5, France; UMR 110 MIO Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille University, University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Marseille, France.
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13
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Ben Salem F, Ben Said O, Cravo-Laureau C, Mahmoudi E, Bru N, Monperrus M, Duran R. Bacterial community assemblages in sediments under high anthropogenic pressure at Ichkeul Lake/Bizerte Lagoon hydrological system, Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:644-656. [PMID: 31185353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities inhabiting sediments in coastal areas endure the effect of strong anthropogenic pressure characterized by the presence of multiple contaminants. Understanding the effect of pollutants on the organization of bacterial communities is of paramount importance in order to unravel bacterial assemblages colonizing specific ecological niches. Here, chemical and molecular approaches were combined to investigate the bacterial communities inhabiting the sediments of the Ichkeul Lake/Bizerte Lagoon, a hydrological system under anthropogenic pressure. Although the microbial community of the Ichkeul Lake sediment was different to that of the Bizerte Lagoon, common bacterial genera were identified suggesting a lake-lagoon continuum probably due to the hydrology of the system exchanging waters according to the season. These genera represent bacterial "generalists" maintaining probably general biogeochemical functions. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed significant differential abundance distribution of bacterial genera according to the habitat, the pollution type and level. Further, correlation analyses identified specific bacterial genera which abundance was linked with pesticides concentrations in the lake, while in the lagoon the abundance of specific bacterial genera was found linked with the concentrations of PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and organic forms of Sn. As well, bacterial genera which abundance was not correlated with the concentrations of pollutants were identified in both lake and lagoon. These findings represent valuable information, pointing out specific bacterial genera associated with pollutants, which represent assets for developing bacterial tools for the implementation, the management, and monitoring of bioremediation processes to mitigate the effect of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Ben Salem
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environment, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia; MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, Pau Cedex, 64013, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France
| | - Olfa Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environment, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia; MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, Pau Cedex, 64013, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, Pau Cedex, 64013, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environment, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Noëlle Bru
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications, PAU UMR CNRS 5142, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, Pau Cedex, 64013, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France
| | - Robert Duran
- MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, Pau Cedex, 64013, France; Fédération de recherche MIRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, France.
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14
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Darilmaz E, Alyuruk H, Kontas A, Altay O, Uluturhan E, Bilgin M. Distributions and Sources of PAHs and OCPs in Surficial Sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:237-248. [PMID: 30918987 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, levels, distributions, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (18 compounds) and organochlorine pesticides (19 compounds) in surface sediments of 14 stations from Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea) were investigated in April and November 2015. ΣPAH concentrations (0.65-175 ng/g) in Edremit Bay sediments indicated low pollution. ΣPAH levels were decreased in the order of inner (81.1 ± 47.0 ng/g), northern (48.4 ± 15.9 ng/g), and southern (19.0 ± 15.8 ng/g) bays. p,p'-DDE was the only organochlorine pesticide detected in Edremit Bay sediments and found between nd to 1.16 ng/g dw. According to sediment quality guidelines, PAHs and p,p'-DDE levels in Edremit Bay were below the threshold effect level, effect range low, and threshold effect concentration limits and the sediments have no potential ecological risks. Two- to 3-ring PAHs were found at higher levels than 4- to 5-ring PAHs. Molecular PAHs ratios and Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression analyses indicated combustion of wood-coal and vehicle emissions might have contributed to PAH levels in the bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Darilmaz
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Alyuruk
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aynur Kontas
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oya Altay
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esin Uluturhan
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bilgin
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 35160, Tinaztepe, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Du J, Jing C. Anthropogenic PAHs in lake sediments: a literature review (2002-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1649-1666. [PMID: 30357191 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lake sediments are an important reservoir for toxic and hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Monitoring of PAHs in sediment is helpful to understand pollution mechanisms and anthropogenic activities. This study reviews studies of PAHs in lake sediments published during 2002-2018. The studies' findings are analyzed, distributions of PAHs in lake sediments are summarized, and the applicability of lake sediments for tracking changes in PAH emission sources is emphasized. Lake sediments heavily polluted with PAHs are distributed in China, Egypt, the USA, and some urban lakes in Africa. The high levels of PAHs are predominantly associated with human activities such as anthropogenic combustion, petroleum industries, road traffic, and socioeconomic factors. However, the concentrations of sedimentary PAHs in most lakes were below the international guideline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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16
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Souissi M, Laabidi R, Aissa P, Pringault O, Said OB. Influence of Bizerte city wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on abundance and antibioresistance of culturable heterotrophic and fecal indicator bacteria of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:201-210. [PMID: 29055204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Bizerte concentrates different types of chemical and biological pollutants in the Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia). Considering four upstream and downstream WWTP discharge stations, seventy nine, culturable bacterial strains were isolated and identified from water and sediment as fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, pathogenic staphylococci and non-enterobacteriacea. Fecal coliforms were most abundant (2.5 105 bacteria/mg) in sediment of WWTP discharge. Leuconostoc spp (23.1%) and Chryseomonasluteola (23.1%) were the most prevalent culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) isolated at the upstream discharge stations. However, Staphylococcus xylosus (13.9%) was the most prevalent culturable FIB isolated at the WWTP discharge stations. Moreover, high antibioticresistance phenotypes were present in all sampling stations, but especially in WWTP discharge station in both water and sediment. Resistance levels in water and sediment, respectively were amoxicillin (58.8%; 34.8%), penicillin (50%; 31.6%), oxacillin (60%; 33.3%), cefotaxim (55.2%; 39.1%), ceftazidim (66.7%; 50%), gentamycin (42.9%; 38.9%), tobramycin (50%; 25%), vancomycin (33.3; 71.4%), amikacin (66.7%; 0%) and ciprofloxacin (100%; 100%). Interestingly, ß-lactam antibiotic resistant FIB were mostly isolated from water as well as from sediments of upstream and WWTP discharge station. Canonical correspondence analysis CCA correlating antibiotic resistance profile with the abiotic data showed that, in water column, culturable bacterial strains isolated in upstream WWTP discharge stations were interestingly correlated with the resistance to amikacin, oxacillin, cefotaxim, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin, however, in sediment, they were correlated with the resistance to amoxicillin, oxacillin, céfotaxim and vancomycin. Serious ß-lactams and aminoglycosides acquired resistance appeared mainly in fecal streptococci and pathogen staphylococci groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Souissi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Cathage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia.
| | - Rached Laabidi
- Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Unit of Bacteriology, Regional Hospital of Bizerte, Street 13 August 1956, Bizerte 7000, Tunisia
| | - Patricia Aissa
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Cathage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Pringault
- Laboratory of Coastal Marine Ecosystems, UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-IFREMER- IRD-ECOSYM, University of Montpellier 2, France
| | - Olfa Ben Said
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Cathage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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