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Xiao M, Li P, Lu Y, Cao J, Yan H. Development of a three-dimensional porous ionic liquid-chitosan-graphene oxide aerogel for efficient extraction and detection of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediment samples. Talanta 2024; 271:125711. [PMID: 38290266 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The three-dimensional porous ionic liquid-chitosan-graphene oxide aerogel (IL-CS-GOA) monolithic adsorbent with a through-hole structure was prepared using natural chitosan (CS) as the skeletal framework, graphene oxide (GO) as the support to provide mechanical strength, and ionic liquid (IL) as the porogen and modifier. The resulting IL-CS-GOA demonstrated a fluffy and porous structure with various pore sizes and excellent regeneration capability (over six cycles). Its specific surface area exceeded that of CS-GOA and IL-GOA by more than 7 times, enhancing its polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) adsorption capacity. Within 5 min, IL-CS-GOA (1.0 mg) exhibited adsorption amounts of 539 ng mg-1 for 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ), 716 ng mg-1 for 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-BCZ), and 798 ng mg-1 for 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1,3,6,8-BCZ), showcasing its rapid mass transfer and high adsorption capabilities. IL-CS-GOA was utilized as the adsorbent for glass dropper extraction (GDE) in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), to develop a highly efficient and accurate method for determining PHCZs in sediments. Under optimal conditions, the established method exhibited a wide linear range (0.4-250 ng g-1, r ≥ 0.9990), low detection limits (0.04-0.24 ng g-1), and satisfactory recoveries (80.5 %-93.8 %), enabling the accurate and rapid detection of PHCZs in sediment samples. This study presents a novel approach for creating three-dimensional porous aerogels, introduces a new form of sample pretreatment using GDE with a monolithic adsorbent, and offers a new method for the determination of PHCZs in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yanke Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jiankun Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Tu J, Wu Y, Gao S, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Daya Bay and Pearl River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116131. [PMID: 38335637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a group of emerging organic pollutants attracting increasing concern. In this study, 32 sediment samples were collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and adjacent Daya Bay (DYB) in China and were investigated for the occurrence and distribution of PHCZs. Total concentration of sedimentary PHCZs (∑PHCZs) ranged from 0.79 to 3.08 ng/g in PRE and 0.89 to 1.95 ng/g in DYB, both containing 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the main component. Higher concentrations of ∑PHCZs were found in the rivers-mouth and inner part of the PRE indicating their main origins from anthropogenic activities. Notably, concentrations of brominated carbazoles (BCZs) gradually increased offshore, which suggests the potential bio-transformation of BCZs under a saline environment. The toxic equivalent of PHCZs was estimated at 0.13-0.34 pg TEQ/g suggesting limited dioxin-like effects on local organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bai Y, Zhang J, Meng H, Shi B, Wu J, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Du Z. Enrichment and distribution of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and its hepatotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168732. [PMID: 38007114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of organohalogen compounds where the hydrogen atom on the carbazole ring is replaced by a halogen atom. In recent years, PHCZs have drawn increasing concern due to their persistence, dioxin-like toxicity, bioaccumulation, potential ecological hazards and widespread occurrence in the environment. Current research on the enrichment and depuration of PHCZs in biological tissues and organs is insufficient, and the liver toxicity is unclear. Herein, to understand the enrichment and elimination of 3,6-DCCZ in fish tissues and organs as well as the hepatotoxicity, we exposed the red crucian carp to 20 and 100 μg/L of 3,6-DCCZ for 20 days followed by a depuration period of 10 days. The 3,6-DCCZ enrichment in each organ tissue was classified from high to low: brain > liver, intestine, gill > muscle. For depuration, 3,6-DCCZ was quickly excreted in the various organs of the red crucian carp; however, the liver depuration was slow, with the concentration of 3,6-DCCZ was maintained at 0.25-0.35 μg/g. 3,6-DCCZ exposure at both tested concentrations induced oxidative stress in red crucian carp, causing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, as well as some histopathological changes in the liver, such as cell vacuolization, nucleus pyknosis, nucleus pleomorphism, no nucleus areas. Additionally, the 3,6-DCCZ exposure at higher concentration (100 μg/L) caused more serious damage and abnormal lipid metabolism in the red crucian carp liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Haoran Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Wang X, Hu M, Li M, Huan F, Gao R, Wang J. Effects of exposure to 3,6-DBCZ on neurotoxicity and AhR pathway during early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115892. [PMID: 38157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental pollutants, yet limited information is available on their embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the current work was performed to investigate the adverse effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), a typical PHCZs homolog, on the early life stages of zebrafish larvae. It revealed that the 96-hour post-fertilization (hpf) median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae was determined to be 0.7988 mg/L. Besides, 3,6-DBCZ reduced survival rates at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L and decreased hatching rates at ≥ 0.25 mg/L at 48 hpf. In behavior tests, it inhibited locomotor activities and reduced the frequency of recorded acceleration states in response to optesthesia (a sudden bright light stimulus) at concentrations ≥ 160 μg/L. Meanwhile, 3,6-DBCZ exposure decreased the frequency of recorded acceleration states in the startle response (tapping mode) at concentrations ≥ 6.4 μg/L. Pathologically, with the transgenic zebrafish model (hb9-eGFP), we observed a strikingly decreased axon length and number in motor neurons after 3,6-DBCZ treatment, which may be ascribed to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the molecular docking analysis and Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay suggested that 3,6-DBCZ binding to AhR-ARNT2 compound proteins. Through interaction with AhR-ARNT, a striking reduction of the anti-oxidative stress (sod1/2, nqo1, nrf2) and neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gfap, mbp, syn2a) were observed after 3,6-DBCZ challenge, accompanied by a marked increased inflammatory genes (TNFβ, IL1β, IL6). Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized adverse effect of 3,6-DBCZ on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behaviors, potentially mediated through the activation of the AhR pathway. Furthermore, it provides direct evidence for the toxic concentrations of 3,6-DBCZ and the potential target signaling in zebrafish larvae, which may be beneficial for the risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Huan
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Hu S, Zheng M, Mu Y, Liu A, Jiang Y, Li Y, Ning K, Wang L. Occurrence of polyhalogenated carbazoles and the combined effects with heavy metals on variation in bacterial communities in estuarine sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115873. [PMID: 38056295 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole (CZ) and eight polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) were quantified by GC-MS in sediments of 12 estuaries, the interface linking large industrial and living areas to the Bohai Sea, China. These pollutants, heavy metals, and environmental factors caused integrated exposure to sediment bacteria. Four PHCZ congeners were detectable, with ΣPHCZs ranging from 0.56 to 15.94 ng/g dw. The dominant congeners were 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) and 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), with a mean contribution of 72.6 % and 20.2 %. Significant positive correlations were found between 36-CCZ and both total organic carbon and heavy metals. Redundancy analysis of microbial variation implicated no impacts from PHCZs. Correlation analysis demonstrated an increase in abundance of Rhodocyclaceae but a decrease in Bacteroides-acidifaciens-JCM-10556 with presence of PHCZs, suggesting that these bacteria can be used as potential contamination indicators. The combined exposure of heavy metals, nutrients, and PHCZs may also increase toxicity and biological availability, adversely affecting the ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yingdi Mu
- Jinan Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Sun Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Weber R, Falandysz J, Lammel G, Zhao C, Chen C, Yang Q, Liu G. Industrial source identification of polyhalogenated carbazoles and preliminary assessment of their global emissions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3740. [PMID: 37349341 PMCID: PMC10287696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60177, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang M, Li P, Wang Q, Huang L, Lin K. Production of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Marine Red Alga Corallina officinalis: A Possible Natural Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6673-6681. [PMID: 37053377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural origin. However, it is unclear how PHCZs are naturally produced. In this study, the formation of PHCZs from bromoperoxidase (BPO)-mediated halogenation of carbazole was investigated. A total of six PHCZs were identified in reactions under different incubation conditions. The presence of Br- significantly influenced the formation of PHCZs. The products were first dominated by 3-bromocarbazole and then 3,6-dibromocarbazole as the reactions proceeded. Both bromo- and chlorocarbazoles were identified in the incubations with trace Br-, suggesting the co-occurrence of BPO-catalyzed bromination and chlorination. However, BPO-catalyzed chlorination of carbazole was much weaker than that of bromination. The formation of PHCZs could be attributable to the halogenation of carbazole by reactive halogen species generated from BPO-catalyzed oxidation of Br- and Cl- by H2O2. The halogenation was found to follow a successive substitution order of C-3, C-6, and C-1 on the carbazole ring, forming 3-, 3,6-, and 1,3,6-isomers. Similar to the incubation experiments, six PHCZs were for the first time detected in red algal samples collected from the South China Sea, China, suggesting the biogenesis of PHCZs in marine red algae. Given the widespread distribution of red algae in the marine environment, BPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may be a natural origin for PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qifang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Jia Y, Cheng J, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang R, Xue Y, He S, Liu K, Shi L, Lou Y. Sediment-water distribution and potential sources of polyhalogenated carbazoles in a coastal river locating at a north metropolis, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114790. [PMID: 36905865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transformation of PHCZs in the coastal river environment are not yet comprehensively understood. Paired river water and surface sediment were collected, and 12 PHCZs were analyzed to find out their potential sources and investigate the distribution of PHCZs between river water and sediment. The concentration of ∑PHCZs varied from 8.66 to 42.97 ng/g (mean 22.46 ng/g) in sediment and 17.91 to 81.82 ng/L (mean 39.07 ng/L) in river water. 18-B-36-CCZ was the dominant PHCZ congener in sediment, while 36-CCZ was in water. Meanwhile, the logKoc values for CZ and PHCZs were among the first calculated in the estuary and the mean logKoc varied from 4.12 for 1-B-36-CCZ to 5.63 for 3-CCZ. The logKoc values of CCZs were higher than those of BCZs, this may suggest that sediments have a higher capacity for accumulation and storage of CCZs than highly mobile environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruxue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunfeng Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuyue He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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10
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Peng L, Liu L, Li P, Lin K. Spatial and temporal distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120957. [PMID: 36596377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in marine sediment, raising concerns in recent years. In this study, sediment samples (42 surface and one core) were collected from the Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, and eleven PHCZs and unsubstituted carbazole were measured. The total concentration of PHCZs in surface sediments ranged from 0.19 to 2.49 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) (median 1.03 ng/g d. w.). The congener compositions of PHCZs in the surface sediment were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ, 53.2%), followed by 3-chlorocarbazole (14.9%) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ, 11.8%). Carbazole in the surface sediment ranged from not detected to 9.89 ng/g (median 1.25 ng/g), with a detection frequency of 81.0%. The spatial distribution of 36-CCZ in surface sediments exhibited a clear decline from the coast to offshore, while 36-BCZ showed the opposite trend. The depth profile of 36-CCZ was maintained at a relatively low and stable concentration (about 0.36 ng/g) in core segments from 1903 to 1951, followed by a steady increase to 1.5 ng/g in 2006. This increase coincides with the industrial and agricultural development in China that began in the 1950s. In contrast, the other detected PHCZs and carbazole maintained stable, low concentrations over time. These spatial and temporal patterns suggest that 36-CCZ in this area is predominantly from anthropogenic sources, while 36-BCZ has a natural origin. Toxic equivalent estimations indicated that dioxin-like effects for the observed PHCZs were low. These results provide useful information for understanding the origin of PHCZs and carbazole in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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11
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Zhou H, Dong X, Zhao N, Zhao M, Jin H. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in indoor dust from Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159971. [PMID: 36356764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbazoles (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), showing dioxin-like toxicity, have gained increasing attention in recent years as novel persistent organic pollutants. However, the occurrence of these chemicals in indoor dust from China remains not well known. In this study, CZ and 11 chloro/bromo CZs were analyzed in indoor dust samples collected from residential houses in rural (n = 51) and urban (n = 55) regions of Hangzhou, China. CZ was detected in all indoor dust samples, with the concentrations of 0.81-18 ng/g (mean 5.4 ng/g). All 11 measured PHCZs were detected in indoor dust samples, showing the detection frequency of 7.3-96 %. This means that general populations had wide exposure to CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion. 3,6-dichlorocarbzole (36-CCZ) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ) were the predominant PHCZs in indoor dust, having comparable mean concentrations of 1.2 ng/g, followed by 3-monobromocarbazole (3-BCZ; mean 0.66 ng/g, range < LOD-2.1 ng/g) and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (136-BCZ; 0.36 ng/g, < LOD-1.0 ng/g). Indoor dust concentrations of 3-BCZ, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole in urban regions were significantly (p ≤ 0.01-0.035) higher than that in rural regions. Daily intakes (DIs) of CZ and PHCZs through indoor dust ingestion were estimated for general Chinese population. Among PHCZs, 36-CCZ and 36-BCZ (mean 1.4-3.4 pg/kg bw/day) had the highest mean DIs, followed by 3-BCZ (0.77-1.9 pg/kg bw/day) and 136-BCZ (0.42-1.0 pg/kg/day). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the concentrations of CZ and PHCZs in indoor dust from China, which contributes to the better understanding of the sources of human exposure to CZ and PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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12
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Sun Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Jin R, Lin B, Li C, Liu G. Progress of congener specific analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Sun Y, Yang L, Chen C, Li C, Zheng M, Jin R, Wang W, Yang N, Li Y, Liu G. Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9324. [PMID: 35560965 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are dioxin-like compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, their unintentional emissions from industrial sources have received little attention and there is no method available for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. This research develops a method for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. METHODS In this research, a glass column packed with activated silica serves as a rapid and efficient clean-up pretreatment for purification. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous determination of eleven PHCZs in industrial samples. RESULTS The regression coefficients of the standard curves for the congeners were all >0.99. The method detection limit ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for solid samples. The precision described by the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.4% to 18.4% for liquid samples and from 5.5% to 35.8% for solid samples. The recovery ranges for the liquid and solid samples were 82%-123% and 83%-137%, respectively. 3-Chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) and 36-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) can be detected in both chemical bottom liquid from vinyl chloride production and fly ash from medical waste incineration by this method. CONCLUSIONS An efficient method is established for determination of PHCZs from industrial waste. The discovery of 3-CCZ and 36-CCZ highlights the importance of identification of potential industrial sources of PHCZs and clarification of their contribution to environmental risks. Our method could be applied to investigate industrial emission of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Liu M, Huang L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ke R, He H, Lou Y. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in eastern Tibetan Plateau soils along the slope of Mt. Qionglai. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134200. [PMID: 35278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), are considered as potential persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the altitudinal distribution characteristics and possible sources of PHCZs in high mountain soils are still unknown. The present study was the first to analyze PHCZs in soil samples collected along the eastern slope of Mt. Qionglai (MQ), the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of ΣPHCZs (based on dry weight) ranges from 14.4 to 107 ng/g (median value of 40.9), which was at high end of the range reported in soils and sediments to date in the literature. The composition profiles of PHCZs in the soils of MQ were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), and 2-bromocarbazole (2-BCZ). The mean TOC-normalized concentrations of ΣPHCZs in soil samples from below-treeline (2092 ng/g TOC) were higher than those from alpine meadow (1124 ng/g TOC), probably due to the forest filter effect. The decreasing trend of the PHCZs TOC-normalized concentrations with altitude shows that accumulation of PHCZs from the alpine meadow samples was not affected by the mountain cold-trapping effect. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of more than half of detected PHCZ congeners and TOC. In addition, PHCZs show the potential to represent a class of POPs with the frequent occurrence and wide distribution, as the abundance and environmental behavior of PHCZs are similar to some POPs in MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- College of Textiles&Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 10001, China
| | - Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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15
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Does aquatic sediment pollution result in contaminated food sources? ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sediment pollution of the aquatic environment by waste due to anthropogenic activity is of an increasing concern. The contaminants coming from the aquatic environment can enter the aquatic food chain and accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish used for human consumption. The aim of this study was to sum up the current level of knowledge concerning the pollution of aquatic sediments and its transfer to aquatic foods as well as to indicate whether such contamination has the potential to affect the health and welfare of aquatic organisms as well as the quality and safety of the species intended for human consumption. Based on the results of scientific studies, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, contamination of fish and seafood occurs predominantly through their diet and the levels of bioaccumulative contaminants are higher in fish which rank higher in the food chain. Contamination of aquatic habitats can not only significantly affect behavior, development, and welfare of aquatic organisms, but it can also affect the safety of fish and seafood for human consumption.
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16
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Liu M, Jia Y, Cui Z, Lu Z, Zhang W, Liu K, Shuai L, Shi L, Ke R, Lou Y. Occurrence and potential sources of polyhalogenated carbazoles in farmland soils from the Three Northeast Provinces, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149459. [PMID: 34371402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been detected in various environments frequently and have attracted increasing attention for their multiple toxicities. However, only a few reports record the occurrence of PHCZs in farmland soils, and the sources of which were not yet been implemented. In this study, 12 PHCZs and carbazole (CZ) were screened in farmland soil samples from the Three Northeast Provinces, and the ∑PHCZs were in the range of 18.16-219.67 ng/g dw. 36-CCZ was the dominant congener (40.67%) in farmland soils, followed by 3-CCZ (14.51%), and average percentages of other congeners were lower than 10%. A concrete analysis of the sources of PHCZs in the soil was conducted, revealing the diversity of PHCZs sources. Potential toxic effects associated with the levels of PHCZs were evaluated via the toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach, and the TEQs of PHCZs (TEQPHCZs) were in the range of 2.24-14.06 pg TEQ/g dw. Notwithstanding the 1368-CCZ with a low concentration level, the mean contribution to TEQPHCZs was up to 24.24%, preceded only by 36-CCZ (39.69%), showing the congeners with low concentration also may pose potential risks to the environment. Partial PHCZs congeners (2-BCZ, 3-BCZ, 36-CCZ, 136-BCZ, and 2367-BCZ) showed significant correlations (r = 0.45-0.63, p < 0.05) with the total organic carbon (TOC). Significant correlations were shown between PHCZ congeners replaced by halogens of the same species and quantity (r = 0.40-0.99, p < 0.01). In view of the fact that the high concentration level of PHCZs in the soil and their source diversity, more environmental monitoring and risk assessments of PHCZs should be of particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxi Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zilong Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weikun Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Shuai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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17
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Yang L, Zhang H, Li A, Rockne KJ, Xu K, Wu Y, Xu X, Chen S, Hu Y, Wang X, Chen D. Polyhalogenated carbazoles in freshwater and estuarine sediment from China and the United States: A multi-regional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147908. [PMID: 34134370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study represents a multi-regional investigation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) contamination in estuarine and freshwater systems from the United States and China. Although recent studies have suggested that PHCZs are persistent and bioaccumulative, available data are not sufficient to understand their large-scale spatial and temporal distributions in the environment. The present study investigated spatial distributions of PHCZs in surface sediment from multiple freshwater and estuarine systems located in China and the United States (U.S.) during the period of 2012-2017, as well as temporal distributions from vertical trends in selected sediment cores. The results demonstrated large variations of PHCZ contamination across regions, with median concentrations of ΣPHCZs in surface sediment ranging from 3.1 to 134 ng/g. Profiles of PHCZ congener composition also exhibited regional variations and estuarine-freshwater differences. These differences likely reflect the relative contributions of different natural and industrial sources among the locations. Vertical profiles of concentrations and compositions in one Chinese estuarine sediment core and two freshwater sediment cores from the U.S. all demonstrated clear anthropogenic influences to varying degrees. Toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PHCZs were estimated based on their dioxin-like activities, which ranged from <0.001 to 4.94 pg TEQ/g in all sites. The results suggest that PHCZs could add additional ecological risks to the benthos and other aquatic organisms. Our findings constitute an essential contribution to the knowledge body of PHCZ contamination in global aquatic systems and congener-specific contamination characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Kevin Xu
- Department of Oceanography & Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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Hu H, Zhao M, Jin H. Determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in waters at low nanogram-per-liter concentrations with solid-phase disk extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3840-3848. [PMID: 34375032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles, a class of emerging contaminants with persistence and dioxin-like toxicity, have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and high throughput method based on solid-phase disk extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was described for the determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in low nanogram-per-liter range in water samples. The proposed solid-phase disk extraction method was initially optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1 L water sample (pH 6-9) extracted and enriched by Empore 3-stn octadecyl disk at flow rate of 5 to 50 mL/min and eluted by 5 mL of acetone and 3 × 10 mL methylene dichloride. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 50 ng/L for carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9996. The limits of detection were in the low nanogram per liter level, ranging from 0.018 to 0.12 ng/L. Finally, the optimized method was applied for determining trace levels of carbazole and 11 polyhalogenated carbazoles in tap water and seawater samples with good recovery of 86.6-112.8%. Carbazole and 3-7 polyhalogenated carbazoles were detected, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the predominant congener both in tap water and seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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19
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Xu H, Zheng M, Wang L, Zhao W, Hua Y, Fang L, Liu A, Zhao Z. High throughput extraction strategy for simultaneous analysis of 19 tetrabromobisphenol A and halogenated carbazole analogs in seafood. Food Chem 2021; 350:129214. [PMID: 33601093 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), halogenated carbazole (HCZ), and their analogs are the emerging pollutants invading the marine environment. So far, a few methods have been reported for the simultaneous analysis of these pollutants due to their large polarity difference. In this study, an effective extraction and cleanup strategy was developed for the simultaneous determination of 19 TBBPA and HCZ congeners in seafood. The 19 analytes could be directly analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography after ultrasonic extraction (methanol, duplicate ethyl acetate-acetone (1:1, v/v)) and gel permeation chromatography cleanup. The acceptable spike-recoveries were within 65.7-118.3%; the precision was intra-/inter-day RSDs: 0.0-6.7%/0.0-8.5%; and the matrix effects were between -14.1% and 12.4%. The detection limits and quantification limits were 0.002-0.014 and 0.020-0.200 µg g-1 dw, respectively. Additionally, this method successfully analyzed the seafood samples and the concentrations of these analytes were in range of nd-5.4 µg g-1 dw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 266061 Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Wucai Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Lidan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China.
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China
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20
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Zhou W, Chen W, Li P, Gu Z, Peng J, Lin K. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in sediments from the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142072. [PMID: 32891987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) have been frequently detected in various environments and have gained increasing attention due to their dioxin-like toxicity. In this study, 28 surface sediments and three sediment cores were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution trends of PHCs. The total concentrations of PHCs in the surface sediments ranged from 0.25 ng/g to 3.10 ng/g, with a median concentration of 1.50 ng/g. The composition profiles of PHCs in the surface sediments were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ). The total organic carbon (TOC) based concentrations of 36-CCZ, 1-bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole, and 1368-BCZ showed significant positive correlation with water depth (r = 0.58-0.88, p values < 0.01). On the contrary, the TOC based concentration of 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole displayed a significant negative correlation with the water depth (r = -0.52, p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed for 3-chlorocarbazole, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (p values > 0.05). PHCs in sediment cores showed that congener profiles and concentrations of PHCs remained largely stable throughout the 1890s and 2010s. In addition, all the detected PHCs displayed a significant positive correlation with TOC content of the sediments. These unique spatial and temporal distribution patterns suggest that both terrigenous and natural marine sources contributed the observed PHCs in sediments of the northern SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhaoyang Gu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinghe Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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21
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Ji C, Chen D, Zhao M. Environmental behavior and safety of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115717. [PMID: 33120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are well-known as emergent environmental contaminants. Given their wide distribution in the environment and structural similarity with dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the environmental behavior and ecological risks of these chemicals have become the major issue concerned by the governments and scientists. Since the initial report of PHCZ residues in the environment in the 1980s, over 20 PHCZ congeners with different residual levels had been identified in various environmental media all over the world. Nevertheless, researches concerning the toxicological effects of PHCZs are of an urgent need for the relatively lagging study of their ecological risks. Currently, only limited evidence has indicated that PHCZs would pose dioxin-like toxicity, including developmental toxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc; and their toxicological effects were partially consistent with AhR activation. And yet, much remains to be done to fill in the knowledge gaps of their toxicological effects. In this review, the research progresses in environmental behavior and toxicology study of PHCZs were remarked; and the lack of current research, as well as future research prospects, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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22
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Li Z, Fan X, Mu Y, Wang L, Liang J, Deng L. Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sea water of the Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111656. [PMID: 33022496 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), a novel type of organic pollutants with dioxin-like toxicity, have gained increasing attention in the past several years. In this study detection and distribution of five PHCZ compounds found in the Yellow Sea region are studied. The range of ∑PHCZ in the detection area is 0.062-0.322 ng/L (median: 0.112 ng/L), with 3,6-dichlorocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole content being the greatest, ranging from 0.035-0.269 ng/L and 0.010-0.682 ng/L, respectively, followed by 3-CCZ (0.010-0.020 ng/L). The relative toxicity of PHCZs is evaluated by the toxicity equivalent (TEQ), in which a range of 0-0.19 pgTEQ/L (median: 0.006 pgTEQ/L) is determined. According to the results, PHCZs are widely distributed in Yellow Sea water with relatively lower toxicity, and the impact of natural factors, as well as their potential sources, are discussed in order to provide basic scientific data for the investigation of PHCZs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengmei Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yingdi Mu
- Jinan Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyun Liang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Ligang Deng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China.
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23
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Aslam SN, Venzi MS, Venkatraman V, Mikkelsen Ø. Chemical assessment of marine sediments in vicinity of Norwegian fish farms - A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139130. [PMID: 32438149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While aquaculture is growing rapidly all over the world and generating many economic benefits, so have the environmental concerns about the externalities posed by the fish-farming industry. The distribution profiles of organic compounds and inorganic elements were explored in marine surface sediments collected in proximity of two active Norwegian fish farms, Hestøya and Nørholmen (<200-1100 m from the perimeter edge of the installations). Overall, the sediment organic matter (SOM) content was 7.3 ± 4.9%, with 7.9 ± 5.1% and 4.0 ± 0.5% for Hestøya and Nørholmen, respectively. A non-targeted analysis was performed for screening organic compounds in marine sediments, and the presence of 60 compounds was detected. Among suspect compounds were alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, diols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), terpenes and terpenoids. Heptanal, benzaldehyde, 4-oxoisophorone, 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene and 3-bromophenol were the most abundant compounds in marine sediments. In total, concentrations of 47 elements were measured, concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Sn and Zn were strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs, while concentrations of Ce, Co, Al, Fe and Ti were related to the geology of the local bedrock. The chemical composition of marine sediments was different at Hestøya and Nørholmen, indicating different anthropogenic inputs in these areas. In general, concentrations of toxic elements were below the proposed guidelines for Norwegian marine sediment quality and can be characterised as background pollution. Overall, fish-farming activities had only a minor or negligible influence on marine sediments and are unlikely to cause any harm to local aquatic life in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia N Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Marco Skibnes Venzi
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Vishwesh Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Øyvind Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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Yue S, Zhang T, Shen Q, Song Q, Ji C, Chen Y, Mao M, Kong Y, Chen D, Liu J, Sun Z, Zhao M. Assessment of endocrine-disrupting effects of emerging polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): In vitro, in silico, and in vivo evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105729. [PMID: 32344252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are an emerging class of persistent, bioaccumulative compounds that are structurally and chemically related to dioxins. They have been detected widely in sediment, river, and soil samples, but their environmental risks are largely unknown. Therefore, seven common PHCZs were tested for their endocrine disrupting potential in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect receptor-mediated (agonist or antagonistic) activity (concentration range: 10-9-10-5 M) against the estrogen receptor α (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The alterations in the steroidogenesis pathway were investigated in H295R cells. Antagonistic effects against GRα were observed with five PHCZs, along with an increase in the cortisol levels of H295R cells. The most common effect observed was that of the agonistic activity of ERα, with the molecular docking analysis further indicating that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions may stabilize the interaction between PHCZs and the estrogen receptor binding pocket. In addition, a seven-day exposure of young female rats to three PHCZs (27-BCZ, 3-BCZ, and 36-BCZ) resulted in changes in serum E2 levels, uterine epithelium cell heights, and relative uterus weights. In conclusion, endocrine-disrupting effects, especially the estrogenic effects, were observed for the tested PHCZs. Such adverse effects of PHCZs on humans and wildlife warrant further thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiqi Shen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qin Song
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Manfei Mao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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