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Cózar A, Arias M, Suaria G, Viejo J, Aliani S, Koutroulis A, Delaney J, Bonnery G, Macías D, de Vries R, Sumerot R, Morales-Caselles C, Turiel A, González-Fernández D, Corradi P. Proof of concept for a new sensor to monitor marine litter from space. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4637. [PMID: 38877039 PMCID: PMC11178853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, governments are implementing strategies to combat marine litter. However, their effectiveness is largely unknown because we lack tools to systematically monitor marine litter over broad spatio-temporal scales. Metre-sized aggregations of floating debris generated by sea-surface convergence lines have been reported as a reliable target for detection from satellites. Yet, the usefulness of such ephemeral, scattered aggregations as proxy for sustained, large-scale monitoring of marine litter remains an open question for a dedicated Earth-Observation mission. Here, we track this proxy over a series of 300,000 satellite images of the entire Mediterranean Sea. The proxy is mainly related to recent inputs from land-based litter sources. Despite the limitations of in-orbit technology, satellite detections are sufficient to map hot-spots and capture trends, providing an unprecedented source-to-sink view of the marine litter phenomenon. Torrential rains largely control marine litter inputs, while coastal boundary currents and wind-driven surface sweep arise as key drivers for its distribution over the ocean. Satellite-based monitoring proves to be a real game changer for marine litter research and management. Furthermore, the development of an ad-hoc sensor can lower the minimum detectable concentration by one order of magnitude, ensuring operational monitoring, at least for seasonal-to-interannual variability in the mesoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cózar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Manuel Arias
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona Expert Center, Barcelona, Spain.
- ARGANS France, Sophia-Antipolis, cedex, France.
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Suaria
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Lerici, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Josué Viejo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Stefano Aliani
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Lerici, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Aristeidis Koutroulis
- Technical University of Crete, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chania, Greece
| | | | | | - Diego Macías
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmen Morales-Caselles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Turiel
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona Expert Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Paolo Corradi
- European Space Agency - ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
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Özşeker K, Coşkun T, Erüz C. Exploring seasonal, spatial and pathways of marine litter pollution along the Southeastern Black Sea Cost of Türkiye. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116348. [PMID: 38636341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variations in marine litter density and composition along the Southeastern Black Sea Coast were investigated. A total of 156,371 litter items weighing 327,258.3 kg were collected. The highest frequency of litter material by number was 15,869 ± 103.88 items/m2 16 and 74.466 ± 7.23 by weight. The highest litter concentrations (77,768 items; 81,737.1 kg) were observed in autumn, mainly comprising single-use items, with plastic being the most abundant (54.05 %), followed by metal (15.69 %), and paper (10.45 %). The subcategories of plastic litter items bags, caps/lids, cigarette lighters, cosmetic packages, gloves, and plastics pieces were found to be the most abundant litter in number. According to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests (p < 0.005), significant differences in marine litter were identified among the stations and seasons. These findings offer insights for modeling studies, advocating restrictions on single-use products, and enacting legal regulations for local governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Özşeker
- Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Trabzon, Turkiye.
| | - Tolga Coşkun
- Middle East Technical University, Biological Sciences, Limnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Coşkun Erüz
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Trabzon, Turkiye
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3
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Sedakov R, Osadchiev A, Barnier B, Molines JM, Colombo P. Large chocked lagoon as a barrier for river-sea flux of dissolved pollutants: Case study of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114496. [PMID: 36586199 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Don River is among the largest rivers in the Eastern Europe and is heavily polluted. This river inflows into small and semi-isolated Sea of Azov, which is connected with the Black Sea by a narrow strait. Generally, the Sea of Azov is a large choked lagoon, which serves as a barrier for river-borne constituents. Using numerical modeling, we reveal that presence of the choked lagoon significantly slows down the estuary-seawater flux of dissolved pollutants and slackens its discharge-induced seasonal variability. In particular, the Sea of Azov delays the 5 % and 95 % of the total flux of riverine pollution to the Black Sea by 9 and 36 months, respectively. The obtained results are important for assessment the influence of background and emergency pollution accidents at the Don River on water quality in the study region. Moreover, these results could be applied to many other chocked lagoons in the World Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sedakov
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy prospekt 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Osadchiev
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiy prospekt 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Instituskiy Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Bernard Barnier
- Institute des Géosciences del'Environment, UGA/CNRS/IRD, Cedex 9, 38 058 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marc Molines
- Institute des Géosciences del'Environment, UGA/CNRS/IRD, Cedex 9, 38 058 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pedro Colombo
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Strokal M, Strokal V, Kroeze C. The future of the Black Sea: More pollution in over half of the rivers. AMBIO 2023; 52:339-356. [PMID: 36074247 PMCID: PMC9453707 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The population in the Black Sea region is expected to decline in the future. However, a better understanding of how river pollution is affected by declining trends in population and increasing trends in economic developments and urbanization is needed. This study aims to quantify future trends in point-source emissions of nutrients, microplastics, Cryptosporidium, and triclosan to 107 rivers draining into the Black Sea. We apply a multi-pollutant model for 2010, 2050, and 2100. In the future, over half of the rivers will be more polluted than in 2010. The population in 74 sub-basins may drop by over 25% in our economic scenario with poor wastewater treatment. Over two-thirds of the people will live in cities and the economy may grow 9-fold in the region. Advanced wastewater treatment could minimize trade-offs between economy and pollution: our Sustainability scenario projects a 68-98% decline in point-source pollution by 2100. Making this future reality will require coordinated international efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vita Strokal
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony 15, Kiev, 03041 Ukraine
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dao CD, Duong LT, Nguyen THT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen HT, Dang QT, Dao NN, Pham CN, Nguyen CHT, Duong DC, Bui TT, Nguyen BQ. Plastic waste in sandy beaches and surface water in Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: abundance, characterization, and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:255. [PMID: 36592237 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and characterization of marine debris on beaches bring opportunities to track back the anthropogenic activities around shorelines as well as aid in waste management and control. In this study, the three largest beaches in Thanh Hoa (Vietnam) were examined for plastic waste, including macroplastics (≥ 5 mm) on sandy beaches and microplastics (MPs) (< 5 mm) in surface water. Among 3803 items collected on the beaches, plastic waste accounted for more than 98%. The majority of the plastic wastes found on these beaches were derived from fishing boats and food preservation foam packaging. The FT-IR data indicated that the macroplastics comprised 77% polystyrene, 17% polypropylene, and 6% high-density polyethylene, while MPs discovered in surface water included other forms of plastics such as polyethylene- acrylate, styrene/butadiene rubber gasket, ethylene/propylene copolymer, and zein purified. FT-IR data demonstrated that MPs might also be originated from automobile tire wear, the air, and skincare products, besides being degraded from macroplastics. The highest abundance of MPs was 44.1 items/m3 at Hai Tien beach, while the lowest was 15.5 items/m3 at Sam Son beach. The results showed that fragment form was the most frequent MP shape, accounting for 61.4 ± 14.3% of total MPs. MPs with a diameter smaller than 500 μm accounted for 70.2 ± 7.6% of all MPs. According to our research, MPs were transformed, transported, and accumulated due to anthropogenic activities and environmental processes. This study provided a comprehensive knowledge of plastic waste, essential in devising long-term development strategies in these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cham Dinh Dao
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lim Thi Duong
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Huong Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Quan Tran Dang
- Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nhiem Ngoc Dao
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chuc Ngoc Pham
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chi Ha Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dien Cong Duong
- Institute of Mechanics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thu Thi Bui
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Bac Quang Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
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6
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Lincoln S, Andrews B, Birchenough SNR, Chowdhury P, Engelhard GH, Harrod O, Pinnegar JK, Townhill BL. Marine litter and climate change: Inextricably connected threats to the world's oceans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155709. [PMID: 35525371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global issues of climate change and marine litter are interlinked and understanding these connections is key to managing their combined risks to marine biodiversity and ultimately society. For example, fossil fuel-based plastics cause direct emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore are an important contributing factor to climate change, while other impacts of plastics can manifest as alterations in key species and habitats in coastal and marine environments. Marine litter is acknowledged as a threat multiplier that acts with other stressors such as climate change to cause far greater damage than if they occurred in isolation. On the other hand, while climate change can lead to increased inputs of litter into the marine environment, the presence of marine litter can also undermine the climate resilience of marine ecosystems. There is increasing evidence that that climate change and marine litter are inextricably linked, although these interactions and the resulting effects vary widely across oceanic regions and depend on the particular characteristics of specific marine environments. Ecosystem resilience approaches, that integrate climate change with other local stressors, offer a suitable framework to incorporate the consideration of marine litter where that is deemed to be a risk, and to steer, coordinate and prioritise research and monitoring, as well as management, policy, planning and action to effectively tackle the combined risks and impacts from climate change and marine litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lincoln
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Barnaby Andrews
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana N R Birchenough
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Piyali Chowdhury
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Georg H Engelhard
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Harrod
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - John K Pinnegar
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony L Townhill
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
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Strokal V, Kuiper EJ, Bak MP, Vriend P, Wang M, van Wijnen J, Strokal M. Future microplastics in the Black Sea: River exports and reduction options for zero pollution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113633. [PMID: 35398693 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Black Sea receives increasing amounts of microplastics from rivers. In this study, we explore options to reduce future river export of microplastics to the Black Sea. We develop five scenarios with different reduction options and implement them to a Model to Assess River Inputs of pollutaNts to seA (MARINA-Global) for 107 sub-basins. Today, European rivers draining into the Black Sea export over half of the total microplastics. In 2050, Asian rivers draining into the sea will be responsible for 34-46% of microplastic pollution. Implemented advanced treatment will reduce point-source pollution. Reduced consumption or more collection of plastics will reduce 40% of microplastics in the sea by 2050. In the optimistic future, sea pollution is 84% lower than today when the abovementioned reduction options are combined. Reduction options affect the share of pollution sources. Our insights could support environmental policies for a zero pollution future of the Black Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Strokal
- The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eke J Kuiper
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Independent researcher, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam P Bak
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Vriend
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Independent researcher, The Netherlands
| | - Mengru Wang
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jikke van Wijnen
- Open Universiteit, Faculty of Science - Environmental Sciences Department, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Okuku EO, Owato G, Kiteresi LI, Otieno K, Kombo M, Wanjeri V, Mbuche M, Gwada B, Chepkemboi P, Achieng Q, Nelson A, Mulupi L, Mwalugha C. Are tropical estuaries a source of or a sink for marine litter? Evidence from Sabaki Estuary, Kenya. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113397. [PMID: 35183024 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Litter surveys were carried out in August and September 2020 to determine the contribution of Sabaki River and estuary in modifying the quantities of litter entering the oceans. The river discharged 0.035 items m-3s -1 translating to an estimated annual litter flux of between 6,622,560 and 614,952,000. The surveys in the estuary revealed that plastics contributed 90.8% of the total litter. Wet and dry zones had mean litter accumulation rates of 2.7 ± 1.1 and 4.4 ± 3.5 items m-1 day-1 respectively. 69.8% and 77.4% of branded litter were of Kenyan origin and food packaging material respectively. The litter turnover was slightly higher in the dry beach zone compared to the wet zone with a Whitakker Beta diversity of 0.36 and 0.33 respectively. Sabaki estuary acted as a sink for litter during flooding (through burial) and as a source (through exposure of buried litter due to wind and rain action).
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Okuku
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Gilbert Owato
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Pwani University, P.O Box 195-80108, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Linet Imbayi Kiteresi
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Pwani University, P.O Box 195-80108, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Otieno
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Technical University of Mombasa, P.O. Box 90420 - 80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Maureen Kombo
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Veronica Wanjeri
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Mary Mbuche
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Brenda Gwada
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Purity Chepkemboi
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Quinter Achieng
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Annette Nelson
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Catherine Mwalugha
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Technical University of Mombasa, P.O. Box 90420 - 80100, Mombasa, Kenya
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Okuku EO, Owato G, Otieno K, Kombo MM, Chiphatsi MM, Gwada B, Chepkemboi P, Wanjeri V, Kiteresi LI, Achieng Q, Nelson A. The influence of monsoons on the spatial distribution and composition of floating marine litter. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113386. [PMID: 35124374 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Floating marine litter (FML) surveys were conducted in the near shore waters of Mombasa, Kilifi and Kwale Counties of Kenya through trawling using a manta net. A mean density of 26,665 ± 2869 items km-2 composed of 34.8% hard plastic, 40.5% soft plastics and 22.0% plastic lines/fibers was reported in this study. Litter densities in Kwale, Kilifi and Mombasa Counties were not influenced by monsoons, however, litter composition was influenced by monsoons with NEM and SEM being dominated mainly by hard plastics and soft plastics respectively. Litter categories diversity, evenness and richness were also not influenced by the monsoons during both NEM (1.01, 0.78 and 3, respectively) and SEM (1.09, 0.78 and 4, respectively). Fishing and recreational beaches had higher litter densities during NEM compared to SEM attributed to higher beach visitation and increased fishing activities during the calmer NEM season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ochieng Okuku
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Gilbert Owato
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Pwani University, P.O Box 195-80108, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Otieno
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya; Technical University of Mombasa, P.O. Box 90420 - 80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | | | - Brenda Gwada
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Purity Chepkemboi
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Veronica Wanjeri
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Quinter Achieng
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Annette Nelson
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya
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Large River Plumes Detection by Satellite Altimetry: Case Study of the Ob–Yenisei Plume. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13245014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite altimetry is an efficient instrument for detection dynamical processes in the World Ocean, including reconstruction of geostrophic currents and tracking of mesoscale eddies. Satellite altimetry has the potential to detect large river plumes, which have reduced salinity and, therefore, elevated surface level as compared to surrounding saline sea. In this study, we analyze applicability of satellite altimetry for detection of the Ob–Yenisei plume in the Kara Sea, which is among the largest river plumes in the World Ocean. Based on the extensive in situ data collected at the study area during oceanographic surveys in 2007–2019, we analyze the accuracy and efficiency of satellite altimetry in reproducing, first, the outer boundary of the plume and, second, the internal structure of the plume. We reveal that the value of positive level anomaly within the Ob–Yenisei plume strongly depends on the vertical plume structure and is prone to significant synoptic and seasonal variability due to wind forcing and mixing of the plume with subjacent sea. As a result, despite generally high statistical correlation between the ADT and surface salinity, straightforward usage of ADT for detection of the river plume is incorrect and produces misleading results. Satellite altimetry could provide correct information about spatial extents and shape of the Ob–Yenisei plume only if it is validated by synchronous in situ measurements.
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