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Berges BJP, van der Knaap I, van Keeken OA, Reubens J, Winter HV. Strong site fidelity, residency and local behaviour of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) at two types of artificial reefs in an offshore wind farm. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240339. [PMID: 39076370 PMCID: PMC11285481 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Globally, biogenic temperate reefs are among the most threatened habitats. In the North Sea in particular, large shellfish reefs were lost owing to fishing activities in the 1900s. The impact of offshore wind farms (OWFs) on marine wildlife is extensive, and it offers the possibility to reintroduce new hard substrate habitats that are protected from fisheries at a large scale. In addition to the submerged structures of OWFs, marine hard substrate habitat can be further enhanced by providing extra artificial reefs. In an operational OWF along the Dutch coast, four artificial reefs (two with a scour bed and two without) were deployed in the vicinity of a wind turbine. Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor the fine-scale movement of 64 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The monitoring ran from July 2021 to January 2023. Detailed information on behaviour, area utilization and attraction to the structures was determined. Results showed strong attraction (high site fidelity and residency) to the artificial reef, with no significant difference between the two tested types of reefs, and only a few individuals staying over winter. Cod spent a large proportion of their time hiding in the artificial reefs, suggesting that adding pipes for shelter has a beneficiary effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. van der Knaap
- van Hall-Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | | | - J. Reubens
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium
| | - H. V. Winter
- Wageningen Marine Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Pieniazek RH, Beach RK, Dycha GM, Mickle MF, Higgs DM. Navigating noisy waters: A review of field studies examining anthropogenic noise effects on wild fisha). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:2828-2842. [PMID: 37930177 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise is globally increasing in aquatic ecosystems, and there is concern that it may have adverse consequences in many fish species, yet the effects of noise in field settings are not well understood. Concern over the applicability of laboratory-conducted bioacoustic experiments has led to a call for, and a recent increase in, field-based studies, but the results have been mixed, perhaps due to the wide variety of techniques used and species studied. Previous reviews have explored the behavioral, physiological, and/or anatomical costs of fish exposed to anthropogenic noise, but few, if any, have focused on the field techniques and sound sources themselves. This review, therefore, aims to summarize, quantify, and interpret field-based literature, highlight novel approaches, and provide recommendations for future research into the effects of noise on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Pieniazek
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - R K Beach
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - G M Dycha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - M F Mickle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - D M Higgs
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Waddell EE, Širović A. Effects of anthropogenic noise and natural soundscape on larval fish behavior in four estuarine species. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:863-873. [PMID: 37566719 DOI: 10.1121/10.0020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The larval and post-larval forms of many marine organisms, such as oysters, crabs, lobster, coral, and fish, utilize ambient acoustic cues to orient, settle, or metamorphose. In this study, the effect of anthropogenic and ambient sounds on the orientation behavior of four larval estuarine fishes was examined in a controlled, laboratory experiment. Pre-settlement size red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, and Florida blenny Chasmodes saburrae larvae were exposed to four sound treatments-control, estuarine soundscape, seismic airguns, and large-ship passage-in a linear acoustic chamber. Initial significant (p < 0.05) avoidance of airguns was observed in three of the four species (all but the Florida blenny), but habituation to this sound occurred as the experiment progressed. All species avoided ship passage sounds; however, the avoidance behavior was not significant. Interestingly, none of the species studied were significantly attracted to the acoustic cues alone of the estuarine soundscape; in fact, three of the four species spent less time near the speaker when it was broadcast. These results suggest that larval fish can potentially habituate to anthropogenic noise relatively quickly (<10 min). Understanding how sounds affect larval behavior is necessary because successful recruitment ultimately affects a population's success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Waddell
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77554, USA
| | - Ana Širović
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Alós J, Aarestrup K, Abecasis D, Afonso P, Alonso-Fernandez A, Aspillaga E, Barcelo-Serra M, Bolland J, Cabanellas-Reboredo M, Lennox R, McGill R, Özgül A, Reubens J, Villegas-Ríos D. Toward a decade of ocean science for sustainable development through acoustic animal tracking. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5630-5653. [PMID: 35929978 PMCID: PMC9541420 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ocean is a key component of the Earth's dynamics, providing a great variety of ecosystem services to humans. Yet, human activities are globally changing its structure and major components, including marine biodiversity. In this context, the United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development to tackle the scientific challenges necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean by means of the Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14). Here, we review how Acoustic animal Tracking, a widely distributed methodology of tracking marine biodiversity with electronic devices, can provide a roadmap for implementing the major Actions to achieve the SDG14. We show that acoustic tracking can be used to reduce and monitor the effects of marine pollution including noise, light, and plastic pollution. Acoustic tracking can be effectively used to monitor the responses of marine biodiversity to human-made infrastructures and habitat restoration, as well as to determine the effects of hypoxia, ocean warming, and acidification. Acoustic tracking has been historically used to inform fisheries management, the design of marine protected areas, and the detection of essential habitats, rendering this technique particularly attractive to achieve the sustainable fishing and spatial protection target goals of the SDG14. Finally, acoustic tracking can contribute to end illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing by providing tools to monitor marine biodiversity against poachers and promote the development of Small Islands Developing States and developing countries. To fully benefit from acoustic tracking supporting the SDG14 Targets, trans-boundary collaborative efforts through tracking networks are required to promote ocean information sharing and ocean literacy. We therefore propose acoustic tracking and tracking networks as relevant contributors to tackle the scientific challenges that are necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean promoted by the United Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Alós
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - David Abecasis
- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Research (IMAR/Okeanos), University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | | | - Jonathan Bolland
- Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Robert Lennox
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center AS, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Aytaç Özgül
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - David Villegas-Ríos
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain
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van der Knaap I, Slabbekoorn H, Moens T, Van den Eynde D, Reubens J. Effects of pile driving sound on local movement of free-ranging Atlantic cod in the Belgian North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118913. [PMID: 35114303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Offshore energy acquisition through the construction of wind farms is rapidly becoming one of the major sources of green energy all over the world. The construction of offshore wind farms contributes to the ocean soundscape as steel monopile foundations are commonly hammered into the seabed to anchor wind turbines. This pile driving activity causes repeated, impulsive, low-frequency sounds, reaching far into the environment, which may have an impact on the surrounding marine life. In this study, we investigated the effect of the construction of 50 wind turbine foundations, over a time span of four months, on the presence and movement behaviour of free-swimming, individually tagged Atlantic cod. The turbine foundations were constructed at a distance ranging between 2.3 and 7.1 km from the cod, which resided in a nearby, existing wind farm in the southern North Sea. Our results indicated that local fish remained in the exposed area during and in-between pile-driving activities, but showed some modest changes in movement patterns. The tagged cod did not increase their net movement activity, but moved closer to the scour-bed (i.e. hard substrate), surrounding their nearest turbine, during and after each piling event. Additionally, fish moved further away from the sound source, which was mainly due to the fact that they were positioned closer to a piling event before its start. We found no effect of the time since the last piling event. Long-term changes in movement behaviour can result in energy budget changes, and thereby in individual growth and maturation, eventually determining growth rate of populations. Consequently, although behavioural changes to pile driving in the current study seem modest, we believe that the potential for cumulative effects, and species-specific variation in impact, warrant more tagging studies in the future, with an emphasis on quantification of energy budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Knaap
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Marine Biology Lab, Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Lab, Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Reubens
- Flanders Marine Institute, Ostend, 8400, Belgium
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Rogers P, Debusschere E, Haan DD, Martin B, Slabbekoorn H. North Sea soundscapes from a fish perspective: Directional patterns in particle motion and masking potential from anthropogenic noise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:2174. [PMID: 34598635 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic world of animals is an acoustic world as sound is the most prominent sensory capacity to extract information about the environment for many aquatic species. Fish can hear particle motion, and a swim bladder potentially adds the additional capacity to sense sound pressure. Combining these capacities allows them to sense direction, distance, spectral content, and detailed temporal patterns. Both sound pressure and particle motion were recorded in a shallow part of the North Sea before and during exposure to a full-scale airgun array from an experimental seismic survey. Distinct amplitude fluctuations and directional patterns in the ambient noise were found to be fluctuating in phase with the tidal cycles and coming from distinct directions. It was speculated that the patterns may be determined by distant sources associated with large rivers and nearby beaches. Sounds of the experimental seismic survey were above the ambient conditions for particle acceleration up to 10 km from the source, at least as detectable for the measurement device, and up to 31 km for the sound pressure. These results and discussion provide a fresh perspective on the auditory world of fishes and a shift in the understanding about potential ranges over which they may have access to biologically relevant cues and be masked by anthropogenic noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rogers
- Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Dick de Haan
- Wageningen Marine Research, Haringkade 1, IJmuiden, 1976 CP, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Martin
- JASCO Applied Sciences, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333BE, The Netherlands
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van der Knaap I, Reubens J, Thomas L, Ainslie MA, Winter HV, Hubert J, Martin B, Slabbekoorn H. Effects of a seismic survey on movement of free-ranging Atlantic cod. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1555-1562.e4. [PMID: 33567289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Geophysical exploration of the seabed is typically done through seismic surveys, using airgun arrays that produce intense, low-frequency-sound pulses1 that can be heard over hundreds of square kilometers, 24/7.2,3 Little is known about the effects of these sounds on free-ranging fish behavior.4-6 Effects reported range from subtle individual change in activity and swimming depth for captive fish7,8 to potential avoidance9 and changes in swimming velocity and diurnal activity patterns for free-swimming animals.10 However, the extent and duration of behavioral responses to seismic surveys remain largely unexplored for most fish species.4 In this study, we investigated the effect of a full-scale seismic survey on the movement behavior of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). We found that cod did not leave the detection area more than expected during the experimental survey but that they left more quickly from 2 days to 2 weeks after the survey. Furthermore, during the exposure, cod decreased their activity, with time spent being "locally active" (moving small distances, showing high body acceleration) becoming shorter, and time spent being "inactive" (moving small distances, having low body acceleration) becoming longer. Additionally, diurnal activity cycles were disrupted with lower locally active peaks at dusk and dawn, periods when cod are known to actively feed.11,12 The combined effects of delayed deterrence and activity disruption indicate the potential for seismic surveys to affect energy budgets and to ultimately lead to population-level consequences.13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Knaap
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, the Netherlands; Marine Biology Lab, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Jan Reubens
- Flanders Marine Institute, Wandelaarkaai 7, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, Buchanan Gardens, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Michael A Ainslie
- JASCO Applied Sciences, Mergenthaler Allee 15-21, Eschborn 65760, Germany
| | - Hendrik V Winter
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Haringkade 1, IJmuiden 1976 CP, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hubert
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce Martin
- JASCO Applied Sciences, Mergenthaler Allee 15-21, Eschborn 65760, Germany; JASCO Applied Sciences, 202-32 Troop Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, the Netherlands
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8
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Hawkins AD, Popper AN. Sound detection by Atlantic cod: An overview. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:3027. [PMID: 33261395 DOI: 10.1121/10.0002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is among the commercially most important fish species in the world. Since sound plays such an important role in the lives of Atlantic cod and its related species, understanding of their bioacoustics is of great importance. Moreover, since cod are amenable to studies of hearing, especially in open bodies of water, they have the potential to become a "model species" for investigations of fish hearing. To serve as the basis for future studies, and to bring together what is now known about cod hearing, this paper reviews the literature to date. While there is some discussion of other species in the paper, the focus is upon what is already known about cod hearing, and what now needs to be known. An additional focus is on what knowledge of cod hearing tells about hearing in fishes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Hawkins
- The Aquatic Noise Trust, Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen, AB12 5YT, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur N Popper
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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