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Contreras-Porcia L, Meynard A, Bulboa C, Vargas P, Rivas J, Latorre-Padilla N, Navarrete SA, Search FV, Oyarzo-Miranda C, Toro-Mellado F. Expansion of marine pollution along the coast: Negative effects on kelps and contamination transference to benthic herbivores? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106229. [PMID: 37866196 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants that frequently co-occur in coastal environments. These contaminants can have negative impacts on the health and stability of marine and coastal ecosystems, affecting both the organisms themselves and the humans who consume them. A coastal industrial park in central Chile, housing a coal thermal power plant and other industrial activities, contributes to such pollution of coastal waters; however, neither the spatial alongshore distribution of heavy metals and PAHs, nor an assessment of their ecological effects on the biota have been systematically documented to date. In this paper, we present evidence regarding the direct negative effect of contamination by heavy metals and PAHs on the early life stages of kelps-being extremely harmful to their population persistence near highly polluted sites-as well as the indirect effects of their transference through the food web to higher trophic levels, leading to negative consequences for the feeding intake, growth, fertility, and larval development of marine herbivores that consume the contaminated seaweed. Likewise, the dispersion of contaminants by ocean currents can exacerbate the effects of pollution, having an adverse influence on marine ecosystem health even at sites far from the pollution source. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the distribution patterns and extent of pollution along the coast to understand the impact of heavy metals and PAHs pollution on seaweed populations and the food web. It is considered critical for the development of effective environmental policies and regulations to protect these ecosystems and the people who depend on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile.
| | - Andrés Meynard
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile
| | - Cristian Bulboa
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile
| | - Paulina Vargas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile
| | - Jorge Rivas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile
| | - Nicolás Latorre-Padilla
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile
| | - Sergio A Navarrete
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile & Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS-COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Francesca V Search
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile & Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS-COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Carolina Oyarzo-Miranda
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile
| | - Fernanda Toro-Mellado
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso, 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, 8370251, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Galbán-Malagón CJ, Zapata J, Perez-Venegas DJ, Vargas R, Latorre-Padilla N, Luarte T, Ahrendt C, Hirmas-Olivares A, Gómez-Aburto V, Tapia P, Isamit V, Arce P, Sánchez C, Pozo K. Occurrence, source estimation, and risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in coastal seawaters from the Quintero Industrial Complex (Valparaíso, Chile). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162957. [PMID: 36958545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the 1960s, the Quintero industrial complex was inaugurated in Chile. This began a history of dramatic anthropogenic impacts on the Chilean coast. Among the known, we could mention high atmospheric emissions of chemicals due to combustion processes and frequent oil spills. For this reason, we surveyed the concentrations of fifteen EPAPAHs in the surface coastal waters of the Quintero Bay area in 2015. The levels found are in the range of the highest levels when reviewing the literature (0.97 μg L-1 up to 9.84 μg L-1). The highest levels were found in the vicinity of the industrial complex and decreased in the other two zones. The concentration of individual compounds significantly exceeds the levels recommended by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the EU water framework directive (WFD). The risk estimations revealed that PAH concentrations represent high-risk for wildlife. Molecular ratios of PAHs were used to identify the possible sources, being these were mainly of pyrogenic origin, agreeing with an origin in the combustion of wood, coal, grass, and fossil fuels. This study contributes to the first data for surface water in a country's highly impacted industrial coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - J Zapata
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D J Perez-Venegas
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - R Vargas
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile
| | - N Latorre-Padilla
- Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidada Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés, Bello, Quintay, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - T Luarte
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile; Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidada Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Ahrendt
- Fundación Acción Natural, Laguna, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A Hirmas-Olivares
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile
| | - V Gómez-Aburto
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología Antártica POLARIX, Chile
| | - P Tapia
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Isamit
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Arce
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Sánchez
- Escuela de Geología, Universidad Mayor, San Pío X 2422, 7510041 Providencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - K Pozo
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y diseño, Lientur 1457, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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Latorre-Padilla N, Meynard A, Rivas J, Contreras-Porcia L. Transfer of Pollutants from Macrocystis pyrifera to Tetrapygus niger in a Highly Impacted Coastal Zone of Chile. TOXICS 2021; 9:244. [PMID: 34678940 PMCID: PMC8539136 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PAHs and heavy metals are characteristic pollutants in urbanized coastal areas, especially those with industrial activity. Given this context and the ability of Macrocystis pyrifera to drift when detached and provide trophic subsidy in coastal systems, we analyzed the potential transfer of pollutants to the herbivore Tetrapygus niger, through diet, in an industrialized coastal zone in Central Chile (Caleta Horcón) and characterized the impacted zone using diverse polluted ecotoxicological indices. For this purpose, a culture experiment was conducted where M. pyrifera individuals from Algarrobo (control site) were cultivated in Caleta Horcón and then used as food for T. niger. The contents of both PAHs and heavy metal contents were subsequently determined in algal tissue and sea urchin gonads as well as in the seawater. The results show that algae cultivated in Caleta Horcón had higher concentrations of naphthalene (NAF) compared to those from a low industrial impact zone (Algarrobo) (2.5 and 1.8 mg kg-1, respectively). The concentrations of Cu, As, and Cd were higher in Caleta Horcón than in Algarrobo in both M. pyrifera and T. niger. For all metals, including Pb, higher concentrations were present in T. niger than in M. pyrifera (between 5 and 798 times higher). Additionally, as indicated by the toxicological indices MPI (0.00804) and PLI (10.89), Caleta Horcón is highly contaminated with metals compared to Algarrobo (0.0006 and 0.015, respectively). Finally, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and trophic transfer factor (TTF) values were greater than one in most cases, with values in Caleta Horcón exceeding those in Algarrobo by one or two orders of magnitude. This study provides evidence that Caleta Horcón is a highly impacted zone (HIZ) compared to Algarrobo, in addition to evidence that the biomagnification of certain pollutants, including the possible responses to contaminants, are apparently not exclusively transferred to T. niger through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Latorre-Padilla
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (N.L.-P.); (A.M.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Andrés Meynard
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (N.L.-P.); (A.M.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Jorge Rivas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (N.L.-P.); (A.M.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (N.L.-P.); (A.M.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
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Jara-Yáñez R, Meynard A, Acosta G, Latorre-Padilla N, Oyarzo-Miranda C, Castañeda F, Piña F, Rivas J, Bulboa C, Contreras-Porcia L. Negative Consequences on the Growth, Morphometry, and Community Structure of the Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) by a Short Pollution Pulse of Heavy Metals and PAHs. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9080190. [PMID: 34437508 PMCID: PMC8402373 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of pollution effects in the marine environment has become important in recent decades, and the exposure to simultaneous pollutants has become especially relevant. Indeed, the study of key organisms, such as ecosystem engineers, can show a broader view of the effects of pollutants. In this context, we evaluate in situ the effects of a short (7-day) pollution pulse of combined solutions of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Cu + PAHs, Cd + PAHs, Cu + Cd, and Cu + Cd + PAHs) on the development and morphological features of Macrocystis pyrifera sporophytes over a period of 90 days. Additionally, we determined the effects on the community structure associated with this kelp. This study evidenced a smaller number of blades and a decreased size of blades and holdfasts, as well as the death of individuals exposed to a secondary mix of metals (Cu + Cd) and a tertiary mix of pollutants (Cu + Cd + PAHs). Regarding the effects on the accompanying fauna, low richness and diversity were registered. M. pyrifera grazers, according to the mixture of pollutants, were either absent or diminished. These results show that the pulse of contamination in the early stages of M. pyrifera negatively affects its development and morphometry, as well as its role as an ecosystem engineer, due to a negative alteration in the species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddy Jara-Yáñez
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Andrés Meynard
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Gladys Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicolás Latorre-Padilla
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Carolina Oyarzo-Miranda
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Francisco Castañeda
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
| | - Florentina Piña
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Jorge Rivas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Cristian Bulboa
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.C.-P.)
| | - Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile; (R.J.-Y.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (N.L.-P.); (C.O.-M.); (F.C.); (F.P.); (J.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.C.-P.)
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