Species and functional diversity of marine macrobenthic community and benthic habitat quality assessment in semi-enclosed waters upon recovering from eutrophication, Bohai Bay, China

Decadal variation and temporal stability of the macrobenthic community in the Bohai Sea, China

Biodiversity in the Bohai Sea is threatened by climate change and human activities. An analysis based on decadal macrobenthic community data was conducted to assess the ecological health. These findings revealed the temporal and spatial variations in species composition and biodiversity, which were primarily influenced by depth, temperature and dissolved oxygen content. The community structure in 2014 exhibited a 70 % dissimilarity compared to other years, and biodiversity was lower in 2014. The dominant species showed a trend towards miniaturization. Abundance-biomass comparison curves indicated that community disturbance improved by implementing various policies. Overall, communities in the Bohai Sea remained stable, except in the Bohai Strait (BH), where synchronous fluctuations with an increasing trend were observed. Enhancing biodiversity and addressing the risks associated with losing single species are essential for maintaining community stability. The community also displayed synchronous tendencies in Laizhou Bay, emphasizing the need for continued long-term monitoring.

Deciphering macrobenthic biological traits in response to long-term eutrophication in Xiangshan Bay, China

As an emerging global issue in coastal marine ecosystems, eutrophication may lead to profound ecological consequences or disasters. Six locations in Xiangshan Bay were sampled during 2012-2022 along the eutrophication gradient from the innermost bay with the most eutrophication to the outer bay with the least eutrophication. A trait-based method was adopted to explore the ecological effects of eutrophication on macrobenthic communities. The results showed that the community composition is mostly characterized by deposit feeders and predators with small (1-3 cm) and large (> 10 cm) body sizes, classified as indifferent and tolerant species (AMBI ecological groups), deposit feeders and predators (feeding mode), and a preference for a free living lifestyle. The RLQ and fourth-corner analyses further confirmed that there was a negative correlation between the abundance of small macrobenthic organisms (< 1 cm) and nitrate concentration. Phosphorus was a crucial influencing factor for macrobenthic spatial patterns and was strongly affected by the activities of deposit feeders and the decomposition of macrobenthos. Due to mass organic deposition resulting from increased primary production, long-term eutrophication had led to an increase in the proportion of detritus feeders. In addition, the significant negative correlation between the concentration of dissolved oxygen and first-order opportunistic species represented by the polychaete Capitella capitata indicated tolerance to hypoxia. The macrobenthic community in Xiangshan Bay had been negatively affected but maintains considerable stability in functional diversity and functional redundancy under the influence of long-term eutrophication.

Nutrient changes in the Bohai Sea over the past two decades

With the growing problem of eutrophication in the Bohai Sea, actions have been taken to reduce nutrient inputs, but it remains to be seen whether nutrient levels and structure have been ameliorated. In this study, the nutrient trends in the Bohai Sea are re-examined based on observations from 2000 to 2019. The results suggest that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and DIN/DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphate) ratios gradually increased from 2000 to 2013 but dramatically decreased from 2013 to 2019. The increase and decrease rates of DIN concentrations decreased with increasing water depth, indicating that DIN concentrations in nearshore waters responded more rapidly to changes in human activities. However, DIP concentrations responded weakly to nutrient inputs, with their trends uncoupled. The DIN/DIP ratios have declined close to and in some seasons even below the canonical Redfield ratio in areas with water depths >20 m recently, implying that relative nutrient limitation in these areas may be shifting from relative phosphorus (P) limitation to absence of relative nutrient limitation or relative nitrogen (N) limitation. Atmospheric deposition, wastewater discharge, and riverine input were responsible for 66 %, 21 %, and 13 % of the variance in the decline of DIN concentration, respectively. Several environmental indicators responded positively to the decrease in DIN concentrations and DIN/DIP ratios, with varying degrees of recovery recently. Our study proves the phased success of various nutrient reduction measures taken by the Chinese government to improve the environment of the Bohai Sea over the past decade.

Dissolved and particulate heavy metal pollution status in seawater and sedimentary heavy metals of the Bohai Bay

Heavy metal contamination has been the focus of many studies owing to its potential risk on the health of coastal ecosystems. The Bohai Bay (BHB) is the second largest bay of Bohai Sea and subjected to serious anthropogenic perturbations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and pollution status of toxic heavy metals in seawater with two fractions (dissolved and suspended particulate phases) and surface sediments of this coastal system. Therefore, several hydrochemical parameters and concentration of seawater metals and sediment metals were measured at two cruises of 2020 summer and autumn. The spatial distribution and potential ecological risks were examined and their inter-element relationships were analyzed to identify potential geochemical processes. By comparing historical data since 1978, we find declining trends in contents of most trace metals in seawater and sediments, suggesting that recent pollution control in BHB have an effect on diminishing metal pollution. Dissolved metals showed no significant dependence on their particulate phase. The seawater posed a moderate to high level of ecological risk. The hydrochemical factors mainly had a greater impact on dissolved metals during summer, whereas they influenced suspended metals more significantly during autumn. These results provide fundamental information to support environmental quality management and ecological protection in coastal systems.

Responses of biological traits of macrobenthic fauna to a eutrophication gradient in a semi-enclosed bay, China

The impacts of eutrophication on benthic ecological functions are of increasing concern in recent years. In order to assess the response of macrobenthic fauna to increasing eutrophication, two field sampling surveys were conducted during the summer (July-August 2020) and autumn (October-November 2020) from offshore, nearshore to estuarine sediments in Bohai Bay, northern China. Biological trait analysis was employed for the assessment of macrofaunal samples. The results indicated that there was an increase in the proportion of benthic burrowering or tube-dwelling sediment feeders and taxa with higher larval dispersal ability, but a decrease in the proportion of taxa showing high motility in areas with higher nutrient levels. Seasonal differences were also noted in the shift in biological traits, with a significantly lower similarity among the sampling areas in summer and a higher proportion of carnivorous taxa in autumn. The findings suggested that long-term disturbance can lead to the dominance of smaller body-sized benthic species and reduced sediment quality, impeding ecological recovery of benthic organisms under such harsh environment.

Assessment of eutrophication from Xiaoqing River estuary to Laizhou Bay: Further warning of ecosystem degradation in typically polluted estuary

The coast of Laizhou Bay is plagued by a number of environmental issues, such as eutrophication, which are likely to worsen over the next few decades as a result of trends toward industrialization and urbanization. High nutrient levels in the Xiaoqing River are believed to be the main cause of Laizhou Bay becoming eutrophicated. Therefore, we conducted two cruises from the Xiaoqing River estuary to Laizhou Bay in August 2022 and December 2022, respectively, in the wet and dry periods to assess the potential impact of status of eutrophication due to human activities. The results showed that the concentration of DIN was higher than the quality standard for water (f_i > 1) in both the wet season (August 2022) and the dry season (December 2022). DIN has major environmental impacts in Laizhou Bay. The eutrophication level index and organic pollution index have obvious spatial and temporal characteristics. In terms of time, the dry season is higher than the wet season. In space, Xiaoqing estuary is higher than Laizhou Bay. In the two surveys, DIN and DIP concentrations were significantly positively correlated, indicating that N and P pollution in the region had a common source and destination, and the spatial distribution was also similar. In addition, the current environmental conditions in the region are not ideal, reaching moderate and severe eutrophication levels, which proves that the ecosystem has the risk of aggravating degradation. As the Xiaoqing River is about to resume full navigation, human-related nutrient input (especially DIN) will continue to increase, and it is expected that the eutrophication risk in this area will increase in the next few years due to the increase in nutrient load.

Spatial and temporal changes in the assembly mechanism and co-occurrence network of the chromophytic phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems under anthropogenic influences

As a typical semiclosed coastal sea area in China, the ecological environment of Bohai Bay has been significantly disturbed by human activities. As primary producers, the chromophytic phytoplankton are the basis of ecosystems, especially in coastal ecosystems, and changes in the chromophytic phytoplankton community can affect the stability of the entire ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effects of the human activity-induced spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity on the community composition, diversity, assembly mechanisms, and co-occurrence networks of chromophytic phytoplankton in Bohai Bay during the wet season and the dry season. The results showed that in both seasons, there was obvious environmental heterogeneity between the nearshore area and the offshore area, and the nearshore areas were more affected by human disturbance. Although higher diversity was supported by the abundance of nutrients in nearshore areas, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the chromophytic phytoplankton were less closely connected to each other in nearshore areas than in offshore areas due to chemical oxygen demand (COD), eutrophication index (EI), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The nearshore network was less stable than the offshore co-occurrence network in both seasons, which was related to the concentration of dissolved oxygen and COD. Both stochastic and deterministic processes dominated the assembly of the chromophytic phytoplankton communities, with different importance rankings of stochastic and deterministic processes in the nearshore and offshore areas. Drift dominated the assembly of the communities in nearshore areas, while variable selection dominated the assembly of the communities in offshore areas. DIN, EI, and COD, rather than geographic distance, were the main environmental factors affecting the phylogenetic turnover of the chromophytic phytoplankton. Our study showed that environmental heterogeneity caused by human disturbance had a greater impact on the chromophytic phytoplankton communities in Bohai Bay than natural factors such as temperature and salinity.