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Guo C, Lan W, Guo M, Lv X, Xu X, Lei K. Spatiotemporal distribution patterns and coupling effects of aquatic environmental factors in the dry-wet season over a decade from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116596. [PMID: 38905738 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the 21st century, the Beibu Gulf area has been affected by increasing anthropogenic activities, which makes the coastal aquatic ecosystem extremely concerning. However, the comprehensive exploration and analysis of the long-term scale behavior change characteristics of various water quality environment factors is still limited. Through comprehensively detecting coastal surface water environmental behavior information from 33 locations in the Beibu Gulf from 2005 to 2015, we revealed and quantified mutual response characteristics and patterns of various environmental indicators. The main environmental pollution indicators (e.g., COD, NH4+, NO3-, and DIP) showed a gradual decrease in concentration from the coast to the offshore sea area, and significantly increases during the wet season. The semi-enclosed Maowei Sea exhibited the most prominent performance with significant differences compared to other regions in Beibu Gulf. The average Chlorophyll-a (Chla) content in the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf during the wet season was more than twice that of the dry season, yet the interaction pattern between Chla and environmental factors in the two seasons was opposite to its concentration behavior, accompanied by a closely significant relationship with thermohaline structure and the input of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients. The multivariate statistical analysis results of total nutrient dynamics suggested that the Beibu Gulf was clearly divided into different regions in both dry and wet season clusters. The present study can provide a comprehensive perspective for the spatial and temporal migration patterns and transformation laws of coastal water environmental factor, which should contribute to improve the prevention countermeasure of nutrient pollution in coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenlu Lan
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Meixiu Guo
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xubo Lv
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiangqin Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Li J, Yang S, Wang F, Gao M, He L, Zhao G, Ye S, Liu Y, Hu K. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in riverine sediments along the East China Sea: A large-scale integrated analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116382. [PMID: 38678739 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study comprehensively assesses spatial distribution, pollution levels, and potential sources of heavy metal(loid)s in surface sediments across multiple river systems along the coastal area of the East China Sea. Copper in Qiantang River and Xiangshan Bay showed higher concentations and exceeded the threshold effect value, while the higher content of Lead was mainly found in the Saijiang River, Oujiang River, and Minjiang River. Heavy metal(loid)s in the alluvium of Qiantang River, Jiaojiang River, and Yangtze River showed low to moderate pollution levels, with Cd posing the highest ecological risk, followed by Hg. Meanwhile, Qiantang River, Jiaojiang River, Yangtze River, and Oujiang River exhibited considerable to moderate ecological risks and low toxic risk. PMF model analysis results reveal that concentrations of Cr, Ni, and As were closely related with natural geogenic input (36.56 %), while industrial and traffic activities (48.77 %) were primary source of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg, and main source of Cd was agricultural emissions (14.67 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China
| | - Shixiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 266237 Qingdao, China; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China; School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China.
| | - Maosheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
| | - Kaichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, 266273 Qingdao, China; School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Qiao L, Chen Y, Ren C, Li T, Zhao A, Fan S, Bao J. Benthic foraminiferal community structure and its response to environmental factors revealed using high-throughput sequencing in the Zhoushan Fishing Ground, East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116385. [PMID: 38669854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Benthic foraminifera are excellent tools for monitoring marine environments and reconstructing paleoenvironments. This study investigated the structure and diversity of benthic foraminiferal communities in 20 superficial sediment samples obtained from the Zhoushan Fishing Ground (ZFG) using high-throughput sequencing based on small subunit ribosomal DNA and RNA amplification. The results revealed Rotaliida as the most dominant group, with spatial heterogeneity in foraminiferal distribution. Total benthic foraminiferal communities exhibited higher species richness and diversity compared to active communities. While heavy metal pollution in the ZFG was moderate, areas with elevated concentrations of heavy metals exhibited low diversity and richness in foraminiferal communities. Total foraminiferal community structure was primarily influenced by factors such as water depth and Hg, Pb, Cd, and Zn levels. Notably, Hg levels emerged as a critical factor impacting the structure and diversity of the active foraminiferal community. The dominant species, Operculina, exhibited tolerance toward heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chengzhe Ren
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Anran Zhao
- School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China
| | - Songyao Fan
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China
| | - Jingjiao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
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Ni Z, Liu J, Cui W, Cao L, Dou S. Interactive impacts of CO 2-induced seawater acidification and cadmium exposure on antioxidant defenses of juvenile tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116284. [PMID: 38522335 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidant responses of juvenile sole exposed to seawater acidification (SA) and Cd were investigated. SA increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the fish, independent of Cd concentrations. Cd at medium and high levels inflated LPO under no or moderate SA conditions. This effect was absent under high SA levels, due to SA effect exceeding and obscuring Cd effect. SA and Cd collaborated to provoke LPO, with SOD and CAT being stimulated to defend against oxidative stress, while those related to GSH redox cycle were inhibited under SA exposure. Responses of GSH-related antioxidants to Cd impact varied contingent on their interactions with SA. This defensive strategy was insufficient to protect fish from increased LPO. Antioxidants responded more sensitively to SA than Cd exposure. GSH, GR, SOD and CAT are sensitive biomarkers for SA conditions. The findings offer insights into assessing fish's antioxidant defense strategy under Cd and SA circumstances in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenting Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Liang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuozeng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Peng D, Zhang J, Fan C, Zhu B, Fu M, Zhang P. Effects of terrestrial input on heavy metals in Zhanjiang Bay, a typical subtropical bay in the South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116015. [PMID: 38217917 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of terrestrial inputs on heavy metals in bays is crucial for the environmental protection of regional estuaries and coastal systems. In this study, the concentrations, temporal and regional distribution characteristics, and fluxes of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in the surface seawater and terrestrial sewage of Zhanjiang Bay (ZJB) in four different seasons were investigated. The results identified the heavy metal concentrations in the sewage outlet around ZJB had significant seasonal variation. The heavy metals in the surface seawater of ZJB had significant spatiotemporal variations. Terrestrial input, biological activity and hydrodynamics affected the overall distribution. The heavy metal emission fluxes indicated that riverine input was the main influencing factor for heavy metals in ZJB (96.22 %). The fluxes of heavy metals into ZJB increased significantly after the typhoon (Cu: 127 %, Zn: 63 %, Pb: 136 %), it was possible to deteriorate the seawater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Peng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088..
| | - Chuping Fan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088
| | - Bo Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088
| | - Miaojian Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524088..
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Zou Y, Lou S, Zhang Z, Liu S, Zhou X, Zhou F, Radnaeva LD, Nikitina E, Fedorova IV. Predictions of heavy metal concentrations by physiochemical water quality parameters in coastal areas of Yangtze river estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115951. [PMID: 38150976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the degradation-resistant and strong toxicity, heavy metals pose a serious threat to the safety of water environment and aquatic ecology. Rapid acquisition and prediction of heavy metal concentrations are of paramount importance for water resource management and environmental preservation. In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) and physicochemical parameters of water quality including Temperature (Temp), pH, Oxygen redox potential (ORP), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Electrical resistivity (RES), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity (SAL), Cyanobacteria (BGA-PE), and turbidity (NTU) were measured at seven stations in the Yangtze river estuary. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the main factors and sources of heavy metals. Results of PCA revealed that the main sources of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd were steel industry wastewater, domestic and industrial sewage, whereas shipping and vessel emissions were typically considered sources of Pb and Cu. Spearman correlation analysis identified Temp, pH, ORP, EC, RES, TDS, and SAL as the key physicochemical parameters of water quality, exhibiting the strongest correlation with heavy metal concentrations in sediment and water samples. Based on these results, multiple linear regression as well as non-linear models (SVM and RF) were constructed for predicting heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that the results of the nonlinear model were more suitable for predicting the concentrations of most heavy metals than the linear model, with average R values of the SVM test set and RF test set being 0.83 and 0.90. The RF model showed better applicability for simulating the concentration of heavy metals along the Yangtze river estuary. It was demonstrated that non-linear research methods provided efficient and accurate predictions of heavy metal concentrations in a simple and rapid manner, thereby offering decision-making support for watershed managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sha Lou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhirui Zhang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Larisa Dorzhievna Radnaeva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Elena Nikitina
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Irina Viktorovna Fedorova
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, 7-9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St Petersburg, Russia
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Mei K, Shi M, Chen N, Wang D. Dynamics and geochemical responses of dissolved metals (Mn and Cu) in a subtropical estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6082-6093. [PMID: 38147242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The research delved into the occurrence and dynamics of dissolved metals, specifically manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), within the Jiulong River Estuary, South China, a medium-sized subtropical estuary. Our findings unveiled a nuanced seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved metals throughout the entire estuarine system. Notably, dissolved Mn concentrations peaked (~ 3.5 μM) in the upper estuary, diminishing sharply along the salinity gradient, with a modest rise in the middle estuary and outer Xiamen Bay. In the upper estuary, heightened concentrations of dissolved Mn occurred in spring due to augmented terrestrial particle inputs, followed by suboxically reductive releases; conversely, concentrations were low in summer, attributed to dilution from increased freshwater discharges and particle scavenging. In contrast, dissolved Cu exhibited differently, with elevated concentrations (29.2-37.5 nM) in the upper and middle estuaries, driven by reductive dissolution of Mn particles and chloride-induced ion exchanges, respectively. Concurrently, heightened inputs of nutrients and metals correlated with elevated phytoplankton productivity (indicated by chlorophyll a) in the upper and outer estuary regions. Our analysis underscored the sensitivity of dissolved metals to environmental parameters, including temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The integration of compiled historical data underscored the dynamic nature of dissolved metals, particularly Cu, in response to geochemical processes.The elevated ion levels indicated intensified ion releases from particles and sediments, attributable to increased anthropogenic perturbation and climatic changes (e. g. ocean warming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mengqiu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Nengwang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Deli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Zhang X, Du W, Xu Z, Cundy AB, Croudace IW, Zhang W, Jin H, Chen J. The distribution and enrichment of trace elements in surface and core sediments from the Changjiang River Estuary, China: Evidence for anthropogenic inputs and enhanced availability of rare earth elements (REE). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115082. [PMID: 37352799 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Huge amount of trace metals emitted through manmade activities are carried by the Changjiang River into the East China Sea. Most of them deposit in the Changjiang River Estuary and threaten the regional aquatic environment. In this study, major and trace elements of 34 archive surface sediments and two cores are examined. Sequential extraction procedures were also performed on surface sediments from 12 sites. We found that Tl, Tm, Er show distinct accumulation in surface sediments in the order of Tm > Tl > Er. Particularly, abnormally elevated HREE are observed mainly in those sites near the mouth of the estuary. Most elements exhibit an obvious reduction in the upper 30 cm of core B8, reflecting a decrease of sediment discharge from Changjiang River runoff. The increase of some trace elements recorded in the upper 20 cm of core C3 demonstrates a distinct local anthropogenic input in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Wen Du
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Andrew B Cundy
- GAU-Radioanalytical, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre (Southampton), University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ian W Croudace
- GAU-Radioanalytical, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre (Southampton), University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
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