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Xiao W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Sha A, Xiong Z, Luo Y, Peng L, Zou L, Zhao C, Li Q. The Easily Overlooked Effect of Global Warming: Diffusion of Heavy Metals. TOXICS 2024; 12:400. [PMID: 38922080 PMCID: PMC11209588 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Since industrialization, global temperatures have continued to rise. Human activities have resulted in heavy metals being freed from their original, fixed locations. Because of global warming, glaciers are melting, carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing, weather patterns are shifting, and various environmental forces are at play, resulting in the movement of heavy metals and alteration of their forms. In this general context, the impact of heavy metals on ecosystems and organisms has changed accordingly. For most ecosystems, the levels of heavy metals are on the rise, and this rise can have a negative impact on the ecosystem as a whole. Numerous studies have been conducted to analyze the combined impacts of climate change and heavy metals. However, the summary of the current studies is not perfect. Therefore, this review discusses how heavy metals affect ecosystems during the process of climate change from multiple perspectives, providing some references for addressing the impact of climate warming on environmental heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaodie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ajia Sha
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yingyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Changsong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
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Zhang Z, Ma J, Chen F, Chen Y, Pan K, Liu H. Mechanisms underlying the alleviated cadmium toxicity in marine diatoms adapted to ocean acidification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132804. [PMID: 37890381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have significantly increased the influx of carbon dioxide and metals into the marine environment. Combining ocean acidification (OA) and metal pollution may lead to unforeseen biological and ecological consequences. Several studies have shown that OA reduces cadmium (Cd) toxicity in marine diatoms. Although these studies have shed light on the physiological and transcriptomic responses of diatoms exposed to Cd, many aspects of the mechanisms underlying the reduced metal accumulation in diatoms remain unknown. This study aims to address this unresolved question by comparing Cd subcellular distribution, antioxidant enzyme activity, relative expression of metal transporters, surface potential, surface composition, and transmembrane potential in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown under ambient and 1200 µatm pCO2 conditions. Our findings reveal that diatoms grown in acidified seawater exhibit higher surface potential and higher plasma membrane depolarization. These changes and the competing effects of increased H+ concentration result in a blunted response of P. tricornutum to the Cd challenge. Consequently, this study offers a new explanation for mitigating Cd toxicity by marine diatoms adapted to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jie Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yingya Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Pan
- SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Kim MS, Lee YH, Lee Y, Byeon E, Kim DH, Wang M, Hagiwara A, Aranda M, Wu RSS, Park HG, Lee JS. Transgenerational adaptation to ocean acidification determines the susceptibility of filter-feeding rotifers to nanoplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132593. [PMID: 37776776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of marine organisms to the impending challenges presented by ocean acidification (OA) is essential for their future survival, and mechanisms underlying OA adaptation have been reported in several marine organisms. In the natural environment, however, marine organisms are often exposed to a combination of environmental stressors, and the interactions between adaptive responses have yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of filter-feeding rotifers to short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) (≥180 generations) high CO2 conditions coupled with nanoplastic (NPs) exposure (ST+ and LT+). Adaptation of rotifers to elevated CO2 caused differences in ingestion and accumulation of NPs, resulting in a significantly different mode of action on in vivo endpoints between the ST+ and LT+ groups. Moreover, microRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation was strongly correlated with the varied adaptive responses between the ST+ and LT+ groups, revealing novel regulatory targets and pathways. Our results indicate that pre-exposure history to increased CO2 levels is an important factor in the susceptibility of rotifers to NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Minghua Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative region of China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Jiang S, Xue Y, Wang M, Wang H, Liu L, Dai Y, Liu X, Yue T, Zhao J. Sediment-seawater exchange altered adverse effects of ocean acidification towards marine microalgae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162533. [PMID: 36870492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) exhibits high threat to marine microalgae. However, the role of marine sediment in the OA-induced adverse effect towards microalgae is largely unknown. In this work, the effects of OA (pH 7.50) on the growth of individual and co-cultured microalgae (Emiliania huxleyi, Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis) were systematically investigated in the sediment-seawater systems. OA inhibited E. huxleyi growth by 25.21 %, promoted P. helgolandica (tsingtaoensis) growth by 15.49 %, while did not cause any effect on the other three microalgal species in the absence of sediment. In the presence of the sediment, OA-induced growth inhibition of E. huxleyi was significantly mitigated, because the released chemicals (N, P and Fe) from seawater-sediment interface increased the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress. For P. tricornutum, C. vulgaris and P. helgolandica (tsingtaoensis), the growth was significantly increased in the presence of sediment in comparison with those under OA alone or normal seawater (pH 8.10). For I. galbana, the growth was inhibited when the sediment was introduced. Additionally, in the co-culturing system, C. vulgaris and P. tricornutum were the dominant species, while OA increased the proportions of dominant species and decreased the community stability as indicated by Shannon and Pielou's indexes. After the introduction of sediment, the community stability was recovered, but remained lower than that under normal condition. This work demonstrated the role of sediment in the biological responses to OA, and could be helpful for better understanding the impact of OA on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Jiang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yinhao Xue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanhui Dai
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Gao W, Qu B, Yuan H, Song J, Li W. Heavy metal mobility in contaminated sediments under seawater acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115062. [PMID: 37216879 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of heavy metals in contaminated sediment is of ecological significance considering the change of pH caused by ocean acidification. This study investigated the mobility of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Mn under experimental conditions for seawater acidification via enrichment of CO2 gas at different reaction set-ups. The results indicated that the concerned metals behaved differently in the water compared to the sediment. The heavy metals were considerably transferred from sediment to seawater, and the resultant intensity was controlled by the degree of acidification and the chemical state of specific metals. Moreover, labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments were more susceptible to acidification than other fractions. These findings were observed and confirmed using real-time monitoring conducted via the diffusion gradient technique (DGT). Overall, the results of this study provided new insights into exploring the coupling risk of heavy metals with ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Baoxiao Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Huamao Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinming Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weibing Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Jin P, Wan J, Dai X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Lin J, Lu Y, Liang S, Xiao M, Zhao J, Xu L, Li M, Peng B, Xia J. Long-term adaptation to elevated temperature but not CO 2 alleviates the negative effects of ultraviolet-B radiation in a marine diatom. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 186:105929. [PMID: 36863076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multifaceted changes in marine environments as a result of anthropogenic activities are likely to have a compounding impact on the physiology of marine phytoplankton. Most studies on the combined effects of rising pCO2, sea surface temperature, and UVB radiation on marine phytoplankton were only conducted in the short-term, which does not allow to test the adaptive capacity of phytoplankton and associated potential trade-offs. Here, we investigated populations of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum that were long-term (∼3.5 years, ∼3000 generations) adapted to elevated CO2 and/or elevated temperatures, and their physiological responses to short-term (∼2 weeks) exposure of two levels of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. Our results showed that while elevated UVB radiation showed predominantly negative effects on the physiological performance of P. tricornutum regardless of adaptation regimes. Elevated temperature alleviated these effects on most of the measured physiological parameters (e.g., photosynthesis). We also found that elevated CO2 can modulate these antagonistic interactions, and conclude that long-term adaptation to sea surface warming and rising CO2 may alter this diatom's sensitivity to elevated UVB radiation in the environment. Our study provides new insights into marine phytoplankton's long-term responses to the interplay of multiple environmental changes driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiaofeng Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunyue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiali Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yucong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shiman Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mengting Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Leyao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mingke Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Baoyi Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Thangaraj S, Liu H, Guo Y, Ding C, Kim IN, Sun J. Transitional traits determine the acclimation characteristics of the coccolithophore Chrysotila dentata to ocean warming and acidification. Environ Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36721374 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification interactively affect the coccolithophore physiology and drives major biogeochemical changes. While numerous studies investigated coccolithophore under short-term conditions, knowledge on how different transitional periods over long-exposure could influence the element, macromolecular and metabolic changes for its acclimation are largely unknown. We cultured the coccolithophore Chrysotila dentata, (culture generations of 1st, 10th, and 20th) under present (low-temperature low-carbon-dioxide [LTLC]) and projected (high-temperature high-carbon-dioxide [HTHC]) ocean conditions. We examined elemental and macromolecular component changes and sequenced a transcriptome. We found that with long-exposure, most physiological responses in HTHC cells decreased when compared with those in LTLC, however, HTHC cell physiology showed constant elevation between each generation. Specifically, compared to 1st generation, the 20th generation HTHC cells showed increases in quota carbon (Qc:29%), nitrogen (QN :101%), and subsequent changes in C:N-ratio (68%). We observed higher lipid accumulation than carbohydrates within HTHC cells under long-exposure, suggesting that lipids were used as an alternative energy source for cellular acclimation. Protein biosynthesis pathways increased their efficiency during long-term HTHC condition, indicating that cells produced more proteins than required to initiate acclimation. Our findings suggest that the coccolithophore resilience increased between the 1st-10th generation to initiate the acclimation process under ocean warming and acidifying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeswaran Thangaraj
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Changling Ding
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Il-Nam Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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