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Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Swanson L, DeGuara S, Wang W, Yin F, Saini T, Weiss RJ, Selleck SB. Altering heparan sulfate suppresses cell abnormalities and neuron loss in Drosophila presenilin model of Alzheimer Disease. iScience 2024; 27:110256. [PMID: 39109174 PMCID: PMC11302002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the function of heparan-sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in pathways affecting Alzheimer disease (AD)-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. Mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin-dependent cell loss were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn, together with partial loss-of-function of sulfateless (sfl), a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in human cell lines, Drosophila, and mouse astrocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3, and APOE4. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced apoptosis and cell loss in the brain, phenotypes suppressed by reductions in sfl expression. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposomes, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by reduction of sfl. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schultheis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Robert J. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shalini Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mackenzie O'Donnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Roseman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sophia DeGuara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tripti Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott B. Selleck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Wang W, Yin F, Weiss R, Selleck SB. Heparan sulfate modified proteins affect cellular processes central to neurodegeneration and modulate presenilin function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576895. [PMID: 38328107 PMCID: PMC10849577 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PSEN1) are the most common cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), typically producing cognitive deficits in the fourth decade. A variant of APOE, APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch) , was found associated with protection from both cognitive decline and Tau accumulation in a 70-year-old bearing the disease-causing PSEN1-E280A mutation. The amino acid change in ApoE3ch is within the heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain of APOE, and purified APOEch showed dramatically reduced affinity for heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS. The physiological significance of ApoE3ch is supported by studies of a mouse bearing a knock-in of this human variant and its effects on microglia reactivity and Aβ-induced Tau deposition. The studies reported here examine the function of heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in cellular and molecular pathways affecting AD-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. The mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin- dependent cell loss and pathology were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn , together with partial loss of function of sulfateless (sfl) , a homolog of NDST1 , a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in cultured human cell lines, Drosophila , and mouse astrocytes. RNAi of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3 , and APOE4 . RNA-sequence analysis of human cells deficient in HS synthesis demonstrated effects on the transcriptome governing lipid metabolism, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and showed significant enrichment in AD susceptibility genes identified by GWAS. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced cell loss in the brain and behavioral phenotypes, both suppressed by simultaneous reductions in sfl mRNA levels. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposome morphology, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by simultaneous reduction of sfl. sfl knockdown reversed Psn- dependent transcript changes in genes affecting lipid transport, metabolism, and monocarboxylate carriers. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Urtizberea JA, Severa G, Ropars J, Malfatti E. [The Schwartz-Jampel syndrome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39 Hors série n° 1:37-46. [PMID: 37975769 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS, OMIM #255800) is an ultra-rare genetic disease characterized by myotonic manifestations combined with bone and cartilage abnormalities. Following an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, its prevalence is more significant in highly-inbred areas. The unraveling of the HSPG2 gene encoding a protein of the basal lamina enabled a better nosological delineation of the syndrome. The diagnosis is usually strongly suspected at the clinical level and then confirmed by molecular biology. To date, the treatment remains essentially symptomatic.
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Schultheis N, Becker R, Berhanu G, Kapral A, Roseman M, Shah S, Connell A, Selleck S. Regulation of autophagy, lipid metabolism, and neurodegenerative pathology by heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Front Genet 2023; 13:1012706. [PMID: 36699460 PMCID: PMC9870329 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1012706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate modified proteins or proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an abundant class of cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules. They serve important co-receptor functions in the regulation of signaling as well as membrane trafficking. Many of these activities directly affect processes associated with neurodegeneration including uptake and export of Tau protein, disposition of Amyloid Precursor Protein-derived peptides, and regulation of autophagy. In this review we focus on the impact of HSPGs on autophagy, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial quality control and biogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Disruption of these processes are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is evidence that altering heparan sulfate structure and function could counter AD-associated pathological processes. Compromising presenilin function in several systems has provided instructive models for understanding the molecular and cellular underpinnings of AD. Disrupting presenilin function produces a constellation of cellular deficits including accumulation of lipid, disruption of autophagosome to lysosome traffic and reduction in mitochondrial size and number. Inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has opposing effects on all these cellular phenotypes, increasing mitochondrial size, stimulating autophagy flux to lysosomes, and reducing the level of intracellular lipid. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for countering pathology found in AD and related disorders by altering heparan sulfate structure and influencing cellular processes disrupted broadly in neurodegenerative disease. Vertebrate and invertebrate model systems, where the cellular machinery of autophagy and lipid metabolism are conserved, continue to provide important translational guideposts for designing interventions that address the root cause of neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schultheis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Robert Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gelila Berhanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Roseman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Shalini Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Scott Selleck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada,*Correspondence: Scott Selleck,
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Meyer GA, Thomopoulos S, Abu-Amer Y, Shen KC. Tenotomy-induced muscle atrophy is sex-specific and independent of NFκB. eLife 2022; 11:e82016. [PMID: 36508247 PMCID: PMC9873255 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway is a major thoroughfare for skeletal muscle atrophy and is driven by diverse stimuli. Targeted inhibition of NFκB through its canonical mediator IKKβ effectively mitigates loss of muscle mass across many conditions, from denervation to unloading to cancer. In this study, we used gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to examine the role of NFκB in muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tenotomy - a model of chronic rotator cuff tear. IKKβ was knocked down or constitutively activated in muscle-specific inducible transgenic mice to elicit a twofold gain or loss of NFκB signaling. Surprisingly, neither knockdown of IKKβ nor overexpression of caIKKβ significantly altered the loss of muscle mass following tenotomy. This finding was consistent across measures of morphological adaptation (fiber cross-sectional area, fiber length, fiber number), tissue pathology (fibrosis and fatty infiltration), and intracellular signaling (ubiquitin-proteasome, autophagy). Intriguingly, late-stage tenotomy-induced atrophy was exacerbated in male mice compared with female mice. This sex specificity was driven by ongoing decreases in fiber cross-sectional area, which paralleled the accumulation of large autophagic vesicles in male, but not female muscle. These findings suggest that tenotomy-induced atrophy is not dependent on NFκB and instead may be regulated by autophagy in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yousef Abu-Amer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Shriners Hospital for ChildrenSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Karen C Shen
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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Zhao XX, Xie WQ, Xiao WF, Li HZ, Naranmandakh S, Bruyere O, Reginster JY, Li YS. Perlecan: Roles in osteoarthritis and potential treating target. Life Sci 2022; 312:121190. [PMID: 36379311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people globally, which leads to a high cost of treatment and further medical care and an apparent decrease in patient prognosis. The recent view of OA pathogenesis is that increased vascularity, bone remodeling, and disordered turnover are influenced by multivariate risk factors, such as age, obesity, and overloading. The view also reveals the gap between the development of these processes and early stage risk factors. This review presents the latest research on OA-related signaling pathways and analyzes the potential roles of perlecan, a typical component of the well-known protective structure against osteoarthritic pericellular matrix (PCM). Based on the experimental results observed in end-stage OA models, we summarized and analyzed the role of perlecan in the development of OA. In normal cartilage, it plays a protective role by maintaining the integrin of PCM and sequesters growth factors. Second, perlecan in cartilage is required to not only activate vascular epithelium growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling of endothelial cells for vascular invasion and catabolic autophagy, but also for different signaling pathways for the catabolic and anabolic actions of chondrocytes. Finally, perlecan may participate in pain sensitization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhao
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Heng-Zhen Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Sukhbaatar district, 14201 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Olivier Bruyere
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Fu R, Jiang X, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Bidirectional regulation of structural damage on autophagy in the C. elegans epidermis. Autophagy 2022; 18:2731-2745. [PMID: 35311461 PMCID: PMC9629849 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2047345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of disturbances such as starvation, organelle damage, heat stress, hypoxia and pathogen infection can influence the autophagic process. However, how the macroautophagy/autophagy machinery is regulated intrinsically by structural damage of the cell remains largely unknown. In this work, we utilized the C. elegans epidermis as the model to address this question. Our results showed that structural damage by mechanical wounding exerted proximal inhibitory effect and distant promotional effect on autophagy within the same epidermal cell. By disrupting individual mechanical supporting structures, we found that only damage of the basal extracellular matrix or the underlying muscle cells activated a distinct autophagic response in the epidermis. On the contrary, structural disruption of the epidermal cells at the apical side inhibited autophagy activation caused by different stress factors. Mechanistic studies showed that the basal promotional effect of structural damage on epidermal autophagy was mediated by a mechanotransduction pathway going through the basal hemidesmosome receptor and LET-363/MTOR, while the apical inhibitory effect was mostly carried out by activation of calcium signaling. Elevated autophagy in the epidermis played a detrimental rather than a beneficial role on cell survival against structural damage. The results obtained from these studies will not only help us better understand the pathogenesis of structural damage- and autophagy-related diseases, but also provide insight into more generic rules of autophagy regulation by the structural and mechanical properties of cells across species.Abbreviations : ATG: autophagy related; BLI-1: BLIstered cuticle 1; CeHDs: C. elegans hemidesmosomes; COL-19: COLlagen 19; DPY-7: DumPY 7; ECM: extracellular matrix; EPG-5: ectopic PGL granules 5; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GIT-1: GIT1 (mammalian G protein-coupled receptor kinase InTeractor 1) homolog; GTL-2: Gon-Two Like 2 (TRP subfamily); HIS-58, HIStone 58; IFB-1: Intermediate Filament, B 1; LET: LEThal; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; MUP-4: MUscle Positioning 4; NLP-29: Neuropeptide-Like Protein 29; PAT: Paralyzed Arrest at Two-fold; PIX-1: PIX (PAK (p21-activated kinase) Interacting eXchange factor) homolog 1; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; SQST-1: SeQueSTosome related 1; UNC: UNCoordinated; UV: ultraviolet; VAB-10: variable ABnormal morphology 10; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ravasio A, Morselli E, Bertocchi C. Mechanoautophagy: Synergies Between Autophagy and Cell Mechanotransduction at Adhesive Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917662. [PMID: 35721483 PMCID: PMC9198486 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are exposed and respond to various mechanical forces and physical cues stemming from their environment. This interaction has been seen to differentially regulate various cellular processes for maintenance of homeostasis, of which autophagy represents one of the major players. In addition, autophagy has been suggested to regulate mechanical functions of the cells including their interaction with the environment. In this minireview, we summarize the state of the art of the fascinating interplay between autophagy and the mechanotransduction machinery associated with cell adhesions, that we name ¨Mechanoautophagy¨
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
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Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Impact of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan on Human Disease and Health. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1117-C1122. [PMID: 35417267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00113.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan, a basement membrane-type heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is an important molecule in the functional diversity of organisms because of the diversity of its glycan chains and the multifunctionality of its core proteins. Human diseases associated with perlecan have been identified using gene-deficient mice. Two human diseases related to perlecan have been reported. One is Silverman-Handmaker type Dyssegmental Dysplasia, resulting from complete loss of function of the HSPG2 gene which encods perlecan core protein which maps to chromosome 1p36. The other is Schwartz-Jampel syndrome from partial loss of function of the HSPG2 gene. Subsequent in vivo and in vitrostudies have revealed the organ-specific functions of perlecan, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of perlecan in human diseases and summarize our knowledge about perlecan as a future therapeutic target to treat the related diseases and for healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of OldAge Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Neill T, Iozzo RV. The Role of Decorin Proteoglycan in Mitophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030804. [PMID: 35159071 PMCID: PMC8834502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The eminent rise of extracellular matrix constituents, chiefly hailing from the proteoglycan gene family, has revolutionized our understanding of how intracellular catabolism is regulated at the intersection of autophagy and breast cancer. In this review, we examine the mechanisms of decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, as it relates to autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). In each case, decorin signals via a unique cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase to evoke autophagy (VEGFR2) or mitophagy (MET receptor) that converges on a novel tumor suppressor gene. The downstream function of either Peg3 or mitostatin in response to decorin manifests as potent means to subdue breast cancer development and progression. Abstract Proteoglycans are emerging as critical regulators of intracellular catabolism. This rise in prominence has transformed our basic understanding and alerted us to the existence of non-canonical pathways, independent of nutrient deprivation, that potently control the autophagy downstream of a cell surface receptor. As a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, decorin has single-handedly pioneered the connection between extracellular matrix signaling and autophagy regulation. Soluble decorin evokes protracted endothelial cell autophagy via Peg3 and breast carcinoma cell mitophagy via mitostatin by interacting with VEGFR2 or the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, respectively. In this paper, we give a mechanistic perspective of the vital factors underlying the nutrient-independent, SLRP-dependent programs utilized for autophagic and/or mitophagic progression in breast cancer. Future protein therapies based on decorin (or fellow proteoglycan members) will represent a quantum leap forward in transforming autophagic progression into a powerful tool to control intracellular cell catabolism from the outside.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exists as a dynamic network of biophysical and biochemical factors that maintain tissue homeostasis. Given its sensitivity to changes in the intra- and extracellular space, the plasticity of the ECM can be pathological in driving disease through aberrant matrix remodelling. In particular, cancer uses the matrix for its proliferation, angiogenesis, cellular reprogramming and metastatic spread. An emerging field of matrix biology focuses on proteoglycans that regulate autophagy, an intracellular process that plays both critical and contextual roles in cancer. Here, we review the most prominent autophagic modulators from the matrix and the current understanding of the cellular pathways and signalling cascades that mechanistically drive their autophagic function. We then critically assess how their autophagic functions influence tumorigenesis, emphasizing the complexities and stage-dependent nature of this relationship in cancer. We highlight novel emerging data on immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor-1, heparanase and thrombospondin 1 in autophagy and cancer. Finally, we further discuss the pro- and anti-autophagic modulators originating from the ECM, as well as how these proteoglycans and other matrix constituents specifically influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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13
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ERKAYIRAN U, TOK A, KARAKÜÇÜK S, SEYİTHANOĞLU M, ARSLANCA T. Evaluation of serum perlecan levels in pregnancy with mild and severe preeclampsia. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.913654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Schaefer L, Dikic I. Autophagy: Instructions from the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:1-8. [PMID: 34217800 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has uncovered crucial regulatory roles for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating autophagy. Autophagy is a ubiquitous and highly conserved catabolic process that allows the selective removal and recycling of cytosolic components via lysosomal or vacuolar degradation. Due to its pivotal role in cellular homeostasis, the impairment of autophagy is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, comprising infectious diseases, immune and neurodegenerative disorders, renal and hepatic diseases, intervertebral and cartilage disorders, as well as fibrosis and cancer. Several ECM-derived proteoglycans and proteins, including decorin, biglycan, endorepellin, endostatin, collagen VI, and plasminogen kringle 5, have been identified as strong inducers of autophagy. In contrast, laminin α2, perlecan, and lumican exert opposite function by suppressing autophagy. Importantly, by direct interaction with various receptors, which interplay with their co-receptors and adhesion molecules, the ECM is able to direct autophagy in a molecular and cell context-specific manner. Thus, vast pharmacological potential resides in translating this knowledge into the development of ECM-derived therapeutics selectively regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Castagnaro S, Gambarotto L, Cescon M, Bonaldo P. Autophagy in the mesh of collagen VI. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:162-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Neill T, Kapoor A, Xie C, Buraschi S, Iozzo RV. A functional outside-in signaling network of proteoglycans and matrix molecules regulating autophagy. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:118-149. [PMID: 33838253 PMCID: PMC8355044 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans and selected extracellular matrix constituents are emerging as intrinsic and critical regulators of evolutionarily conversed, intracellular catabolic pathways. Often, these secreted molecules evoke sustained autophagy in a variety of cell types, tissues, and model systems. The unique properties of proteoglycans have ushered in a paradigmatic shift to broaden our understanding of matrix-mediated signaling cascades. The dynamic cellular pathway controlling autophagy is now linked to an equally dynamic and fluid signaling network embedded in a complex meshwork of matrix molecules. A rapidly emerging field of research encompasses multiple matrix-derived candidates, representing a menagerie of soluble matrix constituents including decorin, biglycan, endorepellin, endostatin, collagen VI and plasminogen kringle 5. These matrix constituents are pro-autophagic and simultaneously anti-angiogenic. In contrast, perlecan, laminin α2 chain, and lumican have anti-autophagic functions. Mechanistically, each matrix constituent linked to intracellular catabolic events engages a specific cell surface receptor that often converges on a common core of the autophagic machinery including AMPK, Peg3 and Beclin 1. We consider this matrix-evoked autophagy as non-canonical given that it occurs in an allosteric manner and is independent of nutrient availability or prevailing bioenergetics control. We propose that matrix-regulated autophagy is an important outside-in signaling mechanism for proper tissue homeostasis that could be therapeutically leveraged to combat a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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17
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Putting the brakes on autophagy: The role of heparan sulfate modified proteins in the balance of anabolic and catabolic pathways and intracellular quality control. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Lin PY, Hung JH, Hsu CK, Chang YT, Sun YT. A Novel Pathogenic HSPG2 Mutation in Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome. Front Neurol 2021; 12:632336. [PMID: 33767660 PMCID: PMC7985266 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.632336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) gene. Its cardinal symptoms are skeletal dysplasia and neuromuscular hyperactivity. Herein, we identified a new pathogenic mutation site (NM_005529.6:c.1125C>G; p.Cys375Trp) of HSPG2 leading to Schwartz–Jampel syndrome by whole-exome sequencing. This mutation carried by the asymptomatic parents was previously registered in a single-nucleotide polymorphism database of the National Institutes of Health as a coding sequence variant rs543805444. The pathogenic nature of this missense mutation was demonstrated by in silico pathogenicity assessment, clinical presentations, and cellular function of primary fibroblast derived from patients. Various in silico software applications predicted the mutation to be pathogenic [Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), 0; Polyphen-2, 1; CADD (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion), 23.7; MutationTaster, 1; DANN (deleterious annotation of genetic variants using neural networks); 0.9]. Needle electromyography revealed extensive complex repetitive discharges and multiple polyphasic motor unit action potentials in axial and limb muscles at rest. Short exercise test for myotonia showed Fournier pattern I. At cellular levels, mutant primary fibroblasts had reduced levels of secreted perlecan and impaired migration ability but normal capability of proliferation. Patients with this mutation showed more neuromuscular instability and relatively mild skeletal abnormality comparing with previously reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horung Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Sun
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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19
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Migneault F, Hébert MJ. Autophagy, tissue repair, and fibrosis: a delicate balance. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:182-196. [PMID: 33454422 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and fibrosis, an abnormal form of repair, occur in most human organs in response to injury or inflammation. Fibroblasts play a major role in the normal repair process by differentiating into myofibroblasts that synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components and favor tissue remodeling to reestablish normal function and integrity. However, their persistent accumulation at the site of injury is a hallmark of fibrosis. Autophagy is a catabolic process that occurs in eukaryotic cells as a stress response to allow cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling intracellular components. Recent advances identify autophagy as an important regulator of myofibroblast differentiation, tissue remodeling, and fibrogenesis. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the interactions between autophagy, ECM, and fibrosis, and emphasize the molecular mechanisms involved in myofibroblast differentiation. We also describe the emerging concept of secretory autophagy as a new avenue for intercellular communication at the site of tissue injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Migneault
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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20
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Chen CG, Iozzo RV. Angiostatic cues from the matrix: Endothelial cell autophagy meets hyaluronan biology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16797-16812. [PMID: 33020183 PMCID: PMC7864073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix encompasses a reservoir of bioactive macromolecules that modulates a cornucopia of biological functions. A prominent body of work posits matrix constituents as master regulators of autophagy and angiogenesis and provides molecular insight into how these two processes are coordinated. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyaluronan and HAS2 regulation and the role of soluble proteoglycan in affecting autophagy and angiogenesis. Specifically, we assess the role of proteoglycan-evoked autophagy in regulating angiogenesis via the HAS2-hyaluronan axis and ATG9A, a novel HAS2 binding partner. We discuss extracellular hyaluronan biology and the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that regulate its main synthesizer, HAS2. We highlight the emerging group of proteoglycans that utilize outside-in signaling to modulate autophagy and angiogenesis in cancer microenvironments and thoroughly review the most up-to-date understanding of endorepellin signaling in vascular endothelia, providing insight into the temporal complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Chen
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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21
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Nakada S, Yamashita Y, Machida S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Perlecan Facilitates Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Delocalization in Denervation-Induced Muscle Atrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112524. [PMID: 33238404 PMCID: PMC7700382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is an extracellular matrix molecule anchored to the sarcolemma by a dystrophin–glycoprotein complex. Perlecan-deficient mice are tolerant to muscle atrophy, suggesting that perlecan negatively regulates mechanical stress-dependent skeletal muscle mass. Delocalization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the sarcolemma to the cytosol triggers protein degradation, thereby initiating skeletal muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that perlecan regulates nNOS delocalization and activates protein degradation during this process. To determine the role of perlecan in nNOS-mediated mechanotransduction, we used sciatic nerve transection as a denervation model of gastrocnemius muscles. Gastrocnemius muscle atrophy was significantly lower in perinatal lethality-rescued perlecan-knockout (Hspg2−/−-Tg) mice than controls (WT-Tg) on days 4 and 14 following surgery. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that cell membrane nNOS expression was reduced by denervation in WT-Tg mice, with marginal effects in Hspg2−/−-Tg mice. Moreover, levels of atrophy-related proteins—i.e., FoxO1a, FoxO3a, atrogin-1, and Lys48-polyubiquitinated proteins—increased in the denervated muscles of WT-Tg mice but not in Hspg2−/−-Tg mice. These findings suggest that during denervation, perlecan promotes nNOS delocalization from the membrane and stimulates protein degradation and muscle atrophy by activating FoxO signaling and the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakada
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuri Yamashita
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan;
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111
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22
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Kapoor A, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan-driven Autophagy: A Nutrient-independent Mechanism to Control Intracellular Catabolism. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:733-746. [PMID: 32623955 PMCID: PMC7649965 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are rapidly emerging as versatile regulators of intracellular catabolic pathways. This is predominantly achieved via the non-canonical induction of autophagy, a fundamentally and evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic pathway necessary for maintaining organismal homeostasis. Autophagy facilitated by either decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, or perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, proceeds independently of ambient nutrient conditions. We found that soluble decorin evokes endothelial cell autophagy and breast carcinoma cell mitophagy by directly interacting with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, respectively. Endorepellin, a soluble, proteolytic fragment of perlecan, induces autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress within the vasculature, downstream of VEGFR2. These potent matrix-derived cues transduce key biological information via receptor binding to converge upon a newly discovered nexus of core autophagic machinery comprised of Peg3 (paternally expressed gene 3) for autophagy or mitostatin for mitophagy. Here, we give a mechanistic overview of the nutrient-independent, proteoglycan-driven programs utilized for autophagic or mitophagic progression. We propose that catabolic control of cell behavior is an underlying basis for proteoglycan versatility and may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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23
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Heparan Sulfate Structure Affects Autophagy, Lifespan, Responses to Oxidative Stress, and Cell Degeneration in Drosophila parkin Mutants. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:129-141. [PMID: 31672849 PMCID: PMC6945019 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that provides cells with energy and molecular building blocks during nutritional stress. Autophagy also removes misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, a critical mechanism for cellular repair. Earlier work demonstrated that heparan sulfate proteoglycans, an abundant class of carbohydrate-modified proteins found on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, suppress basal levels of autophagy in several cell types during development in Drosophila melanogaster. In studies reported here, we examined the capacity of heparan sulfate synthesis to influence events affected by autophagy, including lifespan, resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress, and accumulation of ubiquitin-modified proteins in the brain. Compromising heparan sulfate synthesis increased autophagy-dependent processes, evident by extended lifespan, increased resistance to ROS, and reduced accumulation of ubiquitin-modified proteins in the brains of ROS exposed adults. The capacity of altering heparan sulfate biosynthesis to protect cells from injury was also evaluated in two different models of neurodegeneration, overexpression of Presenilin and parkin mutants. Presenilin overexpression in the retina produces cell loss, and compromising heparan sulfate biosynthesis rescued retinal patterning and size abnormalities in these animals. parkin is the fly homolog of human PARK2, one of the genes responsible for juvenile onset Parkinson’s Disease. Parkin is involved in mitochondrial surveillance and compromising parkin function results in degeneration of both flight muscle and dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Altering heparan sulfate biosynthesis suppressed flight muscle degeneration and mitochondrial dysmorphology, indicating that activation of autophagy-mediated removal of mitochondria (mitophagy) is potentiated in these animals. These findings provide in vivo evidence that altering the levels of heparan sulfate synthesis activates autophagy and can provide protection from a variety of cellular stressors.
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24
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Akbas M, Koyuncu FM, Artunc-Ulkumen B, Taneli F, Ozdemir H. Maternal serum perlecan levels in women with preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2020; 39:70-76. [PMID: 31899995 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2019.1711390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Perlecan is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan suggested to maintain endothelial functions. We aimed to measure maternal serum perlecan levels in different preeclampsia phenotypes.Methods: This study included 50 women with preeclampsia and 30 healthy pregnant women.Results: Serum perlecan levels were significantly higher (p = 0.016) in preeclamptic women with severe features(n = 23) than preeclampsia patients(n = 27). There were no statistically significant differences in serum perlecan levels between the early-onset preeclampsia(n = 25), late-onset preeclampsia(n = 25), and healthy pregnancies.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that preeclamptic women with severe features have higher serum perlecan levels than women with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akbas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Faik Mumtaz Koyuncu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Burcu Artunc-Ulkumen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Habib Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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25
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Nakamura K, Ikeuchi T, Nara K, Rhodes CS, Zhang P, Chiba Y, Kazuno S, Miura Y, Ago T, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Mukouyama YS, Yamada Y. Perlecan regulates pericyte dynamics in the maintenance and repair of the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3506-3525. [PMID: 31541017 PMCID: PMC6781430 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown due to significant damage to the integrity of BBB components. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of pericytes in the repair process of BBB functions triggered by PDGFRβ up-regulation. Here, we show that perlecan, a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan of basement membranes, aids in BBB maintenance and repair through pericyte interactions. Using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model, we found larger infarct volumes and more BBB leakage in conditional perlecan (Hspg2)-deficient (Hspg2 - / - -TG) mice than in control mice. Control mice showed increased numbers of pericytes in the ischemic lesion, whereas Hspg2 - / - -TG mice did not. At the mechanistic level, pericytes attached to recombinant perlecan C-terminal domain V (perlecan DV, endorepellin). Perlecan DV enhanced the PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRβ, SHP-2, and FAK partially through integrin α5β1 and promoted pericyte migration. Perlecan therefore appears to regulate pericyte recruitment through the cooperative functioning of PDGFRβ and integrin α5β1 to support BBB maintenance and repair following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Nakamura
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD .,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeuchi
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kazuki Nara
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Craig S Rhodes
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuta Chiba
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miura
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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26
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Gubbiotti MA, Buraschi S, Kapoor A, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan signaling in tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell autophagy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:1-8. [PMID: 31078640 PMCID: PMC7864242 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The need for more effective cancer therapies is omnipresent as the ever-complex, and highly adaptive, mechanisms of tumor biology allow this disease to elude even the most stringent treatment options. The expanding field of proteoglycan signaling is enticing as a reservoir of potential drug targets and prospects for novel therapeutic strategies. The newest trend in proteoglycan biology is the interplay between extracellular signaling and autophagy fueled by the close link between autophagy and angiogenesis. Here we summarize the most current evidence surrounding proteoglycan signaling in both of these biological processes featuring the well-known suspects, decorin and perlecan, as well as other up-and-coming neophytes in this evolving signaling web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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27
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Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates modulation of autophagy by a variety of matrix constituents, including decorin, endorepellin, and endostatin. These matrix proteins are both pro-autophagic and anti-angiogenic. Here, we detail a series of methods to monitor matrix-induced autophagy and its concurrent effects on angiogenesis. We first discuss cloning and purifying proteoglycan fragment and core proteins in the laboratory and review relevant techniques spanning from cell culture to treatment with these purified proteoglycans in vitro and ex vivo. Further, we cover protocols in monitoring autophagic progression via morphological and microscopic characterization, biochemical western blot analysis, and signaling pathway investigation. Downstream angiogenic effects using in vivo approaches are then discussed using wild-type mice and the GFP-LC3 transgenic mouse model. Finally, we explore matrix-induced mitophagy via monitoring changes in mitochondrial DNA and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Wang Y, Shao Y, Gao Y, Wan G, Wan D, Zhu H, Qiu Y, Ye X. Catalpol prevents denervated muscular atrophy related to the inhibition of autophagy and reduces BAX/BCL2 ratio via mTOR pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 13:243-253. [PMID: 30643390 PMCID: PMC6319426 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s188968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the effects of catalpol on muscular atrophy induced by sciatic nerve crush injury (SNCI). Methods Seventy male Kunming mice were randomized into five groups (n=10): model, sham, catalpol (Cat), rapamycin (Rapa), and catalpol+rapamycin (Rapa+Cat). The ratio of gastrocnemius muscle wet weight (right/left, R/L) between the operated leg (right) and the normal leg (left) was calculated, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immunohistochemistry assays were performed to observe the change of motor end plate (MEP), along with the sizes of denervated and innervated muscle fibers. The expression levels of LC3II, TUNEL, BAX/BCL-2, LC3II/LC3I and P62, Beclin1, mTOR, and p-mTOR (ser2448) proteins in muscle were examined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. Results Results show that catalpol improved the results of the grid walking tests by reducing the percentage of foot slips, which increased the gastrocnemius muscle wet weight (R/L), enhanced AChE expression at the MEP, and enlarged the section area of the muscle. The expression of LC3II and TUNEL was significantly inhibited by catalpol. The BAX/BCL-2 ratio was significantly increased in muscles of denervated and control groups. Lower LC3II/LC3I and BAX/BCL-2 ratios in denervated muscles were also detected after catalpol treatment. Conclusion These results indicated that apoptosis and autophagy play a role in the regulation of denervation-induced muscle atrophy after SNCI, and catalpol alleviates muscle atrophy through the regulation of muscle apoptosis and autophagy via the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
| | - Yali Shao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
| | - Yuqing Gao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
| | - Guoran Wan
- Department of Clinic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
| | - Xiyue Ye
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China, ;
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Ethanol acutely antagonizes the refeeding-induced increase in mTOR-dependent protein synthesis and decrease in autophagy in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 456:41-51. [PMID: 30523512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of acute ethanol administration on the major signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle responsible for regulating the protein synthetic and degradative response to refeeding. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fasted overnight; mice were then either refed normal rodent chow for 30 min or a separate group of mice remained food deprived (i.e., fasted). Thereafter, mice were administered either 3 g/kg ethanol or saline. Gastrocnemius/plantaris was collected 1 h later and analyzed. Acute ethanol decreased basal and prevented the refeeding-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis. While ethanol prevented a nutrient-stimulated increase in S6K1 phosphorylation, it did not alter the increase in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Downstream of S6K1, ethanol also attenuated the refeeding-induced increase in S6 and eIF4B phosphorylation, as well as the decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation. Although ethanol decreased ERK and p90 RSK phosphorylation, activation of this signaling pathway was not altered by refeeding in either control or ethanol-treated mice. Related to protein degradation, in vitro-determined proteasome activity and the content of total ubiquitinated proteins were not altered by ethanol and/or refeeding. Control mice appeared to exhibit a refeeding-induced decrease in autophagy as suggested by the increased FoxO3 and ULK1 phosphorylation and total p62 protein as well as decreased LC3B-II; however, ethanol blunted these refeeding-induced changes. These data suggest that ethanol can acutely prevent the normally observed mTOR-dependent increase in protein synthesis and reduction in autophagy in response to nutrient stimulation, but does not appear to acutely alter proteasome activity.
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30
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Martinez JR, Dhawan A, Farach-Carson MC. Modular Proteoglycan Perlecan/ HSPG2: Mutations, Phenotypes, and Functions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E556. [PMID: 30453502 PMCID: PMC6266596 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) is an essential, highly conserved gene whose expression influences many developmental processes including the formation of the heart and brain. The gene is widely expressed throughout the musculoskeletal system including cartilage, bone marrow and skeletal muscle. The HSPG2 gene product, perlecan is a multifunctional proteoglycan that preserves the integrity of extracellular matrices, patrols tissue borders, and controls various signaling pathways affecting cellular phenotype. Given HSPG2's expression pattern and its role in so many fundamental processes, it is not surprising that relatively few gene mutations have been identified in viable organisms. Mutations to the perlecan gene are rare, with effects ranging from a relatively mild condition to a more severe and perinatally lethal form. This review will summarize the important studies characterizing mutations and variants of HSPG2 and discuss how these genomic modifications affect expression, function and phenotype. Additionally, this review will describe the clinical findings of reported HSPG2 mutations and their observed phenotypes. Finally, the evolutionary aspects that link gene integrity to function are discussed, including key findings from both in vivo animal studies and in vitro systems. We also hope to facilitate discussion about perlecan/HSPG2 and its role in normal physiology, to explain how mutation can lead to pathology, and to point out how this information can suggest pathways for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerahme R Martinez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Akash Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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Nyström A, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Matrix molecules and skin biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:136-146. [PMID: 30076963 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular matrix (ECM) is a prerequisite for multicellular life. It is adapted to tissues and constantly undergoes changes to preserve microenvironmental homeostasis. The ECM acts as a structural scaffold that establishes tissue architecture and provides tensile strength. It has cell-instructive functions by serving as a reservoir and presenter of soluble agents, being directly signaling, integrating transmission of mechanical and biological cues, or serving as a co-factor potentiating signaling. The skin contains a highly developed, mechanically tough, but yet flexible ECM. The tissue-specific features of this ECM are largely attributed by minor ECM components. A large number of genetic and acquired ECM diseases with skin manifestations, provide an illustrative testament to the importance of correct assembly of the ECM for dermal homeostasis. Here, we will present the composition and features of the skin ECM during homeostasis and regeneration. We will discuss genetic and acquired ECM diseases affecting skin, and provide a short outlook to therapeutic strategies for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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33
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Yamashita Y, Nakada S, Yoshihara T, Nara T, Furuya N, Miida T, Hattori N, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, regulates systemic metabolism with dynamic changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7766. [PMID: 29773865 PMCID: PMC5958100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan (HSPG2), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is a component of basement membranes and participates in a variety of biological activities. Here, we show physiological roles of perlecan in both obesity and the onset of metabolic syndrome. The perinatal lethality-rescued perlecan knockout (Hspg2−/−-Tg) mice showed a smaller mass and cell size of white adipose tissues than control (WT-Tg) mice. Abnormal lipid deposition, such as fatty liver, was not detected in the Hspg2−/−-Tg mice, and those mice also consumed more fat as an energy source, likely due to their activated fatty acid oxidation. In addition, the Hspg2−/−-Tg mice demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity. Molecular analysis revealed the significantly relatively increased amount of the muscle fiber type IIA (X) isoform and a larger quantity of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle of Hspg2−/−-Tg mice. Furthermore, the perlecan-deficient skeletal muscle also had elevated levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) protein. PGC1α expression is activated by exercise, and induces mitochondrial biosynthesis. Thus, perlecan may act as a mechano-regulator of catabolism of both lipids and glucose by shifting the muscle fiber composition to oxidative fibers. Our data suggest that downregulation of perlecan is a promising strategy to control metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yamashita
- Aging Biology in Health and Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakada
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan
| | - Norihiko Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.,Research Institute for Disease of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Aging Biology in Health and Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan. .,Research Institute for Disease of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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34
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Therapies for genetic extracellular matrix diseases of the skin. Matrix Biol 2017; 71-72:330-347. [PMID: 29274938 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A specialized, highly developed dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the skin with its unique mechano-resilient properties and is vital for organ function. Accordingly, genetically acquired deficiency of dermal ECM proteins or proteins essential for the post-translational modification and homeostasis of the dermal ECM, results in diseases affecting the skin. Some of these diseases are lethal or lead to severe complications for the affected individuals. At present limited efficient and evidence-based treatment options exist for genetic ECM diseases of the skin. There is thus a high unmet medical need, creating an urgent demand to develop improved care for these diseases. Here, by drawing examples from the wealth of research on epidermolysis bullosa, we present the current status of biological and small molecule therapies for genetic ECM diseases with skin manifestations. We discuss challenges, and using existing data to propose strategies and future directions allowing development of more efficacious therapies and advancement of them into clinical practice.
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35
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Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Proteoglycans remodeling in cancer: Underlying molecular mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:220-259. [PMID: 29128506 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is a highly dynamic macromolecular network. Proteoglycans are major components of extracellular matrix playing key roles in its structural organization and cell signaling contributing to the control of numerous normal and pathological processes. As multifunctional molecules, proteoglycans participate in various cell functions during morphogenesis, wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Their interactions with matrix effectors, cell surface receptors and enzymes enable them with unique properties. In malignancy, extensive remodeling of tumor stroma is associated with marked alterations in proteoglycans' expression and structural variability. Proteoglycans exert diverse functions in tumor stroma in a cell-specific and context-specific manner and they mainly contribute to the formation of a permissive provisional matrix for tumor growth affecting tissue organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and tumor cell signaling. Proteoglycans also modulate cancer cell phenotype and properties, the development of drug resistance and tumor stroma angiogenesis. This review summarizes the proteoglycans remodeling and their novel biological roles in malignancies with particular emphasis to the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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36
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Ghadiali RS, Guimond SE, Turnbull JE, Pisconti A. Dynamic changes in heparan sulfate during muscle differentiation and ageing regulate myoblast cell fate and FGF2 signalling. Matrix Biol 2017; 59:54-68. [PMID: 27496348 PMCID: PMC5380652 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle stem cells residing quiescent around healthy muscle fibres. In response to injury or disease SCs activate, proliferate and eventually differentiate and fuse to one another to form new muscle fibres, or to existing damaged fibres to repair them. The sulfated polysaccharide heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly variable biomolecule known to play key roles in the regulation of cell fate decisions, though the changes that muscle HS undergoes during SC differentiation are unknown. Here we show that the sulfation levels of HS increase during SC differentiation; more specifically, we observe an increase in 6-O and 2-O-sulfation in N-acetylated disaccharides. Interestingly, a specific increase in 6-O sulfation is also observed in the heparanome of ageing muscle, which we show leads to promotion of FGF2 signalling and satellite cell proliferation, suggesting a role for the heparanome dynamics in age-associated loss of quiescence. Addition of HS mimetics to differentiating SC cultures results in differential effects: an oversulfated HS mimetic increases differentiation and inhibits FGF2 signalling, a known major promoter of SC proliferation and inhibitor of differentiation. In contrast, FGF2 signalling is promoted by an N-acetylated HS mimetic, which inhibits differentiation and promotes SC expansion. We conclude that the heparanome of SCs is dynamically regulated during muscle differentiation and ageing, and that such changes might account for some of the phenotypes and signalling events that are associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ghadiali
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - S E Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - J E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - A Pisconti
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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37
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Tanimoto R, Palladino C, Xu SQ, Buraschi S, Neill T, Gomella LG, Peiper SC, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. The perlecan-interacting growth factor progranulin regulates ubiquitination, sorting, and lysosomal degradation of sortilin. Matrix Biol 2017; 64:27-39. [PMID: 28433812 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive clinical and experimental studies over the past decades, the pathogenesis and progression to the castration-resistant stage of prostate cancer remains largely unknown. Progranulin, a secreted growth factor, strongly binds the heparin-sulfate proteoglycan perlecan, and counteracts its biological activity. We established that progranulin acts as an autocrine growth factor and promotes prostate cancer cell motility, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. Progranulin was overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues vis-à-vis non-neoplastic tissues supporting the hypothesis that progranulin may play a key role in prostate cancer progression. However, progranulin's mode of action is not well understood and proteins regulating progranulin signaling have not been identified. Sortilin, a single-pass type I transmembrane protein of the Vps10 family, binds progranulin in neurons and targets progranulin for lysosomal degradation. Significantly, in DU145 and PC3 cells, we detected very low levels of sortilin associated with high levels of progranulin production and enhanced motility. Restoring sortilin expression decreased progranulin levels, inhibited motility and anchorage-independent growth and destabilized Akt. These results demonstrated a critical role for sortilin in regulating progranulin and suggest that sortilin loss may contribute to prostate cancer progression. Here, we provide the novel observation that progranulin downregulated sortilin protein levels independent of transcription. Progranulin induced sortilin ubiquitination, internalization via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and sorting into early endosomes for lysosomal degradation. Collectively, these results constitute a regulatory feed-back mechanism whereby sortilin downregulation ensures sustained progranulin-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Tanimoto
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chiara Palladino
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Health, Endocrinology, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Shi-Qiong Xu
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Health, Endocrinology, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Heparanase: roles in cell survival, extracellular matrix remodelling and the development of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:201-212. [PMID: 28163306 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has regulatory roles in various processes, including cell communication, gene transcription and autophagy. In addition, it is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that is capable of degrading heparan sulfate (HS). HS chains are important constituents and organizers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and have a key role in maintaining the integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. In addition, HS chains regulate the activity of numerous bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and growth factors, at the cell surface and in the ECM. Given the functional diversity of HS, its degradation by heparanase profoundly affects important pathophysiological processes, including tumour development, neovascularization and inflammation, as well as progression of kidney disease. Heparanase-mediated degradation and subsequent remodelling of HS in the ECM of the glomerulus is a key mechanism in the development of glomerular disease, as exemplified by the complete resistance of heparanase-deficient animals to diabetes and immune-mediated kidney disease. This Review summarizes the role of heparanase in the development of kidney disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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39
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Schaefer L, Tredup C, Gubbiotti MA, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan neofunctions: regulation of inflammation and autophagy in cancer biology. FEBS J 2017; 284:10-26. [PMID: 27860287 PMCID: PMC5226885 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and autophagy have emerged as prominent issues in the context of proteoglycan signaling. In particular, two small, leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, play pivotal roles in the regulation of these vital cellular pathways and, as such, are intrinsically involved in cancer initiation and progression. In this minireview, we will address novel functions of biglycan and decorin in inflammation and autophagy, and analyze new emerging signaling events triggered by these proteoglycans, which directly or indirectly modulate these processes. We will critically discuss the dual role of proteoglycan-driven inflammation and autophagy in tumor biology, and delineate the potential mechanisms through which soluble extracellular matrix constituents affect the microenvironment associated with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Tredup
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria A. Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
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40
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Abstract
Basement membranes are delicate, nanoscale and pliable sheets of extracellular matrices that often act as linings or partitions in organisms. Previously considered as passive scaffolds segregating polarized cells, such as epithelial or endothelial cells, from the underlying mesenchyme, basement membranes have now reached the center stage of biology. They play a multitude of roles from blood filtration to muscle homeostasis, from storing growth factors and cytokines to controlling angiogenesis and tumor growth, from maintaining skin integrity and neuromuscular structure to affecting adipogenesis and fibrosis. Here, we will address developmental, structural and biochemical aspects of basement membranes and discuss some of the pathogenetic mechanisms causing diseases linked to abnormal basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Veterans Affairs Hospitals, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Peter D Yurchenco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Gubbiotti MA, Vallet SD, Ricard-Blum S, Iozzo RV. Decorin interacting network: A comprehensive analysis of decorin-binding partners and their versatile functions. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:7-21. [PMID: 27693454 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decorin, a prototype small leucine-rich proteoglycan, regulates a vast array of cellular processes including collagen fibrillogenesis, wound repair, angiostasis, tumor growth, and autophagy. This functional versatility arises from a wide array of decorin/protein interactions also including interactions with its single glycosaminoglycan side chain. The decorin-binding partners encompass numerous categories ranging from extracellular matrix molecules to cell surface receptors to growth factors and enzymes. Despite the diversity of the decorin interacting network, two main roles emerge as prominent themes in decorin function: maintenance of cellular structure and outside-in signaling, culminating in anti-tumorigenic effects. Here we present contemporary knowledge regarding the decorin interacting network and discuss in detail the biological relevance of these pleiotropic interactions, some of which could be targeted by therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- Pericellular and Extracellular Supramolecular Assemblies, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Pericellular and Extracellular Supramolecular Assemblies, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Gubbiotti MA, Neill T, Iozzo RV. A current view of perlecan in physiology and pathology: A mosaic of functions. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:285-298. [PMID: 27613501 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan, a large basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is expressed in a wide array of tissues where it regulates diverse cellular processes including bone formation, inflammation, cardiac development, and angiogenesis. Here we provide a contemporary review germane to the biology of perlecan encompassing its genetic regulation as well as an analysis of its modular protein structure as it pertains to function. As perlecan signaling from the extracellular matrix converges on master regulators of autophagy, including AMPK and mTOR, via a specific interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, we specifically focus on the mechanism of action of perlecan in autophagy and angiogenesis and contrast the role of endorepellin, the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, in these cellular and morphogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Goyal A, Gubbiotti MA, Chery DR, Han L, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin-evoked Autophagy Contributes to Angiostasis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19245-56. [PMID: 27435676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endorepellin, the C-terminal domain of perlecan, is an angiostatic molecule that acts as a potent inducer of autophagy via its interaction with VEGFR2. In this study, we examined the effect of endorepellin on endothelial cells using atomic force microscopy. Soluble endorepellin caused morphological and biophysical changes such as an increase in cell surface roughness and cell height. Surprisingly, these changes were not accompanied by alterations in the endothelial cell elastic modulus. We discovered that endorepellin-induced autophagic flux led to co-localization of mammalian target of rapamycin with LC3-positive autophagosomes. Endorepellin functioned upstream of AMP-activated kinase α, as compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-activated kinase α, abrogated endorepellin-mediated activation and co-localization of Beclin 1 and LC3, thereby reducing autophagic progression. Functionally, we discovered that both endorepellin and Torin 1, a canonical autophagic inducer, blunted ex vivo angiogenesis. We conclude that autophagy is a novel mechanism by which endorepellin promotes angiostasis independent of nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Goyal
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Maria A Gubbiotti
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Daphney R Chery
- the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lin Han
- the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
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Fahie K, Zachara NE. Molecular Functions of Glycoconjugates in Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3305-3324. [PMID: 27345664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates, glycans, carbohydrates, and sugars: these terms encompass a class of biomolecules that are diverse in both form and function ranging from free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, to glycolipids that make up a complex glycan code that impacts normal physiology and disease. Recent data suggest that one mechanism by which glycoconjugates impact physiology is through the regulation of the process of autophagy. Autophagy is a degradative pathway necessary for differentiation, organism development, and the maintenance of cell and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we will highlight what is known about the regulation of autophagy by glycoconjugates focusing on signaling mechanisms from the extracellular surface and the regulatory roles of intracellular glycans. Glycan signaling from the extracellular matrix converges on "master" regulators of autophagy including AMPK and mTORC1, thus impacting their localization, activity, and/or expression. Within the intracellular milieu, gangliosides are constituents of the autophagosome membrane, a subset of proteins composing the autophagic machinery are regulated by glycosylation, and oligosaccharide exposure in the cytosol triggers an autophagic response. The examples discussed provide some mechanistic insights into glycan regulation of autophagy and reveal areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Fahie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.
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Wijeratne SS, Martinez JR, Grindel BJ, Frey EW, Li J, Wang L, Farach-Carson MC, Kiang CH. Single molecule force measurements of perlecan/HSPG2: A key component of the osteocyte pericellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:27-38. [PMID: 26546708 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan/HSPG2, a large, monomeric heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), is a key component of the lacunar canalicular system (LCS) of cortical bone, where it is part of the mechanosensing pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding the osteocytic processes and serves as a tethering element that connects the osteocyte cell body to the bone matrix. Within the pericellular space surrounding the osteocyte cell body, perlecan can experience physiological fluid flow drag force and in that capacity function as a sensor to relay external stimuli to the osteocyte cell membrane. We previously showed that a reduction in perlecan secretion alters the PCM fiber composition and interferes with bone's response to a mechanical loading in vivo. To test our hypothesis that perlecan core protein can sustain tensile forces without unfolding under physiological loading conditions, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to capture images of perlecan monomers at nanoscale resolution and to perform single molecule force measurement (SMFMs). We found that the core protein of purified full-length human perlecan is of suitable size to span the pericellular space of the LCS, with a measured end-to-end length of 170±20 nm and a diameter of 2-4 nm. Force pulling revealed a strong protein core that can withstand over 100 pN of tension well over the drag forces that are estimated to be exerted on the individual osteocyte tethers. Data fitting with an extensible worm-like chain model showed that the perlecan protein core has a mean elastic constant of 890 pN and a corresponding Young's modulus of 71 MPa. We conclude that perlecan has physical properties that would allow it to act as a strong but elastic tether in the LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithara S Wijeratne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | - Brian J Grindel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Eric W Frey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jingqiang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Ching-Hwa Kiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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