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Johnson BB, Cosson MV, Tsansizi LI, Holmes TL, Gilmore T, Hampton K, Song OR, Vo NTN, Nasir A, Chabronova A, Denning C, Peffers MJ, Merry CLR, Whitelock J, Troeberg L, Rushworth SA, Bernardo AS, Smith JGW. Perlecan (HSPG2) promotes structural, contractile, and metabolic development of human cardiomyocytes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113668. [PMID: 38198277 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Perlecan (HSPG2), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan similar to agrin, is key for extracellular matrix (ECM) maturation and stabilization. Although crucial for cardiac development, its role remains elusive. We show that perlecan expression increases as cardiomyocytes mature in vivo and during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). Perlecan-haploinsuffient hPSCs (HSPG2+/-) differentiate efficiently, but late-stage CMs have structural, contractile, metabolic, and ECM gene dysregulation. In keeping with this, late-stage HSPG2+/- hPSC-CMs have immature features, including reduced ⍺-actinin expression and increased glycolytic metabolism and proliferation. Moreover, perlecan-haploinsuffient engineered heart tissues have reduced tissue thickness and force generation. Conversely, hPSC-CMs grown on a perlecan-peptide substrate are enlarged and display increased nucleation, typical of hypertrophic growth. Together, perlecan appears to play the opposite role of agrin, promoting cellular maturation rather than hyperplasia and proliferation. Perlecan signaling is likely mediated via its binding to the dystroglycan complex. Targeting perlecan-dependent signaling may help reverse the phenotypic switch common to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Johnson
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Marie-Victoire Cosson
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenza I Tsansizi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terri L Holmes
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | | | - Katherine Hampton
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; High-Throughput Screening Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nguyen T N Vo
- School of Medicine, Regenerating and Modelling Tissues, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aishah Nasir
- School of Medicine, Regenerating and Modelling Tissues, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alzbeta Chabronova
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- School of Medicine, Regenerating and Modelling Tissues, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- School of Medicine, Regenerating and Modelling Tissues, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Whitelock
- School of Medicine, Regenerating and Modelling Tissues, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Andreia S Bernardo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - James G W Smith
- Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
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2
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Gressett TE, Hossen ML, Talkington G, Volic M, Perez H, Tiwari PB, Chapagain P, Bix G. Molecular interactions between perlecan LG3 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4843. [PMID: 37996967 PMCID: PMC10731540 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global health crisis with significant clinical morbidity and mortality. While angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary receptor for viral entry, other cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins may also bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Recent studies have implicated heparan sulfate proteoglycans, specifically perlecan LG3, in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2. However, the role of perlecan LG3 in SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the binding interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and perlecan LG3 through molecular modeling simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Our results indicate stable binding between LG3 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD, which may potentially enhance RBD-ACE2 interactions. These findings shed light on the role of perlecan LG3 in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Gressett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Tulane Brain InstituteTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Md Lokman Hossen
- Department of PhysicsFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of BarishalKornokathiBangladesh
| | - Grant Talkington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Tulane Brain InstituteTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Milla Volic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Hugo Perez
- Department of PhysicsFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | | | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of PhysicsFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
- Biomolecular Sciences InstituteFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Tulane Brain InstituteTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeurologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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3
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Brugnoni R, Marelli D, Iacomino N, Canioni E, Cappelletti C, Maggi L, Ardissone A. Novel HSPG2 Gene Mutation Causing Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome in a Moroccan Family: A Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1753. [PMID: 37761893 PMCID: PMC10531088 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1 (SJS1) is a rare autosomal recessive musculoskeletal disorder caused by various mutations in the HSPG2 gene encoding the protein perlecan, a major component of basement membranes. We report a novel splice mutation HSPG2(NM_005529.7):c.3888 + 1G > A and a known point mutation HSPG2(NM_005529.7):c.8464G > A, leading to the skipping of exon 31 and 64 in mRNA, respectively, in a Moroccan child with clinical features suggestive of SJS1 and carrying two compound heterozygous mutations in the HSPG2 gene detected by next-generation sequencing. Both parents harboured one mutation. Real-time and immunostaining analysis revealed down-regulation of the HSPG2 gene and a mild reduction in the protein in the muscle, respectively. We reviewed all genetically characterized SJS1 cases reported in literature, confirming the clinical hallmarks and unspecific instrumental data in our case. The genotype-phenotype correlation is very challenging in SJS1. Therapy is mainly focused on symptom management and several drugs have been administered with different efficacy.Here, we report the second case with spontaneous improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Brugnoni
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (N.I.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Daria Marelli
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Postgraduate School of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacomino
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (N.I.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Eleonora Canioni
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (N.I.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Cappelletti
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (N.I.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.B.); (N.I.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.)
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Sampaio LP, Villabona-Martinez V, Shiju TM, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. Topical Losartan Decreases Myofibroblast Generation But Not Corneal Opacity After Surface Blast-Simulating Irregular PTK in Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37750746 PMCID: PMC10541722 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.9.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of topical losartan after blast injury-simulating irregular phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in rabbits. Methods Twelve NZW rabbits underwent 100 pulse 6.5 mm diameter PTK over a metal screen to generate severe surface irregularity and inhibit epithelial basement membrane regeneration. Corneas were treated with 0.8 mg/mL losartan in balanced salt solution (BSS) or BSS 50 µL six times per day for six weeks after PTK. All corneas had slit lamp photography, with and without 1% fluorescein at two, four, and six weeks after PTK, and were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), keratocyte marker keratocan, mesenchymal cell marker vimentin, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and collagen type IV. Results Topical 0.8 mg/mL losartan six times a day significantly decreased anterior stromal α-SMA intensity units compared to BSS at six weeks after anterior stromal irregularity-inducing screened PTK (P = 0.009). Central corneal opacity, however, was not significantly different between the two groups. Keratocan, vimentin, TGF-β1, or collagen type IV levels in the anterior stroma were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions Topical losartan effectively decreased myofibroblast generation after surface blast simulation irregular PTK. However, these results suggest initial masking-smoothing PTK, along with adjuvant topical losartan therapy, may be needed to decrease corneal stromal opacity after traumatic injuries that produce severe surface irregularity. Translational Relevance Topical losartan decreased scar-producing stromal myofibroblasts after irregular PTK over a metal screen but early smoothing of irregularity would also likely be needed to significantly decrease corneal opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lycia Pedral Sampaio
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology at University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Provenzale I, De Simone I, Gibbins JM, Heemskerk JWM, van der Meijden PEJ, Jones CI. Regulation of Glycoprotein VI-Dependent Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13352. [PMID: 37686158 PMCID: PMC10487520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans form a heterogeneous family of proteins with covalently bound sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The extracellular matrix proteoglycan perlecan has been proposed to bind to the platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific receptor G6bB, co-regulating platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling. The derived non-sulfate proteoglycan endorepellin was previously shown to enhance platelet adhesion via the collagen receptor, integrin α2β1. Here, we compared the roles of perlecan and other matrix proteoglycans in platelet responses and thrombus formation. We used multi-color flow cytometry to measure the degranulation and integrin αIIbβ3 activation of washed platelets in response to various proteoglycans and collagen-related peptide (CRP), the GPVI agonist. Perlecan, but not endorepellin, enhanced the CRP-induced activation of platelets in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Similar to collagen, immobilized perlecan, but not other proteoglycans, supported static platelet adhesion and spreading. In-flowed whole-blood perlecan diminished shear-dependent platelet adhesion, while it enforced GPVI-dependent thrombus formation-to a larger extent than endorepellin-to induce more contracted aggregates of activated platelets. We concluded that the sulfated proteoglycan perlecan enhances GPVI-dependent platelet responses extending to thrombus formation, but it does so at the expense of reduced adhesion of platelets under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Provenzale
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Ilaria De Simone
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E. J. van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. Jones
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
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Valera G, Figuer A, Caro J, Yuste C, Morales E, Ceprián N, Bodega G, Ramírez R, Alique M, Carracedo J. Plasma glycocalyx pattern: a mirror of endothelial damage in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1278-1287. [PMID: 37529650 PMCID: PMC10387401 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial damage and cardiovascular disease complicate chronic kidney disease (CKD). The increased atherogenicity observed in patients with CKD can be linked to microinflammation and endothelial damage. Circulating endothelial glycocalyx degradation products, such as perlecan and decorin, tend to be elevated in CKD. We aimed to explore the association between the plasma perlecan and decorin levels and this pro-inflammatory and atherogenic state by studying monocyte subpopulations and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in patients with CKD. Methods We studied 17 healthy controls, 23 patients with advanced CKD, 25 patients on haemodialysis, 23 patients on peritoneal dialysis and 20 patients who underwent kidney transplantation. Perlecan and decorin levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the monocyte phenotype was analysed using direct immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results The plasma perlecan levels were higher in patients with CKD than in the healthy controls. These levels were associated with a higher prevalence of ICAM-1+ monocytes. Conversely, patients with advanced CKD (pre-dialysis) had higher plasma decorin levels, which were associated with a reduced ICAM-1 expression per monocyte. Conclusions Elevated perlecan levels in CKD may be associated with a higher prevalence of ICAM-1+ monocytes and a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Elevated decorin levels may act as a negative regulator of ICAM-1 expression in monocytes. Therefore, perlecan and decorin may be related to inflammation and monocyte activation in CKD and may act as potential markers of endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jara Caro
- Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Yuste
- Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Ceprián
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Lavorgna TR, Gressett TE, Chastain WH, Bix GJ. Perlecan: a review of its role in neurologic and musculoskeletal disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1189731. [PMID: 37324385 PMCID: PMC10267744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1189731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a 500 kDa proteoglycan residing in the extracellular matrix of endothelial basement membranes with five distinct protein domains and three heparan sulfate chains. The complex structure of perlecan and the interaction it has with its local environment accounts for its various cellular and tissue-related effects, to include cartilage, bone, neural and cardiac development, angiogenesis, and blood brain barrier stability. As perlecan is a key contributor to extracellular matrix health involved in many tissues and processes throughout the body, dysregulation of perlecan has the potential to contribute to various neurological and musculoskeletal diseases. Here we review key findings associated with perlecan dysregulation in the context of disease. This is a narrative review article examining perlecan’s role in diseases of neural and musucloskeletal pathology and its potential as a therapeutic index. Literature searches were conducted on the PubMed database, and were focused on perlecan's impact in neurological disease, to include ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM), as well as musculoskeletal pathology, including Dyssegmental Dysplasia Silverman-Handmaker type (DDSH), Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS), sarcopenia, and osteoarthritis (OA). PRISMA guidelines were utilized in the search and final selection of articles.Increased perlecan levels were associated with sarcopenia, OA, and BAVM, while decreased perlecan was associated with DDSH, and SJS. We also examined the therapeutic potential of perlecan signaling in ischemic stroke, AD, and osteoarthritic animal models. Perlecan experimentally improved outcomes in such models of ischemic stroke and AD, and we found that it may be a promising component of future therapeutics for such pathology. In treating the pathophysiology of sarcopenia, OA, and BAVM, inhibiting the effect of perlecan may be beneficial. As perlecan binds to both α-5 integrin and VEGFR2 receptors, tissue specific inhibitors of these proteins warrant further study. In addition, analysis of experimental data revealed promising insight into the potential uses of perlecan domain V as a broad treatment for ischemic stroke and AD. As these diseases have limited therapeutic options, further study into perlecan or its derivatives and its potential to be used as novel therapeutic for these and other diseases should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R. Lavorgna
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Timothy E. Gressett
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Wesley H. Chastain
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, United States
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8
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Lau K, Fu L, Zhang A, Akhavan B, Whitelock J, Bilek MM, Lord MS, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Recombinant perlecan domain V covalently immobilized on silk biomaterials via plasma immersion ion implantation supports the formation of functional endothelium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:825-839. [PMID: 36897070 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to promote rapid formation of functional endothelium are required to maintain blood fluidity and regulate smooth muscle cell proliferation in synthetic vascular conduits. In this work, we explored the biofunctionalization of silk biomaterials with recombinantly expressed domain V of human perlecan (rDV) to promote endothelial cell interactions and the formation of functional endothelium. Perlecan is essential in vascular development and homeostasis and rDV has been shown to uniquely support endothelial cell, while inhibiting smooth muscle cell and platelet interactions, both key contributors of vascular graft failure. rDV was covalently immobilized on silk using plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), a simple one-step surface treatment process which enables strong immobilization in the absence of chemical cross-linkers. rDV immobilization on surface-modified silk was assessed for amount, orientation, and bio-functionality in terms of endothelial cell interactions and functional endothelial layer formation. rDV immobilized on PIII-treated silk (rDV-PIII-silk) supported rapid endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation to form functional endothelium, as evidenced by the expression of vinculin and VE-cadherin markers. Taken together, the results provide evidence for the potential of rDV-PIII-silk as a biomimetic vascular graft material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Fu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcela M Bilek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hara T, Konishi T, Yasuike S, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Sb-Phenyl- N-methyl-5,6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[ c,f][1,5]azastibocine Induces Perlecan Core Protein Synthesis in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3656. [PMID: 36835071 PMCID: PMC9959368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells synthesize and secrete perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan that increases the anticoagulant activity of vascular endothelium by inducing antithrombin III and intensifying fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 activity to promote migration and proliferation in the repair process of damaged endothelium during the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the exact regulatory mechanisms of endothelial perlecan expression remain unclear. Since organic-inorganic hybrid molecules are being developed rapidly as tools to analyze biological systems, we searched for a molecular probe to analyze these mechanisms using a library of organoantimony compounds and found that the Sb-phenyl-N-methyl-5,6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[c,f][1,5]azastibocine (PMTAS) molecule promotes the expression of perlecan core protein gene without exhibiting cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we characterized proteoglycans synthesized by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells using biochemical techniques. The results indicated that PMTAS selectively induced perlecan core protein synthesis, without affecting the formation of its heparan sulfate chain, in vascular endothelial cells. The results also implied that this process is independent of the endothelial cell density, whereas in vascular smooth muscle cells, it occurred only at high cell density. Thus, PMTAS would be a useful tool for further studies on the mechanisms underlying perlecan core protein synthesis in vascular cells, which is critical in the progression of vascular lesions, such as those during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Konishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chba 278-8510, Japan
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Campos SGP, Gonçalves BF, Ruiz TFR, Leonel ECR, Ribeiro DL, Falleiros Junior LR, Goes RM, Taboga SR. Proteoglycans orchestrate remodeling of prostatic cytoarchitecture after androgenic blockade in old gerbils. Prostate 2023; 83:179-189. [PMID: 36262059 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate modifications in proteoglycan morphology and composition in the prostatic stroma of 18-month-old gerbils after surgical castration, in association or not with an androgenic blockade. METHODS The animals (n = 5) were sorted into groups subjected or not to antiandrogen treatment (flutamide 10 mg/kg/day) administered for the total postsurgery period and euthanized at 7- or 30-day postcastration; the control group consisted of intact animals. Tissue analysis included immunohistochemical assessment (perlecan and chondroitin sulfate) and proteoglycan morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Chondroitin sulfate frequency was increased 7 days postcastration with an androgenic blockade. The presence of these carbohydrates was rare after 30 days of androgenic blockade treatment. There was a significant increase in the amount of perlecan in the prostate stroma from groups subjected to castration plus flutamide for 7 or 30 days. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the incidence of areas occupied by proteoglycans and basement membrane was altered by treatment. In addition, androgenic blockade results in changes in the amount, thickness, and morphology of these structures. At 30 days postcastration, with or without flutamide treatment, larger proteoglycans were common. CONCLUSIONS In this study, in particular, the decrease in chondroitin sulfate after the longer period might be understood as a prostatic response to androgenic deprivation, while the high frequency and permanence of perlecan led to the assumption that its modulation could be androgen-independent. Length and form alterations in proteoglycans as well as associations among them and with the basement membrane were dynamic events in the prostate microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana G P Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Gonçalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina R Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane M Goes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Abstract
Cholix (Chx) is secreted by non-pandemic strains of Vibrio cholerae in the intestinal lumen. For this exotoxin to induce cell death in non-polarized cells in the intestinal lamina propria, it must traverse the epithelium in the fully intact form. We identified host cell elements in polarized enterocytes associated with Chx endocytosis and apical to basal (A→B) vesicular transcytosis. This pathway overcomes endogenous mechanisms of apical vesicle recycling and lysosomal targeting by interacting with several host cell proteins that include the 75 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75). Apical endocytosis of Chx appears to involve the single membrane spanning protein TMEM132A, and interaction with furin before it engages GRP75 in apical vesicular structures. Sorting within these apical vesicles results in Chx being trafficked to the basal region of cells in association with the Lectin, Mannose Binding 1 protein LMAN1. In this location, Chx interacts with the basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan in recycling endosomes prior to its release from this basal vesicular compartment to enter the underlying lamina propria. While the furin and LMAN1 elements of this Chx transcytosis pathway undergo cellular redistribution that are reflective of the polarity shifts noted for coatamer complexes COPI and COPII, GRP75 and perlecan fail to show these dramatic rearrangements. Together, these data define essential steps in the A→B transcytosis pathway accessed by Chx to reach the intestinal lamina propria where it can engage and intoxicate certain non-polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Liu
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom Hunter
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Kevin Yin
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia MacKay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Kate Colebrook
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Correia
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amandine Rapp
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall J. Mrsny
- Applied Molecular Transport, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK,CONTACT Randall J. Mrsny Applied Molecular Transport, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, CA94080USA
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12
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Reyes Fernandez PC, Wright CS, Masterson AN, Yi X, Tellman TV, Bonteanu A, Rust K, Noonan ML, White KE, Lewis KJ, Sankar U, Hum JM, Bix G, Wu D, Robling AG, Sardar R, Farach-Carson MC, Thompson WR. Gabapentin Disrupts Binding of Perlecan to the α 2δ 1 Voltage Sensitive Calcium Channel Subunit and Impairs Skeletal Mechanosensation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121857. [PMID: 36551284 PMCID: PMC9776037 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how osteocytes, the principal mechanosensors within bone, sense and perceive force remains unclear. Previous work identified "tethering elements" (TEs) spanning the pericellular space of osteocytes and transmitting mechanical information into biochemical signals. While we identified the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan (PLN) as a component of these TEs, PLN must attach to the cell surface to induce biochemical responses. As voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) are critical for bone mechanotransduction, we hypothesized that PLN binds the extracellular α2δ1 subunit of VSCCs to couple the bone matrix to the osteocyte membrane. Here, we showed co-localization of PLN and α2δ1 along osteocyte dendritic processes. Additionally, we quantified the molecular interactions between α2δ1 and PLN domains and demonstrated for the first time that α2δ1 strongly associates with PLN via its domain III. Furthermore, α2δ1 is the binding site for the commonly used pain drug, gabapentin (GBP), which is associated with adverse skeletal effects when used chronically. We found that GBP disrupts PLN::α2δ1 binding in vitro, and GBP treatment in vivo results in impaired bone mechanosensation. Our work identified a novel mechanosensory complex within osteocytes composed of PLN and α2δ1, necessary for bone force transmission and sensitive to the drug GBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla C. Reyes Fernandez
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christian S. Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adrianna N. Masterson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tristen V. Tellman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Andrei Bonteanu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Katie Rust
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Megan L. Noonan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kenneth E. White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Karl J. Lewis
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Uma Sankar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julia M. Hum
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rajesh Sardar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - William R. Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Division of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Karimi F, Lau K, Kim HN, Och Z, Lim KS, Whitelock J, Lord M, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Surface Biofunctionalization of Silk Biomaterials Using Dityrosine Cross-Linking. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31551-31566. [PMID: 35793155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctionalization of silk biomaterial surfaces with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, cell binding peptides, or growth factors is important in a range of applications, including tissue engineering and development of implantable medical devices. Passive adsorption is the most common way to immobilize molecules of interest on preformed silk biomaterials but can lead to random molecular orientations and displacement from the surface, limiting their applications. Herein, we developed techniques for covalent immobilization of biomolecules using enzyme- or photoinitiated formation of dityrosine bonds between the molecule of interest and silk. Using recombinantly expressed domain V of the human basement membrane proteoglycan perlecan (rDV) as a model molecule, we demonstrated that rDV can be covalently immobilized via dityrosine cross-linking without the need to modify rDV or silk biomaterials. Dityrosine-based immobilization resulted in a different molecular orientation to passively absorbed rDV with less C- and N-terminal region exposure on the surface. Dityrosine-based immobilization supported functional rDV immobilization where immobilized rDV supported endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and proliferation. These results demonstrate the utility of dityrosine-based cross-linking in covalent immobilization of tyrosine-containing molecules on silk biomaterials in the absence of chemical modification, adding a simple and accessible technique to the silk biofunctionalization toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Och
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Light Activated Biomaterials (LAB) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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14
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Vincent TL, McClurg O, Troeberg L. The Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage Controls the Bioavailability of Pericellular Matrix-Bound Growth Factors to Drive Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6003. [PMID: 35682681 PMCID: PMC9181404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has long been regarded as a packing material; supporting cells within the tissue and providing tensile strength and protection from mechanical stress. There is little surprise when one considers the dynamic nature of many of the individual proteins that contribute to the ECM, that we are beginning to appreciate a more nuanced role for the ECM in tissue homeostasis and disease. Articular cartilage is adapted to be able to perceive and respond to mechanical load. Indeed, physiological loads are essential to maintain cartilage thickness in a healthy joint and excessive mechanical stress is associated with the breakdown of the matrix that is seen in osteoarthritis (OA). Although the trigger by which increased mechanical stress drives catabolic pathways remains unknown, one mechanism by which cartilage responds to increased compressive load is by the release of growth factors that are sequestered in the pericellular matrix. These are heparan sulfate-bound growth factors that appear to be largely chondroprotective and displaced by an aggrecan-dependent sodium flux. Emerging evidence suggests that the released growth factors act in a coordinated fashion to drive cartilage repair. Thus, we are beginning to appreciate that the ECM is the key mechano-sensor and mechano-effector in cartilage, responsible for directing subsequent cellular events of relevance to joint health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L. Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Oliver McClurg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
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15
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Melrose J. Fractone Stem Cell Niche Components Provide Intuitive Clues in the Design of New Therapeutic Procedures/Biomatrices for Neural Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5148. [PMID: 35563536 PMCID: PMC9103880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to illustrate recent developments in neural repair utilizing hyaluronan as a carrier of olfactory bulb stem cells and in new bioscaffolds to promote neural repair. Hyaluronan interacts with brain hyalectan proteoglycans in protective structures around neurons in perineuronal nets, which also have roles in the synaptic plasticity and development of neuronal cognitive properties. Specialist stem cell niches termed fractones located in the sub-ventricular and sub-granular regions of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus migrate to the olfactory bulb, which acts as a reserve of neuroprogenitor cells in the adult brain. The extracellular matrix associated with the fractone stem cell niche contains hyaluronan, perlecan and laminin α5, which regulate the quiescent recycling of stem cells and also provide a means of escaping to undergo the proliferation and differentiation to a pluripotent migratory progenitor cell type that can participate in repair processes in neural tissues. Significant improvement in the repair of spinal cord injury and brain trauma has been reported using this approach. FGF-2 sequestered by perlecan in the neuroprogenitor niche environment aids in these processes. Therapeutic procedures have been developed using olfactory ensheathing stem cells and hyaluronan as a carrier to promote neural repair processes. Now that recombinant perlecan domain I and domain V are available, strategies may also be expected in the near future using these to further promote neural repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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16
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Hayes AJ, Whitelock J, Melrose J. Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1934. [PMID: 35216048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
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17
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de Oliveira RC, Sampaio LP, Shiju TM, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. Epithelial Basement Membrane Regeneration After PRK-Induced Epithelial-Stromal Injury in Rabbits: Fibrotic Versus Non-fibrotic Corneal Healing. J Refract Surg 2022; 38:50-60. [PMID: 35020537 PMCID: PMC8852807 DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20211007-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study epithelial basement membrane (EBM) regeneration in non-fibrotic and fibrotic corneas after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS Rabbits (120 total) had either epithelial scrape alone, -4.50 diopters (D) PRK, -9.00 D PRK, or no surgery. Immunohistochemistry was performed on cryofixed corneas at time points from unwounded to 8 weeks (four corneas at each time point in each group). Multiplex immunohistochemistry was performed for EBM components, including collagen type IV, laminin beta-3, laminin alpha-5, perlecan, and nidogen-1. Stromal cellular composition was studied by triplex immunohistochemistry for keratocan, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). RESULTS PRK-injured EBM significantly regenerated by 4 days after surgery. However, early TGF-beta-regulating perlecan incorporation into the nascent EBM declined 4 to 7 days after surgery in fibrotic corneas. Non-fibrotic corneas that had fully regenerated EBM (with all five components incorporated into the EBM) were transparent and had few SMA-positive myofibroblasts in the stroma. Conversely, corneas with defective nascent EBM that lacked perlecan developed many anterior stromal myofibroblasts and fibrosis at 3 to 4 weeks after surgery and had large amounts of collagen type IV in the nascent EBM and anterior stroma. Myofibroblasts synthesized perlecan but were incompetent to incorporate the heparin sulfate proteoglycan into the nascent EBM. Corneal transparency was restored over several months even in fibrotic corneas, and this was associated with a return of EBM perlecan, myofibroblast disappearance, and reabsorption of disordered extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS Defective incorporation of perlecan into the regenerating EBM by subepithelial myofibroblasts, and likely their precursor cells, underlies the development and persistence of stromal fibrosis after PRK corneal injury. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(1):50-60.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Carlos de Oliveira
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Ophthalmology at University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lycia Pedral Sampaio
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Ophthalmology at University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exists as a dynamic network of biophysical and biochemical factors that maintain tissue homeostasis. Given its sensitivity to changes in the intra- and extracellular space, the plasticity of the ECM can be pathological in driving disease through aberrant matrix remodelling. In particular, cancer uses the matrix for its proliferation, angiogenesis, cellular reprogramming and metastatic spread. An emerging field of matrix biology focuses on proteoglycans that regulate autophagy, an intracellular process that plays both critical and contextual roles in cancer. Here, we review the most prominent autophagic modulators from the matrix and the current understanding of the cellular pathways and signalling cascades that mechanistically drive their autophagic function. We then critically assess how their autophagic functions influence tumorigenesis, emphasizing the complexities and stage-dependent nature of this relationship in cancer. We highlight novel emerging data on immunoglobulin-containing and proline-rich receptor-1, heparanase and thrombospondin 1 in autophagy and cancer. Finally, we further discuss the pro- and anti-autophagic modulators originating from the ECM, as well as how these proteoglycans and other matrix constituents specifically influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Nonaka R, Iesaki T, Kerever A, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Increased Risk of Aortic Dissection with Perlecan Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:315. [PMID: 35008739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan (HSPG2), a basement membrane-type heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been implicated in the development of aortic tissue. However, its role in the development and maintenance of the aortic wall remains unknown. Perlecan-deficient mice (Hspg2−/−-Tg: Perl KO) have been found to show a high frequency (15–35%) of aortic dissection (AD). Herein, an analysis of the aortic wall of Perl KO mice revealed that perlecan deficiency caused thinner and partially torn elastic lamina. Compared to the control aortic tissue, perlecan-deficient aortic tissue showed a significant decrease in desmosine content and an increase in soluble tropoelastin levels, implying the presence of immature elastic fibers in Perl KO mice. Furthermore, the reduced expression of the smooth muscle cell contractile proteins actin and myosin in perlecan-deficient aortic tissue may explain the risk of AD. This study showed that a deficiency in perlecan, which is localized along the elastic lamina and at the interface between elastin and fibrillin-1, increased the risk of AD, largely due to the immaturity of extracellular matrix in the aortic tissue. Overall, we proposed a new model of AD that considers the deficiency of extracellular molecule perlecan as a risk factor.
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Hayashi Y, Shibata A, Kamimura K, Kobayashi S. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan molecules, syndecan and perlecan, have distinct roles in the maintenance of Drosophila germline stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:295-305. [PMID: 34324711 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila female germline stem cell (GSC) niche provides an excellent model for understanding the stem cell niche in vivo. The GSC niche is composed of stromal cells that provide growth factors for the maintenance of GSCs and the associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Although the function of stromal cells/growth factors has been well studied, the function of the ECM in the GSC niche is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of syndecan and perlecan, molecules of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) family, as the main constituents of the ECM. We found that both of these genes were expressed in niche stromal cells, and knockdown of them in stromal cells decreased GSC number, indicating that these genes are important niche components. Interestingly, our genetic analysis revealed that the effects of syndecan and perlecan on the maintenance of GSC were distinct. While the knockdown of perlecan in the GSC niche increased the number of cystoblasts, a phenotype suggestive of delayed differentiation of GSCs, the same was not true in the context of syndecan. Notably, the overexpression of syndecan and perlecan did not cause an expansion of the GSC niche, opposing the results reported in the context of glypican, another HSPG gene. Altogether, our data suggest that HSPG genes contribute to the maintenance of GSCs through multiple mechanisms, such as the control of signal transduction, and ligand distribution/stabilization. Therefore, our study paves the way for a deeper understanding of the ECM functions in the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Arisa Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kamimura
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Chandrasekar K, Farrugia BL, Johnson L, Marks D, Irving D, Elgundi Z, Lau K, Kim HN, Rnjak‐Kovacina J, Bilek MM, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. Effect of Recombinant Human Perlecan Domain V Tethering Method on Protein Orientation and Blood Contacting Activity on Polyvinyl Chloride. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100388. [PMID: 33890424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials is a promising approach to control biofunctionality while retaining the bulk biomaterial properties. Perlecan is the major proteoglycan in the vascular basement membrane that supports low levels of platelet adhesion but not activation. Thus, perlecan is a promising bioactive for blood-contacting applications. This study furthers the mechanistic understanding of platelet interactions with perlecan by establishing that platelets utilize domains III and V of the core protein for adhesion. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is functionalized with recombinant human perlecan domain V (rDV) to explore the effect of the tethering method on proteoglycan orientation and bioactivity. Tethering of rDV to PVC is achieved via either physisorption or covalent attachment via plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment. Both methods of rDV tethering reduce platelet adhesion and activation compared to the pristine PVC, however, the mechanisms are unique for each tethering method. Physisorption of rDV on PVC orientates the molecule to hinder access to the integrin-binding region, which inhibits platelet adhesion. In contrast, PIII treatment orientates rDV to allow access to the integrin-binding region, which is rendered antiadhesive to platelets via the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. These effects demonstrate the potential of rDV biofunctionalization to modulate platelet interactions for blood contacting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Melbourne School of Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Denese Marks
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - David Irving
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Marcela M. Bilek
- The Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Physics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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22
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. Aims. To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. Conclusions. This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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23
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. What Are the Potential Roles of Nuclear Perlecan and Other Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Normal and Malignant Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4415. [PMID: 33922532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of nuclear and perinuclear perlecan in annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells and its known matrix stabilizing properties in tissues introduces the possibility that perlecan may also have intracellular stabilizing or regulatory roles through interactions with nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins or roles in nucleosomal-chromatin organization that may regulate transcriptional factors and modulate gene expression. The nucleus is a mechano-sensor organelle, and sophisticated dynamic mechanoresponsive cytoskeletal and nuclear envelope components support and protect the nucleus, allowing it to perceive and respond to mechano-stimulation. This review speculates on the potential roles of perlecan in the nucleus based on what is already known about nuclear heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Perlecan is frequently found in the nuclei of tumour cells; however, its specific role in these diseased tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to highlight probable roles for this intriguing interactive regulatory proteoglycan in the nucleus of normal and malignant cell types.
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24
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Abstract
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) gene. Its cardinal symptoms are skeletal dysplasia and neuromuscular hyperactivity. Herein, we identified a new pathogenic mutation site (NM_005529.6:c.1125C>G; p.Cys375Trp) of HSPG2 leading to Schwartz–Jampel syndrome by whole-exome sequencing. This mutation carried by the asymptomatic parents was previously registered in a single-nucleotide polymorphism database of the National Institutes of Health as a coding sequence variant rs543805444. The pathogenic nature of this missense mutation was demonstrated by in silico pathogenicity assessment, clinical presentations, and cellular function of primary fibroblast derived from patients. Various in silico software applications predicted the mutation to be pathogenic [Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), 0; Polyphen-2, 1; CADD (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion), 23.7; MutationTaster, 1; DANN (deleterious annotation of genetic variants using neural networks); 0.9]. Needle electromyography revealed extensive complex repetitive discharges and multiple polyphasic motor unit action potentials in axial and limb muscles at rest. Short exercise test for myotonia showed Fournier pattern I. At cellular levels, mutant primary fibroblasts had reduced levels of secreted perlecan and impaired migration ability but normal capability of proliferation. Patients with this mutation showed more neuromuscular instability and relatively mild skeletal abnormality comparing with previously reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horung Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Sun
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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25
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Ng CY, Whitelock JM, Williams H, Kim HN, Medbury HJ, Lord MS. Macrophages bind LDL using heparan sulfate and the perlecan protein core. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100520. [PMID: 33684447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a key process in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and largely mediated via smooth-muscle cell-derived extracellular proteoglycans including the glycosaminoglycan chains. Macrophages can also internalize lipids via complexes with proteoglycans. However, the role of polarized macrophage-derived proteoglycans in binding LDL is unknown and important to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We therefore examined the identity of proteoglycans, including the pendent glycosaminoglycans, produced by polarized macrophages to gain insight into the molecular basis for LDL binding. Using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring technique, we established that classically activated macrophage (M1)- and alternatively activated macrophage (M2)-derived proteoglycans bind LDL via both the protein core and heparan sulfate (HS) in vitro. Among the proteoglycans secreted by macrophages, we found perlecan was the major protein core that bound LDL. In addition, we identified perlecan in the necrotic core as well as the fibrous cap of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions in the same regions as HS and colocalized with M2 macrophages, suggesting a functional role in lipid retention in vivo. These findings suggest that macrophages may contribute to LDL retention in the plaque by the production of proteoglycans; however, their contribution likely depends on both their phenotype within the plaque and the presence of enzymes, such as heparanase, that alter the secreted protein structure.
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26
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Garcia J, McCarthy HS, Kuiper JH, Melrose J, Roberts S. Perlecan in the Natural and Cell Therapy Repair of Human Adult Articular Cartilage: Can Modifications in This Proteoglycan Be a Novel Therapeutic Approach? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010092. [PMID: 33450893 PMCID: PMC7828356 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is considered to have limited regenerative capacity, which has led to the search for therapies to limit or halt the progression of its destruction. Perlecan, a multifunctional heparan sulphate (HS) proteoglycan, promotes embryonic cartilage development and stabilises the mature tissue. We investigated the immunolocalisation of perlecan and collagen between donor-matched biopsies of human articular cartilage defects (n = 10 × 2) that were repaired either naturally or using autologous cell therapy, and with age-matched normal cartilage. We explored how the removal of HS from perlecan affects human chondrocytes in vitro. Immunohistochemistry showed both a pericellular and diffuse matrix staining pattern for perlecan in both natural and cell therapy repaired cartilage, which related to whether the morphology of the newly formed tissue was hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Immunostaining for perlecan was significantly greater in both these repair tissues compared to normal age-matched controls. The immunolocalisation of collagens type III and VI was also dependent on tissue morphology. Heparanase treatment of chondrocytes in vitro resulted in significantly increased proliferation, while the expression of key chondrogenic surface and genetic markers was unaffected. Perlecan was more prominent in chondrocyte clusters than in individual cells after heparanase treatment. Heparanase treatment could be a means of increasing chondrocyte responsiveness to cartilage injury and perhaps to improve repair of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Garcia
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.); (H.S.M.); (J.H.K.)
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Helen S. McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.); (H.S.M.); (J.H.K.)
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Jan Herman Kuiper
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.); (H.S.M.); (J.H.K.)
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Area Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sally Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.); (H.S.M.); (J.H.K.)
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1-691-404-664
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27
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix encompasses a reservoir of bioactive macromolecules that modulates a cornucopia of biological functions. A prominent body of work posits matrix constituents as master regulators of autophagy and angiogenesis and provides molecular insight into how these two processes are coordinated. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyaluronan and HAS2 regulation and the role of soluble proteoglycan in affecting autophagy and angiogenesis. Specifically, we assess the role of proteoglycan-evoked autophagy in regulating angiogenesis via the HAS2-hyaluronan axis and ATG9A, a novel HAS2 binding partner. We discuss extracellular hyaluronan biology and the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that regulate its main synthesizer, HAS2. We highlight the emerging group of proteoglycans that utilize outside-in signaling to modulate autophagy and angiogenesis in cancer microenvironments and thoroughly review the most up-to-date understanding of endorepellin signaling in vascular endothelia, providing insight into the temporal complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Chen
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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28
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Nakada S, Yamashita Y, Machida S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Perlecan Facilitates Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Delocalization in Denervation-Induced Muscle Atrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112524. [PMID: 33238404 PMCID: PMC7700382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is an extracellular matrix molecule anchored to the sarcolemma by a dystrophin–glycoprotein complex. Perlecan-deficient mice are tolerant to muscle atrophy, suggesting that perlecan negatively regulates mechanical stress-dependent skeletal muscle mass. Delocalization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the sarcolemma to the cytosol triggers protein degradation, thereby initiating skeletal muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that perlecan regulates nNOS delocalization and activates protein degradation during this process. To determine the role of perlecan in nNOS-mediated mechanotransduction, we used sciatic nerve transection as a denervation model of gastrocnemius muscles. Gastrocnemius muscle atrophy was significantly lower in perinatal lethality-rescued perlecan-knockout (Hspg2−/−-Tg) mice than controls (WT-Tg) on days 4 and 14 following surgery. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that cell membrane nNOS expression was reduced by denervation in WT-Tg mice, with marginal effects in Hspg2−/−-Tg mice. Moreover, levels of atrophy-related proteins—i.e., FoxO1a, FoxO3a, atrogin-1, and Lys48-polyubiquitinated proteins—increased in the denervated muscles of WT-Tg mice but not in Hspg2−/−-Tg mice. These findings suggest that during denervation, perlecan promotes nNOS delocalization from the membrane and stimulates protein degradation and muscle atrophy by activating FoxO signaling and the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakada
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuri Yamashita
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan;
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Japanese Center for Research on Women in Sport, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; (S.N.); (S.M.)
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111
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29
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Kapoor A, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan-driven Autophagy: A Nutrient-independent Mechanism to Control Intracellular Catabolism. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:733-746. [PMID: 32623955 PMCID: PMC7649965 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are rapidly emerging as versatile regulators of intracellular catabolic pathways. This is predominantly achieved via the non-canonical induction of autophagy, a fundamentally and evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic pathway necessary for maintaining organismal homeostasis. Autophagy facilitated by either decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, or perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, proceeds independently of ambient nutrient conditions. We found that soluble decorin evokes endothelial cell autophagy and breast carcinoma cell mitophagy by directly interacting with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, respectively. Endorepellin, a soluble, proteolytic fragment of perlecan, induces autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress within the vasculature, downstream of VEGFR2. These potent matrix-derived cues transduce key biological information via receptor binding to converge upon a newly discovered nexus of core autophagic machinery comprised of Peg3 (paternally expressed gene 3) for autophagy or mitostatin for mitophagy. Here, we give a mechanistic overview of the nutrient-independent, proteoglycan-driven programs utilized for autophagic or mitophagic progression. We propose that catabolic control of cell behavior is an underlying basis for proteoglycan versatility and may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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30
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Danalache M, Erler AL, Wolfgart JM, Schwitalle M, Hofmann UK. Biochemical changes of the pericellular matrix and spatial chondrocyte organization-Two highly interconnected hallmarks of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2170-2180. [PMID: 32301522 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During osteoarthritis, chondrocytes change their spatial arrangement from single to double strings, then to small and big clusters. This change in pattern has recently been established as an image-based biomarker for osteoarthritis. The pericellular matrix (PCM) appears to degrade together alongside cellular reorganization. The aim of this study was to characterize this PCM-degradation based on different cellular patterns. We additionally wanted to identify the earliest time point of PCM-breakdown in this physiopathological model. To this end, cartilage samples were selected according to their predominant cellular pattern. Qualitative analysis of PCM degradation was performed immunohistochemically by analysing five main PCM components: collagen type VI, perlecan, collagen type III, biglycan, and fibrillin-1 (n = 6 patients). Their protein content was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (127 patients). Accompanying spatial cellular rearrangement, the PCM is progressively destroyed, with a pericellular signal loss in fluorescence microscopy for collagen type VI, perlecan, and biglycan. This loss in protein signal is accompanied by a reduction in total protein content from single strings to big clusters (P < .001 for collagen type VI, P = .003 for perlecan, and P < .001 for biglycan). As a result of an increase in the number of cells from single strings to big clusters, the amount of protein available per cell also decreases for collagen type III and fibrillin-1, where total protein levels remain constant. Biochemical changes of the PCM and cellular rearrangement are thus highly interconnected hallmarks of osteoarthritis. Interestingly, the earliest point in time for a relevant PCM impairment appears to be at the transition to small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Danalache
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lisa Erler
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julius M Wolfgart
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulf K Hofmann
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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31
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Ruiz Martínez MA, Peralta Galisteo S, Castán H, Morales Hernández ME. Role of proteoglycans on skin ageing: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:529-535. [PMID: 32895982 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work analyses the role of proteoglycans on skin ageing, influenced by the presence of glycosylated proteins, which exercise diverse functions on the skin. They are essential components that restore the cells, providing hydration, maintaining hydration of the extracellular matrix, preventing the formation of wrinkles thanks to their ability to combine to other molecules such as collagen or hyaluronic acid and favouring the smoothness of the skin texture. The use of these proteins is a very recent and promising topic, since their application may revolutionize skin ageing therapies. Of the existing proteoglycans, decorin, versican and perlecan are of special note, playing a fundamental role on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ruiz Martínez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - S Peralta Galisteo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - H Castán
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - M E Morales Hernández
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
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32
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Lin X, Tang F, Jiang S, Khamis H, Bongers A, Whitelock JM, Lord MS, Rnjak‐Kovacina J. A Biomimetic Approach toward Enhancing Angiogenesis: Recombinantly Expressed Domain V of Human Perlecan Is a Bioactive Molecule That Promotes Angiogenesis and Vascularization of Implanted Biomaterials. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000900. [PMID: 32995122 PMCID: PMC7507460 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenic therapy involving delivery of pro-angiogenic growth factors to stimulate new blood vessel formation in ischemic disease is promising but has seen limited clinical success due to issues associated with the need to deliver supra-physiological growth factor concentrations. Bio-inspired growth factor delivery utilizing the native growth factor signaling roles of the extracellular matrix proteoglycans has the potential to overcome many of the drawbacks of angiogenic therapy. In this study, the potential of the recombinantly expressed domain V (rDV) of human perlecan is investigated as a means of promoting growth factor signaling toward enhanced angiogenesis and vascularization of implanted biomaterials. rDV is found to promote angiogenesis in established in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays by potentiating endogenous growth factor signaling via its glycosaminoglycan chains. Further, rDV is found to potentiate fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling at low concentrations that in the absence of rDV are not biologically active. Finally, rDV immobilized on 3D porous silk fibroin biomaterials promotes enhanced vascular ingrowth and integration of the implanted scaffolds with the surrounding tissue. Together, these studies demonstrate the important role of this biologically active perlecan fragment and its potential in the treatment of ischemia in both native and bioengineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Fengying Tang
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Comparative Pathology ProgramDepartment of Comparative MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Shouyuan Jiang
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Heba Khamis
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Andre Bongers
- Biological Resources Imaging LaboratoryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak‐Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineerinUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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Templin AT, Mellati M, Soininen R, Hogan MF, Esser N, Castillo JJ, Zraika S, Kahn SE, Hull RL. Loss of perlecan heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans lowers body weight and decreases islet amyloid deposition in human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mice. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:95-102. [PMID: 31769491 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet amyloid is a pathologic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that is associated with β-cell loss and dysfunction. These amyloid deposits form via aggregation of the β-cell secretory product islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and contain other molecules including the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. Perlecan has been shown to bind amyloidogenic human IAPP (hIAPP) via its heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) chains and to enhance hIAPP aggregation in vitro. We postulated that reducing the HS GAG content of perlecan would also decrease islet amyloid deposition in vivo. hIAPP transgenic mice were crossed with Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice harboring a perlecan mutation that prevents HS GAG attachment (hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3), and male offspring from this cross were fed a high fat diet for 12 months to induce islet amyloid deposition. At the end of the study body weight, islet amyloid area, β-cell area, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were analyzed. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice exhibited significantly less islet amyloid deposition and greater β-cell area compared to hIAPP mice expressing wild type perlecan. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice also gained significantly less weight than other genotypes. When adjusted for differences in body weight using multiple linear regression modeling, we found no differences in islet amyloid deposition or β-cell area between hIAPP transgenic and hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice. We conclude that loss of perlecan exon 3 reduces islet amyloid deposition in vivo through indirect effects on body weight and possibly also through direct effects on hIAPP aggregation. Both of these mechanisms may promote maintenance of glucose homeostasis in the setting of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Mahnaz Mellati
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Raija Soininen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
| | - Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - J Josh Castillo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, 98108, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is responsible for significant worldwide cancer-associated mortality and has one of the lowest five-year survival rate post-diagnosis of all epithelial cancers. A major contributor to this dismal outcome is the extensive stromal reaction that occurs during PC progression. As such, targeting key components of the pancreatic tumor stroma in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy has been a recent focus in both the pre-clinical and clinical settings.Areas Covered: In this commentary, we highlight how perlecan was identified as a new potential target for this disease.Expert Opinion: Perlecan is deposited by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the pancreatic tumor stroma, and work from our laboratory group recently demonstrated that depleting perlecan reduces metastatic spread, while also improving chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic tumors harboring a gain-of-function p53 mutation. We also discuss potential strategies to therapeutically target perlecan which could be tested in pre-clinical models prior to translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Ritchie
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Theme, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Parajuli A, Pei S, Zhao H, Martinez JR, Lu XL, Liu XS, Farach-Carson MC, Kirn-Safran CB, Wang L. Trabecular Bone Deficit and Enhanced Anabolic Response to Re-Ambulation after Disuse in Perlecan-Deficient Skeleton. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020198. [PMID: 32013135 PMCID: PMC7072656 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan/Hspg2, a large monomeric heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is found in the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, where it acts as a matrix scaffold, growth factor depot, and tissue barrier. Perlecan deficiency leads to skeletal dysplasia in Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome (SJS) and is a risk factor for osteoporosis. In the SJS-mimicking murine model (Hypo), inferior cortical bone quality and impaired mechanotransduction in osteocytes were reported. This study focused on trabecular bone, where perlecan deficiency was hypothesized to result in structural deficit and altered response to disuse and re-loading. We compared the Hypo versus WT trabecular bone in both axial and appendicular skeletons of 8-38-week-old male mice, and observed severe trabecular deficit in Hypo mice, approximately 50% reduction of Tb.BV/TV regardless of skeletal site and animal age. Defects in endochondral ossification (e.g., accelerated mineralization), increases in osteoclast activity, and altered differentiation of bone progenitor cells in marrow contributed to the Hypo phenotype. The Hypo trabecular bone deteriorated further under three-week hindlimb suspension as did the WT. Re-ambulation partially recovered the lost trabecular bone in Hypo, but not in WT mice. The novel finding that low-impact loading could counter detrimental disuse effects in the perlecan-deficient skeleton suggests a strategy to maintain skeletal health in SJS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Parajuli
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.P.); (S.P.); (J.R.M.); (X.L.L.)
| | - Shaopeng Pei
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.P.); (S.P.); (J.R.M.); (X.L.L.)
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.Z.)
| | - Jerahme R. Martinez
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.P.); (S.P.); (J.R.M.); (X.L.L.)
| | - X. Lucas Lu
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.P.); (S.P.); (J.R.M.); (X.L.L.)
| | - X. Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.Z.)
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Catherine B. Kirn-Safran
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Center for Biomechanical Engineering Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (A.P.); (S.P.); (J.R.M.); (X.L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-2659
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Njoto I, Kalim H, Soeatmadji DW, Handono K, Fatchiyah F. Effect of Hyperglycemia to The mRNA Level and Protein Expression of Perlecan at Rat Model of Osteoarthritis with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1. Med Arch 2020; 73:144-148. [PMID: 31402800 PMCID: PMC6643336 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2019.73.144-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research found that diabetes mellitus capable to aggravate osteoarthritis disease. In brief, the hyperglycemia condition in diabetes mellitus has an impact on protein glycation of all joint components, including molecule, such as perlecan. The protein expression of perlecan reflects the presence amount of perlecan in the matrix of articular cartilage. However, the impact of hyperglycemia on articular perlecan has not been explained. Moreover, the role of perlecan as a mechanotransducer for chondrocytes in type 1 Diabetes mellitus remains unclear. Aim This research aims to analyze the effect of hyperglycemia in type 1 Diabetes mellitus to the mRNA level and protein expression of perlecan. Methods Thirty-five adult male rats were divided into seven groups, such as three groups of rat model with anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) at right knee (ACLT1, ACLT2, ACLT3); three groups of rats with ACLT at right knee which followed by Streptozotocin injection for diabetic mice model (DM1, DM2, DM3); and control group (N). Rat sacrificed at the third week, fourth week, and sixth week after two months of maintenance. The mRNA level and protein expression were analyzed by using PCR and Western blot. All of data was analyzed by ANOVA. Results Protein expression of perlecan in ACLT mice with diabetes mellitus (DM1, DM2, DM3 group) was gradually decreased according to the increased hyperglycemia duration. Whilst, protein expression of perlecan within ACLT mice without diabetes mellitus (ACLT1, ACLT2, ACLT3 group) was increased. The similar result also demonstrated by the mRNA level of perlecan. Group of DM1, DM2, DM3 exhibited decreased mRNA level of perlecan over the hyperglycemia duration. While, ACLT1, ACLT2, and ACLT3 group had a gradually increased of perlecan mRNA level. Conclusion Hyperglycemia on osteoarthritic condition decreased mRNA level and protein expression of perlecan which increased the severity of osteoarthritis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Njoto
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Handono Kalim
- Research Centre of Smart Molecule of Natural Genetics Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Djoko W Soeatmadji
- Research Centre of Smart Molecule of Natural Genetics Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Kusworini Handono
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.,Research Centre of Smart Molecule of Natural Genetics Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.,Research Centre of Smart Molecule of Natural Genetics Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Trout AL, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Bix GJ. Review of Alterations in Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E679. [PMID: 31968632 PMCID: PMC7013765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes in perlecan expression and distribution in response to VCID appears to be injury, risk factor, location, sex, age, and perlecan domain dependent. While great effort has been made to understand the role of perlecan in VCID, additional studies are needed to increase our understanding of perlecan's role in health and in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Elgundi Z, Papanicolaou M, Major G, Cox TR, Melrose J, Whitelock JM, Farrugia BL. Cancer Metastasis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1482. [PMID: 32010611 PMCID: PMC6978720 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the dissemination of tumor cells to new sites, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors. This process is complex and is spatially and temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One important extrinsic factor is the extracellular matrix, the non-cellular component of tissues. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are constituents of the extracellular matrix, and through their heparan sulfate chains and protein core, modulate multiple events that occur during the metastatic cascade. This review will provide an overview of the role of the extracellular matrix in the events that occur during cancer metastasis, primarily focusing on perlecan. Perlecan, a basement membrane HSPG is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix and is commonly associated with events that occur during the metastatic cascade. Its contradictory role in these events will be discussed and we will highlight the recent advances in cancer therapies that target HSPGs and their modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gretel Major
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Objective: Perlecan is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan suggested to maintain endothelial functions. We aimed to measure maternal serum perlecan levels in different preeclampsia phenotypes.Methods: This study included 50 women with preeclampsia and 30 healthy pregnant women.Results: Serum perlecan levels were significantly higher (p = 0.016) in preeclamptic women with severe features(n = 23) than preeclampsia patients(n = 27). There were no statistically significant differences in serum perlecan levels between the early-onset preeclampsia(n = 25), late-onset preeclampsia(n = 25), and healthy pregnancies.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that preeclamptic women with severe features have higher serum perlecan levels than women with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akbas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Faik Mumtaz Koyuncu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Burcu Artunc-Ulkumen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Habib Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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40
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Vögtle T, Sharma S, Mori J, Nagy Z, Semeniak D, Scandola C, Geer MJ, Smith CW, Lane J, Pollack S, Lassila R, Jouppila A, Barr AJ, Ogg DJ, Howard TD, McMiken HJ, Warwicker J, Geh C, Rowlinson R, Abbott WM, Eckly A, Schulze H, Wright GJ, Mazharian A, Fütterer K, Rajesh S, Douglas MR, Senis YA. Heparan sulfates are critical regulators of the inhibitory megakaryocyte-platelet receptor G6b-B. eLife 2019; 8:e46840. [PMID: 31436532 PMCID: PMC6742478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B is critical for platelet production and activation. Loss of G6b-B results in severe macrothrombocytopenia, myelofibrosis and aberrant platelet function in mice and humans. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, affinity chromatography and proteomics, we identified the extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan perlecan as a G6b-B binding partner. Subsequent in vitro biochemical studies and a cell-based genetic screen demonstrated that the interaction is specifically mediated by the HS chains of perlecan. Biophysical analysis revealed that heparin forms a high-affinity complex with G6b-B and mediates dimerization. Using platelets from humans and genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that binding of G6b-B to HS and multivalent heparin inhibits platelet and megakaryocyte function by inducing downstream signaling via the tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Our findings provide novel insights into how G6b-B is regulated and contribute to our understanding of the interaction of megakaryocytes and platelets with glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vögtle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sumana Sharma
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jun Mori
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniela Semeniak
- Institute of Experimental BiomedicineUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Cyril Scandola
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Mitchell J Geer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jordan Lane
- Sygnature Discovery LimitedNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Riitta Lassila
- Coagulation Disorders Unit, Department of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Aplagon OyHelsinkiFinland
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Coagulation Disorders UnitHelsinki University Hospital Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Alastair J Barr
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science & TechnologyUniversity of WestminsterLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Derek J Ogg
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Tina D Howard
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Juli Warwicker
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine Geh
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | | | - W Mark Abbott
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental BiomedicineUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Mazharian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sundaresan Rajesh
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael R Douglas
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyDudley Group NHS Foundation TrustDudleyUnited Kingdom
- School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
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Khanna V, Kalscheuer S, Kirtane A, Zhang W, Panyam J. Perlecan-targeted nanoparticles for drug delivery to triple-negative breast cancer. Future Drug Discov 2019; 1:FDD8. [PMID: 31448368 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We previously developed two antibodies that bind to a cell surface protein, perlecan, overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The goal of this study was to investigate these antibodies as targeting ligands for nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Methods: Paclitaxel-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles were functionalized with antibodies using thiol–maleimide chemistry. Effect of antibody functionalization on therapeutic efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles was investigated using in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC. Results: The antibodies were covalently conjugated to nanoparticles without affecting antibody binding affinity or nanoparticle properties. Perlecan-targeted nanoparticles showed improved cell uptake, retention, cytotoxicity in vitro and enhanced tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Conclusion: The data presented here indicates that perlecan-targeted nanoparticles can improve tumor drug delivery to TNBC.
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Guo HX, Zhu YB, Wu CP, Zhong M, Hu SW. Potential urine biomarkers for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2463-2470. [PMID: 30720087 PMCID: PMC6423646 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential proteomic technology was used to identify urine proteomic profile of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Urine samples were collected from 10 patients with gestational hypertension, 10 patients with mild preeclampsia, 10 patients with severe preeclampsia and 10 normal pregnancies and analyzed by 2‑D difference gel electrophoresis, then matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was used to identify differential proteins. Subsequently, ELISA was used to verify the content variation of the identified proteins in 200 urine samples. In total, 30 differential proteins were identified. For prostaglandin‑H2 D‑isomerase (L‑PGDS), perlecan and other 15 proteins, the contents in patients with gestational hypertension were higher than that of normal pregnancies, but lower in mild and severe preeclampsia. By contrast, serum albumin and α‑1‑antitrypsin was lower in samples from patients with gestational hypertension and higher in patients with mild and severe preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancies. ELISA verified that the urinary concentration of L‑PGDS and perlecan were significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia than in normal pregnancies (P<0.05). Urine proteomics is a useful tool to identify potential biomarkers to distinguish between different types of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. L‑PGDS and perlecan could potentially be used as markers to reflect the state of renal function, and may participate in the genesis and development of renal injury during preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bin Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Ping Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nan Fang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Wang Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Fitzgerald J. WARP: A Unique Extracellular Matrix Component of Cartilage, Muscle, and Endothelial Cell Basement Membranes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1619-1623. [PMID: 30768857 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The von Willebrand factor A-domain-related protein (WARP) encoded by the VWA1 gene, is an orphan extracellular matrix protein that is expressed in a subset of ECM structures but whose function is poorly understood. Here, recent advances on understanding VWA1/WARP will be reviewed including analysis of VWA1 reporter and global knock-out mice, interaction studies, and recent transcriptome analyses. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Fitzgerald
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital System, Detroit, Michigan
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Martinez JR, Grindel BJ, Hubka KM, Dodge GR, Farach-Carson MC. Perlecan/HSPG2: Signaling role of domain IV in chondrocyte clustering with implications for Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2138-2150. [PMID: 30203597 PMCID: PMC6411452 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan/heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), a large HSPG, is indispensable for the development of musculoskeletal tissues, where it is deposited within the pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes and disappears nearly completely at the chondro-osseous junction (COJ) of developing long bones. Destruction of perlecan at the COJ converts an avascular cartilage compartment into one that permits blood vessel infiltration and osteogenesis. Mutations in perlecan are associated with chondrodysplasia with widespread musculoskeletal and joint defects. This study elucidated novel signaling roles of perlecan core protein in endochondral bone formation and chondrocyte behavior. Perlecan subdomains were tested for chondrogenic properties in ATDC5 cells, a model for early chondrogenesis. A region within domain IV of perlecan (HSPG2 IV-3) was found to promote rapid prechondrocyte clustering. Introduction of the mutation (R3452Q) associated with the human skeletal disorder Schwartz-Jampel syndrome limited HSPG2 IV-3-induced clustering. HSPG2 IV-3 activity was enhanced when thermally unfolded, likely because of increased exposure of the active motif(s). HSPG2 IV-3-induced clustering was accompanied by the deactivation of key components of the focal adhesion complex, FAK and Src, with increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of precartilage condensation markers Sox9 and N-cadherin ( Cdh2), and cartilage PCM components collagen II ( Col2a1) and aggrecan ( Acan). HSPG2 IV-3 reduced signaling through the ERK pathway, where loss of ERK1/2 phosphorylation coincided with reduced FoxM1 protein levels and increased mRNA levels cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (Cdkn1c) and activating transcription factor 3 ( Atf3), reducing cell proliferation. These findings point to a critical role for perlecan domain IV in cartilage development through triggering chondrocyte condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerahme R. Martinez
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian J. Grindel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kelsea M. Hubka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA. University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA., 19104, USA
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Mary C. Farach-Carson, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston TX 77054, Phone: 713-486-4438,
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Shu CC, Smith SM, Little CB, Melrose J. Elevated hypertrophy, growth plate maturation, glycosaminoglycan deposition, and exostosis formation in the Hspg2 exon 3 null mouse intervertebral disc. Biochem J 2019; 476:225-43. [PMID: 30563944 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20180695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates diverse cell signalling events in intervertebral disc development and homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ablation of perlecan HS/CS on murine intervertebral disc development. Genetic models carrying mutations in genes encoding HS biosynthetic enzymes have identified multiple roles for HS in tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we utilised an Hspg2 exon 3 null HS/CS-deficient mouse to assess the role of perlecan HS in disc cell regulation. HS makes many important contributions to growth factor sequestration, stabilisation/delivery, and activation of receptors directing cellular proliferation, differentiation, and assembly of extracellular matrix. Perlecan HS/CS-mediated interactions promote extracellular matrix assembly/stabilisation and tissue functional properties, and thus, removal of perlecan HS/CS should affect extracellular matrix function and homeostasis. Hspg2 exon 3 null intervertebral discs accumulated significantly greater glycosaminoglycan in the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and vertebral growth plates than C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) I intervertebral discs. Proliferation of intervertebral disc progenitor cells was significantly higher in Hspg2 exon 3 null intervertebral discs, and these cells became hypertrophic by 12 weeks of age and were prominent in the vertebral growth plates but had a disorganised organisation. C57BL/6 WT vertebral growth plates contained regular columnar growth plate chondrocytes. Exostosis-like, ectopic bone formation occurred in Hspg2 exon 3 null intervertebral discs, and differences were evident in disc cell maturation and in matrix deposition in this genotype, indicating that perlecan HS/CS chains had cell and matrix interactive properties which repressively maintained tissue homeostasis in the adult intervertebral disc.
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Davids M, Markello T, Wolfe LA, Chepa-Lotrea X, Tifft CJ, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV. Early infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy 28 due to a homozygous microdeletion involving the WWOX gene in a region of uniparental disomy. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:42-47. [PMID: 30362252 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genetic etiologies of many rare disorders, including early infantile epileptic encephalopathies, are largely undiagnosed. A 6-year-old girl was admitted to the National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program with profound intellectual disability, infantile-onset seizures, chronic respiratory failure, facial dysmorphisms, skeletal abnormalities, and atrial septum defect. A large region of homozygosity was discovered on chromosome 16, spanning 16q22.1-16q24.3' caused by uniparental disomy (UPD) that included a maternally inherited homozygous microdeletion covering exon 6 of WWOX (NM_016373.3). mRNA expression analysis revealed that the deletion led to nonsense-mediated decay of the NM_016373.3 transcript; the exon 6 of an alternative transcript (NM_130791.3), lacking the short-chain dehydrogenase, was utilized. The microdeletion in WWOX explains the seizures and intellectual disability, while pathogenic variants in another gene, HSPG2, are likely responsible for the patient's skeletal abnormalities. This report describes a rare autosomal recessive disorder with multiple genetic etiologies, one of which involves UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xenia Chepa-Lotrea
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Martinez JR, Dhawan A, Farach-Carson MC. Modular Proteoglycan Perlecan/ HSPG2: Mutations, Phenotypes, and Functions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E556. [PMID: 30453502 PMCID: PMC6266596 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) is an essential, highly conserved gene whose expression influences many developmental processes including the formation of the heart and brain. The gene is widely expressed throughout the musculoskeletal system including cartilage, bone marrow and skeletal muscle. The HSPG2 gene product, perlecan is a multifunctional proteoglycan that preserves the integrity of extracellular matrices, patrols tissue borders, and controls various signaling pathways affecting cellular phenotype. Given HSPG2's expression pattern and its role in so many fundamental processes, it is not surprising that relatively few gene mutations have been identified in viable organisms. Mutations to the perlecan gene are rare, with effects ranging from a relatively mild condition to a more severe and perinatally lethal form. This review will summarize the important studies characterizing mutations and variants of HSPG2 and discuss how these genomic modifications affect expression, function and phenotype. Additionally, this review will describe the clinical findings of reported HSPG2 mutations and their observed phenotypes. Finally, the evolutionary aspects that link gene integrity to function are discussed, including key findings from both in vivo animal studies and in vitro systems. We also hope to facilitate discussion about perlecan/HSPG2 and its role in normal physiology, to explain how mutation can lead to pathology, and to point out how this information can suggest pathways for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerahme R Martinez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Akash Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Abstract
In this editorial to MDPI Pharmaceuticals special issue “Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans” we describe in outline the common structural features of glycosaminoglycans and the characteristics of proteoglycans, including the intracellular proteoglycan, serglycin, cell-surface proteoglycans, like syndecans and glypicans, and the extracellular matrix proteoglycans, like aggrecan, perlecan, and small leucine-rich proteoglycans. The context in which the pharmaceutical uses of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are presented in this special issue is given at the very end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Armes JE, Williams M, Price G, Wallis T, Gallagher R, Matsika A, Joy C, Galea M, Gardener G, Leach R, Swagemakers SM, Tearle R, Stubbs A, Harraway J, van der Spek PJ, Venter DJ. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing Technology in the Investigation of Genetic Causes of Fetal, Perinatal, and Early Infant Death. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018. [PMID: 28641477 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617715528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Death in the fetal, perinatal, and early infant age-group has a multitude of causes, a proportion of which is presumed to be genetic. Defining a specific genetic aberration leading to the death is problematic at this young age, due to limited phenotype-genotype correlation inherent in the underdeveloped phenotype, the inability to assess certain phenotypic traits after death, and the problems of dealing with rare disorders. In this study, our aim was to increase the yield of identification of a defined genetic cause of an early death. Therefore, we employed whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic filtering techniques as a comprehensive, unbiased genetic investigation into 16 fetal, perinatal, and early infant deaths, which had undergone a full autopsy. A likely genetic cause was identified in two cases (in genes; COL2A1 and RYR1) and a speculative genetic cause in a further six cases (in genes: ARHGAP35, BBS7, CASZ1, CRIM1, DHCR7, HADHB, HAPLN3, HSPG2, MYO18B, and SRGAP2). This investigation indicates that whole genome sequencing is a significantly enabling technology when determining genetic causes of early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Armes
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,3 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Williams
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gareth Price
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tristan Wallis
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Renee Gallagher
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Admire Matsika
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Joy
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Galea
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Gardener
- 2 Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,4 Centre for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rick Leach
- 5 Complete Genomics Inc, Mountain View, California
| | | | - Rick Tearle
- 5 Complete Genomics Inc, Mountain View, California.,7 Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Stubbs
- 6 Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Harraway
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- 6 Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,8 Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deon J Venter
- 1 Department of Pathology, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,3 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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50
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Gómez-Herrera Z, Molina-Frechero N, Damián-Matsumura P, Bologna-Molina R. Proteoglycans as potential biomarkers in odontogenic tumors. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:98-103. [PMID: 29731564 PMCID: PMC5917551 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_151_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are essential for normal cellular development; however, alterations of their concentrations can promote tumor growth. To date, a limited number of studies report the presence of PGs in odontogenic tumors (OTs); therefore, the main purpose of this work is to gather the information published on the study of PGs. The search reported 26 articles referring to the presence of different PGs in distinct OTs from 1999 to May 2017. PGs seem to play an important role during OTs' development as they are involved in several tumor processes; however, the number of reports on the study of these molecules is low. Thus, more studies are necessary in order to gain a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Gómez-Herrera
- Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Xochimilco, 04960 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Xochimilco, 04960 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Damián-Matsumura
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Molecular Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of the Republic, 19200 Montevideo, Uruguay
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