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Chen X, He F, Zhang H, Ma Y, Yu J, Qin H, Wu F, Wang Z, Zhan Y, Zhang J, Lu L, Zhang M, Yu S. Syndecan-4 inhibition attenuates cartilage degeneration in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. J Oral Rehabil 2024. [PMID: 39101668 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndecan 4 (SDC4), a type I transmembrane proteoglycan, serves as a critical link between chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the role of SDC4 in cartilage degeneration of temporomandibular joint osteoathritis (TMJOA). METHODS Condylar chondrocytes were stimulated with varying concentrations of recombinant rat interleukin-1β (rrIL-1β) and SDC4 small interfering RNA (si-SDC4). Anti-SDC4 ectodomain-specific antibodies or IgG were intra-articularly administrated in a TMJOA model rats. SDC4 conditional knockout (SDC4-cKO) and Sdc4flox/flox mice were induced TMJOA. Cartilage degeneration was assessed using haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and safranin O (SO) staining. Protein levels of SDC4, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), type II collagen (Col-II), aggrecan (ACAN), cleaved caspase 3 (CASP3), Ki67 and related pathways in condylar cartilage were evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining or western blot assays. RESULTS SDC4 expression was evidently increased in MIA-model animals compared to control groups. rrIL-1β stimulation increased the expression of SDC4, MMP3 and ADAMTS5 expression in chondrocytes, while decreasing the expression of Col-II. These effects were reversed by si-SDC4 in vitro. In vivo, SDC4 blockade reduced the death of chondrocytes and the loss of cartilage matrix, which was evidenced by increased expression of Col-II and ACAN, and a decrease in SDC4, MMP13 and cleaved-CASP3-positive cells. Furthermore, the protein levels of ACAN and Ki67 were elevated, and the ERK1/2 and P38 signalling pathways were activated following SDC4 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS SDC4 inhibition significantly ameliorates condylar cartilage degeneration, which was mediated, at least partly, through P38 and ERK1/2 signalling. Inhibition of SDC4 may be of great value for the treatment of TMJOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lintong Xiekou Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Yang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao Z, Zhang J, Gao W, Chen Y, Lu Y, Wang H, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li J, Tao H. Metformin prevents the onset and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration: New insights and potential mechanisms (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 54:71. [PMID: 38963023 PMCID: PMC11232665 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been the go‑to medical treatment for addressing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a frontline oral antidiabetic. Obesity, cancer and bone deterioration are linked to T2DM, which is considered a metabolic illness. Numerous diseases associated with T2DM, such as tumours, cardiovascular disease and bone deterioration, may be treated with metformin. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is distinguished by degeneration of the spinal disc, accompanied by the gradual depletion of proteoglycans and water in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the IVD, resulting in lower back pain. The therapeutic effect of metformin on IVDD has also attracted much attention. By stimulating AMP‑activated kinase, metformin could enhance autophagy and suppress cell senescence, apoptosis and inflammation, thus effectively delaying IVDD. The present review aimed to systematically explain the development of IVDD and mechanism of metformin in the treatment and prevention of IVDD to provide a reference for the clinical application of metformin as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yipin Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zongshi Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jingtang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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Sao K, Risbud MV. Proteoglycan Dysfunction: A Common Link Between Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Skeletal Dysplasia. Neurospine 2024; 21:162-178. [PMID: 38569642 PMCID: PMC10992626 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2347342.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans through their sulfated glycosaminoglycans regulate cell-matrix signaling during tissue development, regeneration, and degeneration processes. Large extracellular proteoglycans such as aggrecan, versican, and perlecan are especially important for the structural integrity of the intervertebral disc and cartilage during development. In these tissues, proteoglycans are responsible for hydration, joint flexibility, and the absorption of mechanical loads. Loss or reduction of these molecules can lead to disc degeneration and skeletal dysplasia, evident from loss of disc height or defects in skeletal development respectively. In this review, we discuss the common proteoglycans found in the disc and cartilage and elaborate on various murine models and skeletal dysplasias in humans to highlight how their absence and/or aberrant expression causes accelerated disc degeneration and developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hattori Y, Hasegawa M, Iino T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Sudo A. Role of Syndecan-4 in the Inhibition of Articular Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2257. [PMID: 37626753 PMCID: PMC10452293 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its widespread existence, there are relatively few drugs that can inhibit the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Syndecan-4 (SDC4) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that modulates cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix. Upregulated SDC4 expression in articular cartilage chondrocytes correlates with OA progression. In the present study, we treated osteoarthritic cartilage with SDC4 to elucidate its role in the disease's pathology. In this in vitro study, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the effects of SDC4 on anabolic and catabolic factors in cultured chondrocytes. In the in vivo study, we investigated the effect of intra-articular injection of SDC4 into the knee joints of an OA mouse model. In vitro, SDC4 upregulated the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 and downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-5 in chondrocytes. Injection of SDC4 into the knee joints of OA model mice prevented articular cartilage degeneration 6 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Immunohistochemical analysis 8 weeks after SDC4 injection into the knee joint revealed decreased ADAMTS-5 expression and increased TIMP-3 expression. The results of this study suggest that the treatment of osteoarthritic articular cartilage with SDC4 inhibits cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hattori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Masahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Takahiro Iino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Departments of Pathology & Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
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Li X, Shen X, Wang Z, Jiang H, Ma Z, Yu P, Yu Z, Qian X, Liu J. Gene expression profiling in nucleus pulposus of human ruptured lumbar disc herniation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:892594. [PMID: 36506585 PMCID: PMC9732013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.892594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the differences in gene expression between ruptured and non-ruptured nucleus pulposus tissues of the intervertebral discs using gene chip technology. Methods: A total of 8 patients with nucleus pulposus from a lumbar disc herniation (LDH) undergoing discectomy in our hospital were selected, including 4 ruptured and 4 non-ruptured herniated nucleus pulposus cases. Total RNA was extracted from cells by using TRIzol reagent. Nucleus pulposus cDNA probes of the two groups were obtained by the single marker method and hybridized with a human gene expression profiling chip (Agilent). The fluorescence signal images were scanned by a laser, and the obtained genes were analyzed by bioinformatics. Results: There were 75 differentially expressed genes with more than 2-fold-changes, of which 56 were up-regulated and 19 were down-regulated. The differential expression of THSD7A, which was up-regulated 18 times, was the most significant, followed by CCL5, AQP3 and SDC4. Conclusion: THSD7A can be used as a characteristic differentially expressed gene in human ruptured nucleus pulposus. Moreover, CCL5, AQP3 and SDC4 may improve the chemotaxis of stem cell migration for self-healing of damaged disc tissue, increase water uptake by nucleus accumbens cells, and inhibit the inflammatory response, thus delaying the process of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqiang Shen
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijia Ma
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhan Yu
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Jintao Liu,
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Sun K, Jiang J, Wang Y, Sun X, Zhu J, Xu X, Sun J, Shi J. The role of nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in regulating intervertebral disc degeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101733. [PMID: 36113765 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been the major contributor to chronic lower back pain (LBP). Abnormal apoptosis, senescence, and pyroptosis of IVD cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and infiltration of immune cells are the major molecular alternations during IVDD. Changes at tissue level frequently occur at advanced IVD tissue. Ectopic ingrowth of nerves within inner annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue has been considered as the primary cause for LBP. Innervation at IVD tissue mainly included sensory and sympathetic nerves, and many markers for these two types of nerves have been detected since 1940. In fact, in osteoarthritis (OA), beyond pain transmission, the direct regulation of neuropeptides on functions of chondrocytes have attracted researchers' great attention recently. Many physical and pathological similarities between joint and IVD have shed us the light on the neurogenic mechanism involved in IVDD. Here, an overview of the advances in the nervous system within IVD tissue will be performed, with a discussion on in the role of nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in regulating IVDD. We hope this review can attract more research interest to address neuromodulation and IVDD itself, which will enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuromodulation to the structural changes within IVD tissue and inflammatory responses and will help identify novel therapeutic targets and enable the effective treatment of IVDD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China; Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, China
| | - Jialin Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jingchuan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Current Perspectives on Nucleus Pulposus Fibrosis in Disc Degeneration and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126612. [PMID: 35743056 PMCID: PMC9223673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence in humans and animal models indicates an association between intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and increased fibrotic elements in the nucleus pulposus (NP). These include enhanced matrix turnover along with the abnormal deposition of collagens and other fibrous matrices, the emergence of fibrosis effector cells, such as macrophages and active fibroblasts, and the upregulation of the fibroinflammatory factors TGF-β1 and IL-1/-13. Studies have suggested a role for NP cells in fibroblastic differentiation through the TGF-βR1-Smad2/3 pathway, inflammatory activation and mechanosensing machineries. Moreover, NP fibrosis is linked to abnormal MMP activity, consistent with the role of matrix proteases in regulating tissue fibrosis. MMP-2 and MMP-12 are the two main profibrogenic markers of myofibroblastic NP cells. This review revisits studies in the literature relevant to NP fibrosis in an attempt to stratify its biochemical features and the molecular identity of fibroblastic cells in the context of IDD. Given the role of fibrosis in tissue healing and diseases, the perspective may provide new insights into the pathomechanism of IDD and its management.
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Zoetebier B, Schmitz T, Ito K, Karperien M, Tryfonidou MA, Paez J. Injectable hydrogels for articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus repair: Status quo and prospects. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:478-499. [PMID: 35232245 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic low back pain due to degenerative (intervertebral) disc disease (DDD) are two of the major causes of disabilities worldwide, affecting hundreds of millions of people and leading to a high socioeconomic burden. Although OA occurs in synovial joints and DDD occurs in cartilaginous joints, the similarities are striking, with both joints showing commonalities in the nature of the tissues and in the degenerative processes during disease. Consequently, repair strategies for articular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP), the core of the intervertebral disc, in the context of OA and DDD share common aspects. One of such tissue engineering approaches is the use of injectable hydrogels for AC and NP repair. In this review, the state-of-the-art and recent developments in injectable hydrogels for repairing, restoring, and regenerating AC tissue suffering from OA and NP tissue in DDD are summarized focusing on cell-free approaches. The various biomaterial strategies exploited for repair of both tissues are compared, and the synergies that could be gained by translating experiences from one tissue to the other are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Zoetebier
- University of Twente Faculty of Science and Technology, 207105, Developmental BioEngineering , Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, Netherlands, 7500 AE;
| | - Tara Schmitz
- Eindhoven University of Technology, 3169, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands;
| | - Keita Ito
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, GEMZ 4.115, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 5600 MB;
| | | | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3584 CM;
| | - Julieta Paez
- University of Twente Faculty of Science and Technology, 207105, Developmental Bioengineering, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, Enschede The Netherlands, Enschede, Netherlands, 7500 AE;
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Hu J, Li Y, Wei Z, Chen H, Sun X, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Yin Y, Guo M, Chen J, Zhai G, Xu B, Xie J. A reduction in the vascular smooth muscle cell focal adhesion component syndecan-4 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e605. [PMID: 34936241 PMCID: PMC8693440 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious vascular disease for which there is no effective drug treatment. The incidence of AAA increases significantly as a subject ages, and the molecular mechanism of AAA formation remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the role of syndecan-4 (SDC4), an important component of focal adhesions, in AAA formation and its association with phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS The protein expression levels of SDC4 were significantly decreased in human AAA tissue and those of an AAA mouse model. Moreover, SDC4 knockout (KO) in mice accelerated the formation and rupture of AAAs induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) Mechanistically, the decrease in SDC4 led to the transformation of cultured VSMCs from a contractile to a secretory phenotype. The RhoA-F/G-actin-myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) signalling pathway was shown to be involved in SDC4-dependent VSMC alteration. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a G-protein-coupled receptor, attenuated the AAA formation in SDC4-KO and wild-type (WT) mice in response to Ang II and CaCl2 stimulation. CONCLUSION We herein demonstrated that silencing SDC4 was associated with increased AAA formation and phenotypic changes in VSMCs via the RhoA-F/G-actin-MRTF-A pathway. These findings indicated that a reduction in SDC4 expression was an important pathological alteration and potential therapeutic target for AAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhonghai Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haiting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jianzhou Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guangyao Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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10
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Lin Z, Lu F, Ma X, Xia X, Zou F, Jiang J. Roles of circular RNAs in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1221. [PMID: 34603518 PMCID: PMC8453328 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain (LBP) is an extremely common symptom and is recognized as a leading contributor to disability and disease burden globally. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) represents a major cause of LBP. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IDD remain unclear, and currently available treatments, including conservative and surgical options, fail to effectively delay, stop or reverse the progression of IDD. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered group of covalently closed, single-stranded and endogenous non-coding RNAs. A growing body of research has revealed that a number of circRNAs are widely and aberrantly expressed in IDD tissues. Furthermore, they play important roles in the pathogenesis of IDD, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, mitophagy, inflammation and extracellular matrix metabolism, mainly by acting as sponges for microRNAs. The present review aims to summarize the current understanding on the mechanisms of circRNA-mediated regulation in IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Feizhou Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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11
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Zhou K, He S, Yu H, Pei F, Zhou Z. Inhibition of syndecan-4 reduces cartilage degradation in murine models of osteoarthritis through the downregulation of HIF-2α by miR-96-5p. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1060-1070. [PMID: 33850295 PMCID: PMC8292145 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The membranous receptor syndecan-4 (SDC-4) and the nuclear transcription factor hypoxia-induced factor-2α (HIF-2α) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to determine whether SDC-4 inhibition downregulates HIF-2a expression by microRNA-96-5p (miR-96-5p) in murine chondrocyte and cartilage tissue. The OA model was induced surgically in mice, and SDC-4 polyclonal antibody, HIF-2α small interfering RNA (siRNA) and its control, miR-96-5p mimics and its scrambled controls or anti-miR-96-5p and its control were then injected into the knee joints. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, OA progression was evaluated microscopically, histologically, radiographically and immunohistochemically in these mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were performed after treating with antibody and transfecting with miRNA mimic or siRNA to determine their effects on OA-related mediators. The potential miRNAs related to OA development were identified by using miRNA microarray analysis. Whether miRNAs play a pivotal role in OA development in vivo or in vitro was also investigated. MiR-96-5p expression was upregulated by SDC-4-specific antibodies in chondrocytes and cartilage tissue, and miR-96-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of HIF-2α to inhibit HIF-2α signaling in murine chondrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that anti-SDC-4-attenuated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage degradation by inhibiting HIF-2α signaling by a miR-96-5p-dependent mechanism. Our study revealed that the inhibition of SDC-4 exerts its effects on both cartilage homeostasis and the chondrocyte hypertrophy phenotype by inducing miR-96-5p expression, which results in targeting HIF-2α 3'-UTR sequences and inhibiting HIF-2α in murine cartilage tissue and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Sirong He
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haoda Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fuxing Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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12
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Wang J, Wang X, Ding X, Huang T, Song D, Tao H. EZH2 is associated with cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis by promoting SDC1 expression via histone methylation of the microRNA-138 promoter. J Transl Med 2021; 101:600-611. [PMID: 33692439 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration has been reported to deteriorate osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent joint disease caused by intrinsic and epigenetic factors. This study aimed to examine the molecular mechanism of enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2)/microRNA-138 (miR-138)/syndecan 1 (SDC1) and its epigenetic regulation in cartilage degeneration in OA. An OA cell model was induced by stimulating chondrocytes with interleukin (IL)-1β at a final concentration of 10 ng/mL, followed by alterations in EZH2 and miR-138 expression. Afterwards, cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression patterns of cartilage catabolism-related factors (MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5) were determined using RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. The EZH2 and H3K27me3 enrichment at the miR-138 promoter region were determined using ChIP-qPCR. Finally, an OA mouse model was constructed to verify the function of EZH2 in vivo. EZH2 was expressed at high levels in OA models. EZH2 depletion ameliorated OA, as evidenced by reduced cell apoptosis in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes and decreased levels of cartilage catabolism-related factors. Moreover, EZH2 promoted histone methylation at the miR-138 promoter to suppress miR-138 expression, thereby upregulating the expression of SDC1, a target gene of miR-138. Changes in this pathway increased the expression of cartilage catabolism-related factors in vitro while promoting cartilage degeneration in vivo. Our data provided evidence that EZH2 inhibits miR-138 expression by promoting the histone methylation of its promoter, which induces cartilage degeneration in OA models by upregulating SDC1 expression, suggesting a novel mechanistic strategy for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, 200940, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xu Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, 200940, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, 200940, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dengxin Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, 200940, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hairong Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, PR China.
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13
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Bollmann M, Pinno K, Ehnold LI, Märtens N, Märtson A, Pap T, Stärke C, Lohmann CH, Bertrand J. MMP-9 mediated Syndecan-4 shedding correlates with osteoarthritis severity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:280-289. [PMID: 33246160 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease inducing the degradation of the articular cartilage. Syndecan-4 (Sdc4) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, expressed under inflammatory conditions and by chondrocytes during OA. Little is known about Sdc4 shedding and its regulation in OA. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of Sdc4 shedding and underlying shedding mechanisms under OA conditions. DESIGN Articular cartilage, serum, synovial fluid and synovial membrane from OA patients with different radiological severity were analyzed. ELISA, RT-qPCR and IHC for Sdc4, MMP-2 and -9 were performed. MMP inhibitors and siRNA were evaluated for their effect on Sdc4 shedding by ELISA and on IL-1 signaling by western blot (pERK/ERK). RESULTS Shed Sdc4 was increased in synovial fluid of OA patients, but not in the serum and is a good predictor (AUC = 0.72) for OA severity with a sensitivity of 67.5% and specificity 65.2%. MMP-9, but not MMP-2, was increased in cartilage and synovial membrane at mRNA levels and in the synovial fluid at protein levels. Shed Sdc4 correlated with the amount of MMP-9 in synovial fluid. Further, the inhibition and knock-down of MMP-9 decreased the amount of shed Sdc4 in vitro. Increased Sdc4 shedding resulted in less phosphorylation of ERK upon IL-1β stimulation. CONCLUSION Shed Sdc4 might be a good prognostic biomarker for OA mediated cartilage degradation. MMP-9 seems to be the relevant sheddase for Sdc4 under OA conditions, desensitizing chondrocytes towards IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bollmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Pinno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L I Ehnold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - N Märtens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Märtson
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, University of Tartu, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Stärke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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14
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Baumgartner L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Wignall F, Richardson SM, Hoyland J, Ruiz Wills C, González Ballester MA, Neidlin M, Alexopoulos LG, Noailly J. Multiscale Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc: Achievements in Experimental, In Silico, and Regenerative Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E703. [PMID: 33445782 PMCID: PMC7828304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major risk factor of low back pain. It is defined by a progressive loss of the IVD structure and functionality, leading to severe impairments with restricted treatment options due to the highly demanding mechanical exposure of the IVD. Degenerative changes in the IVD usually increase with age but at an accelerated rate in some individuals. To understand the initiation and progression of this disease, it is crucial to identify key top-down and bottom-up regulations' processes, across the cell, tissue, and organ levels, in health and disease. Owing to unremitting investigation of experimental research, the comprehension of detailed cell signaling pathways and their effect on matrix turnover significantly rose. Likewise, in silico research substantially contributed to a holistic understanding of spatiotemporal effects and complex, multifactorial interactions within the IVD. Together with important achievements in the research of biomaterials, manifold promising approaches for regenerative treatment options were presented over the last years. This review provides an integrative analysis of the current knowledge about (1) the multiscale function and regulation of the IVD in health and disease, (2) the possible regenerative strategies, and (3) the in silico models that shall eventually support the development of advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baumgartner
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
| | - Francis Wignall
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Stephen M. Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Judith Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz Wills
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. González Ballester
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Neidlin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Leonidas G. Alexopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
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15
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Iozzo RV, Theocharis AD, Neill T, Karamanos NK. Complexity of matrix phenotypes. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100038. [PMID: 33543032 PMCID: PMC7852209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is engaged in an ever-evolving and elegant ballet of dynamic reciprocity that directly and bi-directionally regulates cell behavior. Homeostatic and pathophysiological changes in cell-matrix signaling cascades manifest as complex matrix phenotypes. Indeed, the extracellular matrix can be implicated in virtually every known human disease, thus, making it the most critical and dynamic "organ" in the human body. The overall goal of this Special Issue is to provide an accurate and inclusive functional definition that addresses the inherent complexity of matrix phenotypes. This goal is summarily achieved via a corpus of expertly written articles, reviews and original research, focused at answering this question empirically and fundamentally via state-of-the-art methods and research strategies.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Angiogenesis
- Cancer
- Collagen
- DDR1, discoidin domain receptor 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMILIN1, elastin microfibril interfacer 1
- EMILIN2, elastin microfibril interfacer 2
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- ERβ, estrogen receptor β
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1, HAS2 antisense 1
- HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-Hook 2
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer
- IGF-IR, insulin growth factor I receptor
- IR-A, insulin receptor A
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- LOX, lysyl oxidases
- LTBP, latent TGFβ-binding proteins
- MAGP, microfibril-associated glycoproteins
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- Methodologies
- OB, osteoblast
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- PARs, protease activated receptors
- PG, proteoglycans
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Proteoglycans
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SLRP, small leucine rich proteoglycans
- SSR, solar-simulated radiation
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNT, tunneling nanotubes
- UVR, ultraviolet radiation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miR, microRNA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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16
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Barcellona MN, Speer JE, Fearing BV, Jing L, Pathak A, Gupta MC, Buchowski JM, Kelly M, Setton LA. Control of adhesive ligand density for modulation of nucleus pulposus cell phenotype. Biomaterials 2020; 250:120057. [PMID: 32361392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the nucleus pulposus have been observed to undergo a shift from their notochordal-like juvenile phenotype to a more fibroblast-like state with age and maturation. It has been demonstrated that culture of degenerative adult human nucleus pulposus cells upon soft (<1 kPa) full length laminin-containing hydrogel substrates promotes increased levels of a panel of markers associated with the juvenile nucleus pulposus cell phenotype. In the current work, we observed an ability to use soft polymeric substrates functionalized with short laminin-mimetic peptide sequences to recapitulate the behaviors elicited by soft, full-length laminin containing materials. Furthermore, our work suggests an ability to mimic features of soft systems through control of peptide density upon stiffer substrates. Specifically, results suggest that stiffer polymer-peptide hydrogel substrates can be used to promote the expression of a more juvenile-like phenotype for cells of the nucleus pulposus by reducing adhesive ligand presentation. Here we show how polymer stiffness combined with adhesive ligand presentation can be controlled to be supportive of nucleus pulposus cell phenotype and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos N Barcellona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Julie E Speer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Bailey V Fearing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, USA
| | - Liufang Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Munish C Gupta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jacob M Buchowski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.
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17
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Ohnishi T, Novais EJ, Risbud MV. Alterations in ECM signature underscore multiple sub-phenotypes of intervertebral disc degeneration. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100036. [PMID: 33543030 PMCID: PMC7852332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc is a specialized connective tissue critical for absorption of mechanical loads and providing flexibility to the spinal column. The disc ECM is complex and plays a vital role in imparting tissue its biomechanical function. The central NP is primarily composed of large aggregating proteoglycans (PGs) while surrounding AF is composed of fibrillar collagens, I and II. Aggrecan and versican in particular, due to their high concentration of sulfated GAG chains form large aggregates with hyaluronic acid (HA) and provide water binding capacity to the disc. Degradation of aggrecan core protein due to aggrecanase and MMP activity, SNPs that affect number of chondroitin sulfate (CS) substitutions and alteration in enzymes critical in synthesis of CS chains can impair the aggrecan functionality. Similarly, levels of many matrix and matrix-related molecules e.g. Col2, Col9, HAS2, ccn2 are dysregulated during disc degeneration and genetic animal models have helped establish causative link between their expression and disc health. In the degenerating and herniated discs, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 are shown to promote matrix degradation through regulating expression and activity of critical proteases and stimulate immune cell activation. Recent studies of different mouse strains have better elucidated the broader impact of spontaneous degeneration on disc matrix homeostasis. SM/J mice showed an increased cell apoptosis, loss of cell phenotype, and cleavage of aggrecan during early stages followed by tissue fibrosis evident by enrichment of several collagens, SLRPs and fibronectin. In summary, while disc degeneration encompasses wide spectrum of degenerative phenotypes extensive matrix degradation and remodeling underscores all of them. The intervertebral disc absorbs loads and provides flexibility to the spine. The ECM is complex and vital for imparting tissue its biomechanical function. Numerous types of proteoglycans and collagens designate the quality of the disc. Many matrix and matrix-related molecules are dysregulated during disc degeneration. Matrix degradation and remodeling underscores wide spectrum of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emanuel J Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Wu X, Li S, Wang K, Hua W, Li S, Song Y, Zhang Y, Yang S, Yang C. TNF-α Regulates ITGβ1 and SYND4 Expression in Nucleus Pulposus Cells: Activation of FAK/PI3K Signaling. Inflammation 2020; 42:1575-1584. [PMID: 31111299 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrins can function synergistically with syndecan-4 (SYND4) and bind to the fibronectin (FN) matrix, resulting in the regulation of tissue regeneration. This study aimed to explore the effects of TNF-α on the formation of FN/ITGβ1/SYND4 complex and the relative mechanism in NP cells. The expression of FN-ITG-SYND4 at the cellular level under TNF-α stimulation was detected by immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, and RT-PCR. ITGβ1 is a crucial component of ITG FN-induced FAK signaling, which was detected using dual mode. And, the involved signaling down stream pathways were also detected. FN is a preferred adhesion substrate for NP cells and that integrin β1 (ITGβ1) and SYND4 work synergistically during ECM engagement in a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent fashion. The PI3k/Akt pathway is obviously down-regulated, resulting in decreased adherence capacity and increased anoikis. TNF-α induction could weaken FAK activity and downstream levels of phospho-PI3K and Akt, resulting in decreased adherence capacity and increased apoptosis. Thus, TNF-α is essential for the formation of FN/ITGβ1/SYND4 complex in NP cells and further elucidates the inflammatory mechanism of NP cells degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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19
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Novais EJ, Diekman BO, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. p16 Ink4a deletion in cells of the intervertebral disc affects their matrix homeostasis and senescence associated secretory phenotype without altering onset of senescence. Matrix Biol 2019; 82:54-70. [PMID: 30811968 PMCID: PMC6708504 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is an important contributor to chronic low back and neck pain. Although many environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to disc degeneration, age is still the most significant risk factor. Recent studies have shown that senescence may play a role in age-related disc degeneration and matrix catabolism in humans and mouse models. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells reduces the degenerative phenotype in many age-associated diseases. Whether p16Ink4a plays a functional role in intervertebral disc degeneration and senescence is unknown. We first characterized the senescence status of discs in young and old mice. Quantitative histology, gene expression and a novel p16tdTom reporter mice showed an increase in p16Ink4a, p21 and IL-6, with a decrease in Ki67 with aging. Accordingly, we studied the spinal-phenotype of 18-month-old mice with conditional deletion of p16Ink4a in the disc driven by Acan-CreERT2 (cKO). The analyses of discs of cKO and age-matched control mice showed little change in cell morphology and tissue architecture. The cKO mice exhibited changes in functional attributes of aggrecan as well as in collagen composition of the intervertebral disc. While cKO discs exhibited a small decrease in TUNEL positive cells, lineage tracing experiments using ZsGreen reporter indicated that the overall changes in cell fate or numbers were minimal. The cKO mice maintained expression of NP-cell phenotypic markers CA3, Krt19 and GLUT-1. Moreover, in cKO discs, levels of p19Arf and RB were higher without alterations in Ki67, γH2AX, CDK4 and Lipofuscin deposition. Interestingly, the cKO discs showed lower levels of SASP markers, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1 and TGF-β1. These results show that while, p16Ink4a is dispensable for induction and maintenance of senescence, conditional loss of p16Ink4a reduces apoptosis, limits the SASP phenotype and alters matrix homeostasis of disc cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, USA; Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Brian O Diekman
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, USA; Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, USA; Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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20
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Glycosaminoglycan and Proteoglycan Biotherapeutics in Articular Cartilage Protection and Repair Strategies: Novel Approaches to Visco‐supplementation in Orthobiologics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research HubCardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research LaboratoriesKolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical SchoolNorthernRoyal North Shore HospitalSydney University St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
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21
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Rider SM, Mizuno S, Kang JD. Molecular Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Spine Surg Relat Res 2019; 3:1-11. [PMID: 31435545 PMCID: PMC6690117 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a well-known cause of disability, the result of which includes neck and back pain with associated mobility limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the known molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs as a result of complex interactions of exogenous and endogenous stressors. This review will focus on some of the identified molecular changes leading to the deterioration of the extracellular matrix of both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. In addition, we will provide a summation of our current knowledge supporting the role of associated DNA and intracellular damage, cellular senescence's catabolic effects, oxidative stress, and the cell's inappropriate response to damage in contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs provides us with abundant insight into how physical and chemical changes exacerbate the degenerative process of the entire spine. Furthermore, we will describe some of the related molecular targets and therapies that may contribute to intervertebral repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Rider
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuichi Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Gorth DJ, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Transgenic mice overexpressing human TNF-α experience early onset spontaneous intervertebral disc herniation in the absence of overt degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 30584238 PMCID: PMC6315044 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a well-established link between cytokine expression and the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. Among these cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are the most commonly studied. To investigate whether systemic hTNF-α overexpression affects intervertebral disc health, we studied the spine phenotype of Tg197 mice, a widely used hTNF-α transgenic line. These mice were studied at 12–16 weeks of age using comprehensive histochemical and immunohistological analysis of the spinal motion segment. Micro-CT analysis was performed to quantify vertebral trabecular bone architecture. The Tg197 mice evidenced spontaneous annular tears and herniation with increased vascularity in subchondral bone and significant immune cell infiltration. The full-thickness annular tear without nucleus pulposus (NP) extrusion resulted in neutrophil, macrophage, and mast cell infiltration into the disc, whereas the disc with full-thickness tear and pronounced NP herniation showed additional presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the observed defects involved failure of the annular, endplate, and vertebral junction, there were no obvious alterations in the collagen or aggrecan content in the NP and annulus fibrosus or the maturity of collagen fibers in Tg197 mice. Despite elevated systemic inflammation and pronounced loss of trabecular bone in the vertebrae, intact Tg197 discs were healthy and showed an increase in NP cell number. The NP cells in intact discs preserved expression of phenotypic markers: CAIII, Glut1, and Krt19. In conclusion, elevated systemic TNF-α increases the susceptibility of mice to spontaneous disc herniation and possibly radiculopathy, without adversely affecting intact intervertebral disc health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Gorth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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23
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Silagi ES, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the nucleus pulposus: Dysregulation and the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:368-379. [PMID: 29501510 PMCID: PMC6119535 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few human tissues have functions as closely linked to the composition of their extracellular matrices as the intervertebral disc. In fact, the hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration, commonly accompanying low back and neck pain, is the progressive loss of extracellular matrix molecules - specifically the GAG-substituted proteoglycans. While this loss is often associated with increased extracellular catabolism via metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines, there is strong evidence that disc degeneration is related to dysregulation of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss those environmental factors, unique to the disc, that control expression and function of XT-1, GlcAT-I, and ChSy/ChPF in the healthy and degenerative state. Additionally, we address the pathophysiology of aberrant GAG biosynthesis and highlight therapeutic strategies designed to augment the loss of extracellular matrix molecules that afflict the degenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Silagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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24
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Krishnan Y, Grodzinsky AJ. Cartilage diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:51-69. [PMID: 29803938 PMCID: PMC6146013 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs, providing joint lubrication, forming the external ears and nose, supporting the trachea, and forming the long bones during development and growth. The structure and organization of cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM) are the primary determinants of normal function. Most diseases involving cartilage lead to dramatic changes in the ECM which can govern disease progression (e.g., in osteoarthritis), cause the main symptoms of the disease (e.g., dwarfism caused by genetically inherited mutations) or occur as collateral damage in pathological processes occurring in other nearby tissues (e.g., osteochondritis dissecans and inflammatory arthropathies). Challenges associated with cartilage diseases include poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis, delayed diagnoses due to the aneural nature of the tissue and drug delivery challenges due to the avascular nature of adult cartilages. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical and pathological features as well as current treatment options available for various cartilage diseases. Late breaking advances are also described in the quest for development and delivery of effective disease modifying drugs for cartilage diseases including osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Choi H, Tessier S, Silagi ES, Kyada R, Yousefi F, Pleshko N, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. A novel mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration shows altered cell fate and matrix homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2018; 70:102-122. [PMID: 29605718 PMCID: PMC6081256 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration and associated low back and neck pain is a ubiquitous health condition that affects millions of people world-wide, and causes high incidence of disability and enormous medical/societal costs. However, lack of appropriate small animal models with spontaneous disease onset has impeded our ability to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms that characterize and drive the degenerative process. We report, for the first time, early onset spontaneous disc degeneration in SM/J mice known for their poor regenerative capacities compared to "super-healer" LG/J mice. In SM/J mice, degenerative process was marked by decreased nucleus pulposus (NP) cellularity and changes in matrix composition at P7, 4, and 8 weeks with increased severity by 17 weeks. Distinctions between NP and annulus fibrosus (AF) or endplate cartilage were lost, and NP and AF of SM/J mice showed higher histological grades. There was increased NP cell death in SM/J mice with decreased phenotypic marker expression. Polarized microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated replacement of glycosaminoglycan-rich NP matrix with collagenous fibrous tissue. The levels of ARGxx were increased in, indicating higher aggrecan turnover. Furthermore, an aberrant expression of collagen X and MMP13 was observed in the NP of SM/J mice, along with elevated expression of Col10a1, Ctgf, and Runx2, markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Likewise, expression of Enpp1 as well as Alpl was higher, suggesting NP cells of SM/J mice promote dystrophic mineralization. There was also a decrease in several pathways necessary for NP cell survival and function including Wnt and VEGF signaling. Importantly, SM/J discs were stiffer, had decreased height, and poor vertebral bone quality, suggesting compromised motion segment mechanical functionality. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that SM/J mouse strain recapitulates many salient features of human disc degeneration, and serves as a novel small animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Tessier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Silagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rutvin Kyada
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Yousefi
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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RNA binding protein HuR regulates extracellular matrix gene expression and pH homeostasis independent of controlling HIF-1α signaling in nucleus pulposus cells. Matrix Biol 2018; 77:23-40. [PMID: 30092282 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells reside in the hypoxic niche of the intervertebral disc. Studies have demonstrated that RNA-binding protein HuR modulates hypoxic signaling in several cancers, however, its function in the disc is unknown. HuR did not show cytoplasmic translocation in hypoxia and its silencing did not alter levels of Hif-1α or HIF-targets in NP cells. RNA-Sequencing data revealed that important extracellular matrix-related genes including several collagens, MMPs, aggrecan, Tgf-β3 and Sdc4 were regulated by HuR. Further analysis of HuR-silenced NP cells confirmed that HuR maintained expression of these matrix genes. We confirmed decreased levels of secreted collagen I and Sdc4 and increased pro-MMP13 in HuR-knockdown cells. In addition, messenger ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation demonstrated HuR binding to Tgf-β3 and Sdc4 mRNAs. Interestingly, while HuR bound to Hif-1α and Vegf mRNAs, it was clear that compensatory mechanisms sustained their expression when HuR was silenced. Noteworthy, despite the presence of multiple HuR-binding sites and reported interaction in other cell types, HuR showed no binding to Pgk1, Eno1, Pdk1 and Pfkfb3 in NP cells. Metabolic studies showed a significant decrease in the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and acidic pH in HuR-silenced NP cells, without appreciable change in total OCR. These changes were likely due to decreased Ca12 expression in HuR silenced cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that HuR regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) and pH homeostasis of NP cells and has important implications in the maintenance of intervertebral disc health.
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27
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Choi H, Chaiyamongkol W, Doolittle AC, Johnson ZI, Gogate SS, Schoepflin ZR, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. COX-2 expression mediated by calcium-TonEBP signaling axis under hyperosmotic conditions serves osmoprotective function in nucleus pulposus cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8969-8981. [PMID: 29700115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) of intervertebral discs experiences dynamic changes in tissue osmolarity because of diurnal loading of the spine. TonEBP/NFAT5 is a transcription factor that is critical in osmoregulation as well as survival of NP cells in the hyperosmotic milieu. The goal of this study was to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is osmoresponsive and dependent on TonEBP, and whether it serves an osmoprotective role. NP cells up-regulated COX-2 expression in hyperosmotic media. The induction of COX-2 depended on elevation of intracellular calcium levels and p38 MAPK pathway, but independent of calcineurin signaling as well as MEK/ERK and JNK pathways. Under hyperosmotic conditions, both COX-2 mRNA stability and its proximal promoter activity were increased. The proximal COX-2 promoter (-1840/+123 bp) contained predicted binding sites for TonEBP, AP-1, NF-κB, and C/EBP-β. While COX-2 promoter activity was positively regulated by both AP-1 and NF-κB, AP-1 had no effect and NF-κB negatively regulated COX-2 protein levels under hyperosmotic conditions. On the other hand, TonEBP was necessary for both COX-2 promoter activity and protein up-regulation in response to hyperosmotic stimuli. Ex vivo disc organ culture studies using hypomorphic TonEBP+/- mice confirmed that TonEBP is required for hyperosmotic induction of COX-2. Importantly, the inhibition of COX-2 activity under hyperosmotic conditions resulted in decreased cell viability, suggesting that COX-2 plays a cytoprotective and homeostatic role in NP cells for their adaptation to dynamically loaded hyperosmotic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Choi
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Weera Chaiyamongkol
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Alexandra C Doolittle
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Zariel I Johnson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Shilpa S Gogate
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Zachary R Schoepflin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, and
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28
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Yan W, Wang X, Pei Y, Chen F, Wang J. TGF-β1 suppresses syndecan-2 expression through the ERK signaling pathway in nucleus pulposus cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:2017-2024. [PMID: 31938308 PMCID: PMC6958228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the main cause of low back pain and has become a worldwide problem causing enormous economic loss. Thus, mechanisms and treatment of IVDD are attracting great attention from surgeons and physicians. The syndecan (SDC) family has been reported to play important roles in various physiopathologic processes. In this study, we found that SDC2 expression levels were positively correlated with IVDD grades in human samples. Moreover, we demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β1 inhibited SDC2 expression through ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation in nucleus pulposus cells. Knocking down SDC2 in disc cells significantly suppressed aggrecanase-1 and aggrecanase-2 expression. The results of our study indicate that SDC2 may be a therapeutic target through which extracellular matrix degradation of IVDD can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Hospital of Zhejiang General Corps of Armed Police ForcesJiaxing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
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29
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Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase III, a Nucleus Pulposus Phenotypic Marker, is Hypoxia-responsive and Confers Protection from Oxidative Stress-induced Cell Death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4856. [PMID: 29559661 PMCID: PMC5861082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the avascular nucleus pulposus (NP) phenotype plays a crucial role in the maintenance of intervertebral disc health. While advances have been made to define the molecular phenotype of healthy NP cells, the functional relevance of several of these markers remains unknown. In this study, we test the hypothesis that expression of Carbonic Anhydrase III (CAIII), a marker of the notochordal NP, is hypoxia-responsive and functions as a potent antioxidant without a significant contribution to pH homeostasis. NP, but not annulus fibrosus or end-plate cells, robustly expressed CAIII protein in skeletally mature animals. Although CAIII expression was hypoxia-inducible, we did not observe binding of HIF-1α to select hypoxia-responsive-elements on Car3 promoter using genomic chromatin-immunoprecipitation. Similarly, analysis of discs from NP-specific HIF-1α null mice suggested that CAIII expression was independent of HIF-1α. Noteworthy, silencing CAIII in NP cells had no effect on extracellular acidification rate, CO2 oxidation rate, or intracellular pH, but rather sensitized cells to oxidative stress-induced death mediated through caspase-3. Our data clearly suggests that CAIII serves as an important antioxidant critical in protecting NP cells against oxidative stress-induced injury.
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30
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Liu X, Krishnamoorthy D, Lin L, Xue P, Zhang F, Chi L, Linhardt RJ, Iatridis JC. A method for characterising human intervertebral disc glycosaminoglycan disaccharides using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. Eur Cell Mater 2018; 35:117-131. [PMID: 29469163 PMCID: PMC5865475 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v035a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration results in the depletion of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which can lead to structural and mechanical loss of IVD function, ingrowth of nociceptive nerve fibres and eventually discogenic pain. Specific GAG types as well as their disaccharide patterns can be predictive of disease and degeneration in several tissues but have not been comprehensively studied within the IVD. A highly sensitive mass spectrometry based technique with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to provide characterisation of chondroitin sulphate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), heparan sulphate (HS) and their disaccharide sulphation patterns across different anatomical regions of human IVDs. Principal component analysis further distinguished important regional variations and proposed potential ageing variations in GAG profiles. CS was the GAG in greatest abundance in the IVD followed by HA and HS. Principal component analysis identified clear separation of GAG profiles between nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus in young and old specimens. Distinct patterns of predominantly expressed disaccharides of CS and HS between young and old IVD samples, provided preliminary evidence that important alterations in disaccharides occur within IVDs during ageing. This technique offered a novel approach to identify and quantify specific GAG disaccharides in human IVDs and the data presented were the first to offer insight into the spatial distribution as well as association with ageing of GAGs and GAG disaccharide sulphation patterns across the human IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J C Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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31
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Walrant A, Cardon S, Burlina F, Sagan S. Membrane Crossing and Membranotropic Activity of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Dangerous Liaisons? Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2968-2975. [PMID: 29172443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have to maintain a stable balance in molecules and ions in the changing environment in which they are living, a process known as homeostasis. At the level of cells, the plasma membrane has a major role in homeostasis, since this hydrophobic film prevents passive diffusion of large and hydrophilic molecules between the extracellular and intracellular milieu. Living organisms have evolved with highly sophisticated transport systems to control exchanges across this barrier: import of nutrients and fuel essential for their survival; recognition of chemical or physical messengers allowing information interchanges with surrounding cells. Besides specialized proteins, endocytosis mechanisms at the level of the lipid bilayer can transport molecules from the outside across the cell membrane, in an energy-dependent manner. The cell membrane is highly heterogeneous in its molecular composition (tens of different lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and combinations of these) and dynamic with bending, deformation, and elastic properties that depend on the local composition of membrane domains. Many viruses, microorganisms, and toxins exploit the plasma membrane to enter into cells. Chemists develop strategies to target the plasma membrane with molecules capable of circumventing this hydrophobic barrier, in particular to transport and deliver nonpermeable drugs in cells for biotechnological or pharmaceutical purposes. Drug delivery systems are numerous and include lipid-, sugar-, protein-, and peptide-based delivery systems, since these biomolecules generally have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental sustainability, cost effectiveness, and availability. Among those, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), reported for the first time in the early 1990s, are attracting major interest not only as potential drug delivery systems but also at the level of fundamental research. It was indeed demonstrated very early that these peptides, which generally correspond to highly cationic sequences, can still cross the cell membrane at 4 °C, a temperature at which all active transport and endocytosis pathways are totally inhibited. Therefore, how these charged hydrophilic peptides cross the hydrophobic membrane barrier is of utmost interest as a pure basic and physicochemical question. In this Account, we focus on cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and the way they cross cell membranes. We summarize the history of this field that emerged around 20 years ago. CPPs were indeed first identified as protein-transduction domains from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) TAT protein and the Antennapedia homeoprotein, a transcription factor from Drosophila. We highlight our contribution to the elucidation of CPP internalization pathways, in particular translocation, which implies perturbation and reorganization of the lipid bilayer, and endocytosis depending on sulfated glycosaminoglycans. We show a particular role of Trp (indole side chain) and Arg (guanidinium side chain), which are essential amino acids for CPP internalization. Interactions with the cell-surface are not only Coulombic; H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions contribute also significantly to CPP entry. The capacity of CPPs to cross cell membrane is not related to their strength of membrane binding. Finally, we present optimized methods based on mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy that allow unequivocal quantification of CPPs inside cells or bound to the outer leaflet of the membrane, and discuss some limitations of the technique of flow cytometry that we have recently highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Walrant
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale
supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules
(LBM), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Cardon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale
supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules
(LBM), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale
supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules
(LBM), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale
supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules
(LBM), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Hemoglobin stimulates the expression of ADAMTS-5 and ADAMTS-9 by synovial cells: a possible cause of articular cartilage damage after intra-articular hemorrhage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:449. [PMID: 29137610 PMCID: PMC5686793 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) proteins play an important pathological role in matrix degeneration. Aggrecan degradation is a significant and critical event in early-stage osteoarthritis. To determine the effect of hemoglobin (Hb) on the ability of synovial tissues to produce ADAMTS family members, we examined the influence of Hb by synovial cells in an in vitro experimental system. Methods Synovial tissues were obtained from five young patients with meniscal injury under arthroscopic surgery. Primary cultures of human knee synovial cells were treated with different doses of human Hb (0, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml). The culture media were collected 24 h after Hb-treatment. In the time-course studies, cells were treated with and without 100 μg/ml Hb, and culture media were taken at 6, 12, and 24 h. To identify the proteins responsible for aggrecanase activity, Western blot analysis using antibodies against human ADAMTS-5, −8, −9, and −10; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and gene expression for ADAMTS-5 and -9 were examined. Statistical comparisons between each group were performed using paired t-tests. Results Western blot analysis revealed that Hb-treatment resulted in the expression of ADAMTS-5 and -9. Neither control group nor Hb-treated medium showed immunoreactivity against ADAMTS-8 or −10. In a dose-dependency study, the Hb-treated group showed significantly higher levels of ADAMTS-5 and -9 compared with the control (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml Hb-treated groups. In a time-course study, the ADAMTS-5 and -9 levels in the conditioned medium had significantly increased expression at 6, 12, and 24 h in the Hb-treated group (p < 0.05). Hb evoked significant expression of ADAMTS-9 mRNA at 12 and 24 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that Hb induces the expression of ADAMTS-5 and -9 by synovial cells at low doses, even at an acute phase, and suggests a possible role for Hb in cartilage damage after intra-articular hemorrhage. The results also suggest a new potential therapeutic target by inhibiting the activities of ADAMTS-5 and -9 to prevent cartilage damage after intra-articular hemorrhage.
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Johnson ZI, Doolittle AC, Snuggs JW, Shapiro IM, Le Maitre CL, Risbud MV. TNF-α promotes nuclear enrichment of the transcription factor TonEBP/NFAT5 to selectively control inflammatory but not osmoregulatory responses in nucleus pulposus cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17561-17575. [PMID: 28842479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) causes chronic back pain and is linked to production of proinflammatory molecules by nucleus pulposus (NP) and other disc cells. Activation of tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP)/NFAT5 by non-osmotic stimuli, including proinflammatory molecules, occurs in cells involved in immune response. However, whether inflammatory stimuli activate TonEBP in NP cells and whether TonEBP controls inflammation during IDD is unknown. We show that TNF-α, but not IL-1β or LPS, promoted nuclear enrichment of TonEBP protein. However, TNF-α-mediated activation of TonEBP did not cause induction of osmoregulatory genes. RNA sequencing showed that 8.5% of TNF-α transcriptional responses were TonEBP-dependent and identified genes regulated by both TNF-α and TonEBP. These genes were over-enriched in pathways and diseases related to inflammatory response and inhibition of matrix metalloproteases. Based on RNA-sequencing results, we further investigated regulation of novel TonEBP targets CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 TonEBP acted synergistically with TNF-α and LPS to induce CXCL1-proximal promoter activity. Interestingly, this regulation required a highly conserved NF-κB-binding site but not a predicted TonE, suggesting cross-talk between these two members of the Rel family. Finally, analysis of human NP tissue showed that TonEBP expression correlated with canonical osmoregulatory targets TauT/SLC6A6, SMIT/SLC5A3, and AR/AKR1B1, supporting in vitro findings that the inflammatory milieu during IDD does not interfere with TonEBP osmoregulation. In summary, whereas TonEBP participates in the proinflammatory response to TNF-α, therapeutic strategies targeting this transcription factor for treatment of disc disease must spare osmoprotective, prosurvival, and matrix homeostatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zariel I Johnson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Alexandra C Doolittle
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Joseph W Snuggs
- the Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- the Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
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