1
|
Raftery RM, Gonzalez Vazquez AG, Walsh DP, Chen G, Laiva AL, Keogh MB, O'Brien FJ. Mobilizing Endogenous Progenitor Cells Using pSDF1α-Activated Scaffolds Accelerates Angiogenesis and Bone Repair in Critical-Sized Bone Defects. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401031. [PMID: 38850118 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mobilizing endogenous progenitor cells to repair damaged tissue in situ has the potential to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine, while the early establishment of a vascular network will ensure survival of newly generated tissue. In this study, a gene-activated scaffold containing a stromal derived factor 1α plasmid (pSDF1α), a pro-angiogenic gene that is also thought to be involved in the recruitment of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to sites of injury is described. It is shown that over-expression of SDF1α protein enhanced MSC recruitment and induced vessel-like structure formation by endothelial cells in vitro. When implanted subcutaneously, transcriptomic analysis reveals that endogenous MSCs are recruited and significant angiogenesis is stimulated. Just 1-week after implantation into a calvarial critical-sized bone defect, pSDF1α-activated scaffolds are recruited MSCs and rapidly activate angiogenic and osteogenic programs, upregulating Runx2, Dlx5, and Sp7. At the same time-point, pVEGF-activated scaffolds are recruited a variety of cell types, activating endochondral ossification. The early response induced by both scaffolds leads to complete bridging of the critical-sized bone defects within 4-weeks. The versatile cell-free gene-activated scaffold described in this study is capable of harnessing and enhancing the body's own regenerative capacity and has immense potential in a myriad of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Raftery
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- iEd Hub and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12 CY82, Ireland
| | - Arlyng G Gonzalez Vazquez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - David P Walsh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Translational Research in Nanomedical Devices, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Microsurgical Research and Training Facility (MRTF), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Ashang L Laiva
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Tisse Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Michael B Keogh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Tisse Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, He D, Xu W, Fang W, Zhang C, Zuo Y, Zhang Z. Electrical aligned polyurethane nerve guidance conduit modulates macrophage polarization and facilitates immunoregulatory peripheral nerve regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:244. [PMID: 38735969 PMCID: PMC11089704 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials can modulate the local immune microenvironments to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Inspired by the spatial orderly distribution and endogenous electric field of nerve fibers, we aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of electrical and topological cues on immune microenvironments of peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with aligned electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using a polyurethane copolymer containing a conductive aniline trimer and degradable L-lysine (PUAT). In vitro experiments showed that the aligned PUAT (A-PUAT) membranes promoted the recruitment of macrophages and induced their polarization towards the pro-healing M2 phenotype, which subsequently facilitated the migration and myelination of Schwann cells. Furthermore, NGCs fabricated from A-PUAT increased the proportion of pro-healing macrophages and improved peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential application of NGCs in peripheral nerve regeneration from an immunomodulatory perspective and revealed A-PUAT as a clinically-actionable strategy for peripheral nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Sun
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yinglong Zhang
- Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yibo Guo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dongming He
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wanlin Xu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wei Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy, Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable, Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi Zuo
- Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lam TC, Leung YY. Innovations in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:444. [PMID: 38790310 PMCID: PMC11118957 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of peripheral nerve regeneration is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area of research that continues to captivate the attention of neuroscientists worldwide. The quest for effective treatments and therapies to enhance the healing of peripheral nerves has gained significant momentum in recent years, as evidenced by the substantial increase in publications dedicated to this field. This surge in interest reflects the growing recognition of the importance of peripheral nerve recovery and the urgent need to develop innovative strategies to address nerve injuries. In this context, this article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive review that encompasses both biomaterial and clinical perspectives. By exploring the utilization of nerve guidance conduits and pharmacotherapy, this article seeks to shed light on the remarkable advancements made in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve guidance conduits, which act as artificial channels to guide regenerating nerves, have shown promising results in facilitating nerve regrowth and functional recovery. Additionally, pharmacotherapy approaches have emerged as potential avenues for promoting nerve regeneration, with various therapeutic agents being investigated for their neuroprotective and regenerative properties. The pursuit of advancing the field of peripheral nerve regeneration necessitates persistent investment in research and development. Continued exploration of innovative treatments, coupled with a deeper understanding of the intricate processes involved in nerve regeneration, holds the promise of unlocking the complete potential of these groundbreaking interventions. By fostering collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and industry partners, we can accelerate progress in this field, bringing us closer to the realization of transformative therapies that restore function and quality of life for individuals affected by peripheral nerve injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xuan Y, Guo Y, Li L, Yuzhang, Zhang C, RuiJin, Yin X, Zhang Z. 3D-printed bredigite scaffolds with ordered arrangement structures promote bone regeneration by inducing macrophage polarization in onlay grafts. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:102. [PMID: 38468312 PMCID: PMC10926610 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds may provide a potential strategy for onlay bone grafts for oral implants. For determining the fate of scaffold biomaterials and osteogenesis effects, the host immune response is crucial. In the present study, bredigite (BRT) bioceramic scaffolds with an ordered arrangement structure (BRT-O) and a random morphology (BRT-R) were fabricated. The physicochemical properties of scaffolds were first characterized by scanning electron microscopy, mechanical test and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, their osteogenic and immunomodulatory properties in an onlay grafting model were investigated. In vitro, the BRT-O scaffolds facilitated the macrophage polarization towards a pro-regenerative M2 phenotype, which subsequently facilitated the migration and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo, an onlay grafting model was successfully established in the cranium of rabbits. In addition, the BRT-O scaffolds grafted on rabbit cranium promoted bone regeneration and CD68 + CD206 + M2 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, the 3D-printed BRT-O scaffold presents as a promising scaffold biomaterial for onlay grafts by regulating the local immune microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yibo Guo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuzhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - RuiJin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuelai Yin
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng W, Li X, Li Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Mu N, Wang J, Chen T, Pu X, Yin G, Feng H. Graphene oxide-doped chiral dextro-hydrogel promotes peripheral nerve repair through M2 polarization of macrophages. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113632. [PMID: 37979485 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Dextro-chirality is reported to specifically promote the proliferation and survival of neural cells. However, applying this unique performance to nerve repair remains a great challenge. Graphite oxide (GO)-phenylalanine derivative hydrogel system was constructed through doping 5% GO into self-assembly dextro- or levo-hydrogels (named as dextro and levo group, respectively), which exhibited identical physical and chemical properties, cyto-compatibility, and mirror-symmetrical chirality. In vivo experiments using rat sciatic nerve repair models showed that the functional recovery and histological restoration of regenerating nerves in the dextro group were significantly improved, approaching that of autograft implantation. The doped GO promoted M2 polarization of macrophages, increasing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor BB chain and vascular endothelial growth factor, thereby improving angiogenesis in regenerating nerves. A mechanism is proposed for the facilitated nerve repair through the synergistic effect of GO and dextro-hydrogel, involving dextro-chirality selection of neural cells and GO-induced M2 polarization, which promotes microvascular regeneration and myelination. This study showcases the immense potential of chirality in addressing neurological issues by providing a compelling demonstration of the development of effective therapies that leverage the unique matrix chirality selection of nerve cells to promote peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Deng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yulin Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ning Mu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 29, Gaotanyanzheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 29, Gaotanyanzheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ximing Pu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 29, Gaotanyanzheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dahlin LB. The Dynamics of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration in a Healthy Milieu and in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15241. [PMID: 37894921 PMCID: PMC10607341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate animal models, mimicking conditions of both health and disease, are needed to understand not only the biology and the physiology of neurons and other cells under normal conditions but also under stress conditions, like nerve injuries and neuropathy. In such conditions, understanding how genes and different factors are activated through the well-orchestrated programs in neurons and other related cells is crucial. Knowledge about key players associated with nerve regeneration intended for axonal outgrowth, migration of Schwann cells with respect to suitable substrates, invasion of macrophages, appropriate conditioning of extracellular matrix, activation of fibroblasts, formation of endothelial cells and blood vessels, and activation of other players in healthy and diabetic conditions is relevant. Appropriate physical and chemical attractions and repulsions are needed for an optimal and directed regeneration and are investigated in various nerve injury and repair/reconstruction models using healthy and diabetic rat models with relevant blood glucose levels. Understanding dynamic processes constantly occurring in neuropathies, like diabetic neuropathy, with concomitant degeneration and regeneration, requires advanced technology and bioinformatics for an integrated view of the behavior of different cell types based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and imaging at different visualization levels. Single-cell-transcriptional profile analysis of different cells may reveal any heterogeneity among key players in peripheral nerves in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine—Hand Surgery, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; ; Tel.: +46-40-33-17-24
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mankavi F, Ibrahim R, Wang H. Advances in Biomimetic Nerve Guidance Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2528. [PMID: 37764557 PMCID: PMC10536071 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nervous system are a common clinical issue, causing dysfunctions of the motor and sensory systems. Surgical interventions such as nerve autografting are necessary to repair damaged nerves. Even with autografting, i.e., the gold standard, malfunctioning and mismatches between the injured and donor nerves often lead to unwanted failure. Thus, there is an urgent need for a new intervention in clinical practice to achieve full functional recovery. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), providing physicochemical cues to guide neural regeneration, have great potential for the clinical regeneration of peripheral nerves. Typically, NGCs are tubular structures with various configurations to create a microenvironment that induces the oriented and accelerated growth of axons and promotes neuron cell migration and tissue maturation within the injured tissue. Once the native neural environment is better understood, ideal NGCs should maximally recapitulate those key physiological attributes for better neural regeneration. Indeed, NGC design has evolved from solely physical guidance to biochemical stimulation. NGC fabrication requires fundamental considerations of distinct nerve structures, the associated extracellular compositions (extracellular matrices, growth factors, and cytokines), cellular components, and advanced fabrication technologies that can mimic the structure and morphology of native extracellular matrices. Thus, this review mainly summarizes the recent advances in the state-of-the-art NGCs in terms of biomaterial innovations, structural design, and advanced fabrication technologies and provides an in-depth discussion of cellular responses (adhesion, spreading, and alignment) to such biomimetic cues for neural regeneration and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; (F.M.); (R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Yang K, Wang C, Gu W, Li X, Fu S, Song G, Wang J, Wu C, Zhu H, Shi Z. Risk factors for chronic ankle instability after first episode of lateral ankle sprain: A retrospective analysis of 362 cases. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:606-612. [PMID: 36931594 PMCID: PMC10466191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common sequela following an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS). To treat an acute LAS more effectively and efficiently, it is important to identify patients at substantial risk for developing CAI. This study identifies magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations for predicting CAI development after a first episode of LAS and explores appropriate clinical indications for ordering MRI scans for these patients. METHODS All patients with a first-episode LAS who received plain radiograph and MRI scanning within the first 2 weeks after LAS from December 1, 2017 to December 1, 2019 were identified. Data were collected using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool at final follow-up. Demographic and other related clinical variables, including age, sex, body mass index, and treatment were also recorded. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed successively to identify risk factors for CAI after first-episode LAS. RESULTS A total 131 out of 362 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.0 ± 0.6 years (mean ± SD; 2.0-4.1 years) developed CAI after first-episode LAS. According to multivariable regression, development of CAI after first-episode LAS was associated with 5 prognostic factors: age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.93-1.00, p = 0.032); body mass index (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.02-1.17, p = 0.009); posterior talofibular ligament injury (OR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.05-4.48, p = 0.035); large bone marrow lesion of the talus (OR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.30-5.58, p = 0.008), and Grade 2 effusion of the tibiotalar joint (OR = 2.61, 95%CI: 1.39-4.89, p = 0.003). When patients had at least 1 positive clinical finding in the 10-m walk test, anterior drawer test, or inversion tilt test, they had a 90.2% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity in terms of detecting at least 1 prognostic factor by MRI. CONCLUSION MRI scanning is valuable in predicting CAI after first-episode LAS for those patients with at least 1 positive clinical finding in the 10-m walk test, anterior drawer test, and inversion tilt test. Further prospective and large-scale studies are necessary for validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zhang
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wenqi Gu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xueqian Li
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shaoling Fu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoxun Song
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chenglin Wu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongyi Zhu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Institute of Clinical Research, National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Zhongmin Shi
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monfette V, Choinière W, Godbout-Lavoie C, Pelletier S, Langelier È, Lauzon MA. Thermoelectric Freeze-Casting of Biopolymer Blends: Fabrication and Characterization of Large-Size Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:330. [PMID: 37367294 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are detrimental to the quality of life of affected individuals. Patients are often left with life-long ailments that affect them physically and psychologically. Autologous nerve transplant is still the gold standard treatment for PNIs despite limited donor site and partial recovery of nerve functions. Nerve guidance conduits are used as a nerve graft substitute and are efficient for the repair of small nerve gaps but require further improvement for repairs exceeding 30 mm. Freeze-casting is an interesting fabrication method for the conception of scaffolds meant for nerve tissue engineering since the microstructure obtained comprises highly aligned micro-channels. The present work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of large scaffolds (35 mm length, 5 mm diameter) made of collagen/chitosan blends by freeze-casting via thermoelectric effect instead of traditional freezing solvents. As a freeze-casting microstructure reference, scaffolds made from pure collagen were used for comparison. Scaffolds were covalently crosslinked for better performance under load and laminins were further added to enhance cell interactions. Microstructural features of lamellar pores display an average aspect ratio of 0.67 ± 0.2 for all compositions. Longitudinally aligned micro-channels are reported as well as enhanced mechanical properties in traction under physiological-like conditions (37 °C, pH = 7.4) resulting from crosslinking treatment. Cell viability assays using a rat Schwann cell line derived from sciatic nerve (S16) indicate that scaffold cytocompatibility is similar between scaffolds made from collagen only and scaffolds made from collagen/chitosan blend with high collagen content. These results confirm that freeze-casting via thermoelectric effect is a reliable manufacturing strategy for the fabrication of biopolymer scaffolds for future peripheral nerve repair applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Monfette
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - William Choinière
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Catherine Godbout-Lavoie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Pelletier
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Ève Langelier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Lauzon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'ESTRIE-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Connor C, Woods I, Hibbitts A, Dervan A, O'Brien FJ. The Manufacture and Characterization of Biomimetic, Biomaterial-Based Scaffolds for Studying Physicochemical Interactions of Neural Cells in 3D Environments. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e688. [PMID: 36811383 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A particular challenge to the field of neuroscience involves translating findings from 2D in vitro systems to 3D in vivo environments. Standardized cell culture environments that adequately reflect the properties of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the stiffness, protein composition, and microarchitecture in which to study 3D cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are generally lacking for in vitro culture systems. In particular, there remains an unmet need for reproducible, low-cost, high-throughput, and physiologically relevant environments comprised of tissue-native matrix proteins for the study of CNS microenvironments in 3D. Advances in the field of biofabrication over the past number of years have facilitated the production and characterization of biomaterial-based scaffolds. Typically developed for tissue engineering applications, they also provide sophisticated environments in which to study cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and have been used for 3D modeling for a range of tissues. Here, we describe a simple and scalable protocol for the production of biomimetic, highly porous freeze-dried hyaluronic acid scaffolds with tunable microarchitecture, stiffness, and protein composition. Furthermore, we describe several different approaches that can be used to characterize a range of physicochemical properties and how to employ the scaffolds for the 3D culture of sensitive CNS cells in vitro. Finally, we detail several approaches for the study of key cell responses within the 3D scaffold environments. Overall, this protocol describes the manufacture and testing of a biomimetic and tunable macroporous scaffold system for neuronal cell culture applications. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Scaffold manufacture Basic Protocol 2: Scaffold characterization Basic Protocol 3: Cell culture and analysis of neurons in scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cian O'Connor
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Woods
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erdman VV, Karimov DD, Tuktarova IA, Timasheva YR, Nasibullin TR, Korytina GF. Alu Deletions in LAMA2 and CDH4 Genes Are Key Components of Polygenic Predictors of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13492. [PMID: 36362280 PMCID: PMC9657309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity is a unique human phenomenon and a highly stable trait, characterized by polygenicity. The longevity phenotype occurs due to the ability to successfully withstand the age-related genomic instability triggered by Alu elements. The purpose of our cross-sectional study was to evaluate the combined contribution of ACE*Ya5ACE, CDH4*Yb8NBC516, COL13A1*Ya5ac1986, HECW1*Ya5NBC182, LAMA2*Ya5-MLS19, PLAT*TPA25, PKHD1L1*Yb8AC702, SEMA6A*Yb8NBC597, STK38L*Ya5ac2145 and TEAD1*Ya5ac2013 Alu elements to longevity. The study group included 2054 unrelated individuals aged from 18 to 113 years who are ethnic Tatars from Russia. We analyzed the dynamics of the allele and genotype frequencies of the studied Alu polymorphic loci in the age groups of young (18-44 years old), middle-aged (45-59 years old), elderly (60-74 years old), old seniors (75-89 years old) and long-livers (90-113 years old). Most significant changes in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between the long-livers and other groups. The search for polygenic predictors of longevity was performed using the APSampler program. Attaining longevity was associated with the combinations LAMA2*ID + CDH4*D (OR = 2.23, PBonf = 1.90 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*ID + HECW1*D (OR = 4.58, PBonf = 9.00 × 10-3) among persons aged between 18 and 89 years, LAMA2*ID + CDH4*D + SEMA6A*I for individuals below 75 years of age (OR = 3.13, PBonf = 2.00 × 10-2), LAMA2*ID + HECW1*I for elderly people aged 60 and older (OR = 3.13, PBonf = 2.00 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*D + HECW1*D (OR = 4.21, PBonf = 2.60 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*D + ACE*I (OR = 3.68, PBonf = 1.90 × 10-2) among old seniors (75-89 years old). The key elements of combinations associated with longevity were the deletion alleles of CDH4 and LAMA2 genes. Our results point to the significance for human longevity of the Alu polymorphic loci in CDH4, LAMA2, HECW1, SEMA6A and ACE genes, involved in the integration systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Erdman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Denis D. Karimov
- Ufa Research Institute of Labor Medicine and Human Ecology, 450106 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ilsia A. Tuktarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yanina R. Timasheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Timur R. Nasibullin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Gulnaz F. Korytina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kong L, Gao X, Qian Y, Sun W, You Z, Fan C. Biomechanical microenvironment in peripheral nerve regeneration: from pathophysiological understanding to tissue engineering development. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4993-5014. [PMID: 35836812 PMCID: PMC9274750 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) caused by trauma, chronic disease and other factors may lead to partial or complete loss of sensory, motor and autonomic functions, as well as neuropathic pain. Biological activities are always accompanied by mechanical stimulation, and biomechanical microenvironmental homeostasis plays a complicated role in tissue repair and regeneration. Recent studies have focused on the effects of biomechanical microenvironment on peripheral nervous system development and function maintenance, as well as neural regrowth following PNI. For example, biomechanical factors-induced cluster gene expression changes contribute to formation of peripheral nerve structure and maintenance of physiological function. In addition, extracellular matrix and cell responses to biomechanical microenvironment alterations after PNI directly trigger a series of cascades for the well-organized peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) process, where cell adhesion molecules, cytoskeletons and mechanically gated ion channels serve as mechanosensitive units, mechanical effector including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as mechanotransduction elements. With the rapid development of tissue engineering techniques, a substantial number of PNR strategies such as aligned nerve guidance conduits, three-dimensional topological designs and piezoelectric scaffolds emerge expected to improve the neural biomechanical microenvironment in case of PNI. These tissue engineering nerve grafts display optimized mechanical properties and outstanding mechanomodulatory effects, but a few bottlenecks restrict their application scenes. In this review, the current understanding in biomechanical microenvironment homeostasis associated with peripheral nerve function and PNR is integrated, where we proposed the importance of balances of mechanosensitive elements, cytoskeletal structures, mechanotransduction cascades, and extracellular matrix components; a wide variety of promising tissue engineering strategies based on biomechanical modulation are introduced with some suggestions and prospects for future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingchi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang G, Lu P, Qiao P, Zhang P, Cai X, Tang L, Qian T, Wang H. Blood vessel remodeling in late stage of vascular network reconstruction is essential for peripheral nerve regeneration. BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 7:e10361. [PMID: 36176610 PMCID: PMC9472024 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
One of the bottlenecks of advanced study on tissue engineering in regenerative medicine is rapid and functional vascularization. For a deeper comprehension of vascularization, the exhaustive, dynamic, and three‐dimensional depiction of perfused vascular network reconstruction during peripheral nerve regeneration was performed using Micro‐CT scanning. The 10 mm defect of sciatic nerve in rat was bridged by the autologous or tissue engineered nerve. The blood vessel anastomosis between nerve stumps and autologous nerve accomplished at 4 days to 1 week after surgery, which was a sufficient basis for the mature vascular network re‐establishment. The stronger ability for sprouting angiogenesis and vascular remodeling of autologous nerve compared with tissue engineered nerve was revealed. However, common phases of vascularization in peripheral nerve regeneration were painted: hypoxic initiation, sprouting angiogenesis, and remodeling and maturation. The effect of less‐concerned vascular remodeling on nerve regeneration was further analyzed after nerve crush injury. The blockage of vascular remodeling in late stage by VEGF injection significantly inhibited axons and myelin sheaths regeneration, which attenuated the impulse conduction toward reinnervated muscles. It was illustrated that a large amount of immature blood vessels rather than necessary vascular remodeling elevated local inflammation level in nerve regeneration microenvironment. The figures inspired us to understand the close connections between vascularization and peripheral nerve regeneration from a broader dimension to achieve better constructions, regulations and repair effects of tissue engineered nerves in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Panjian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Pingping Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Leili Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Tianmei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
- Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Hongkui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong China
| |
Collapse
|