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Abumohssin AG, Alghamdi AA, Magboul MA, Asali FW, Mahrous MS, Basaqr AA, Abduljabbar FH. Association Between Musculoskeletal Pain and Studying Hours Among Medical Students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e45158. [PMID: 37842492 PMCID: PMC10572067 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are one of the common health issues affecting people of various ages. The main risk factors for musculoskeletal pain are age, obesity, gender, level of education, psychosocial factors, occupational factors, decreased mobility and flexibility, and common factors such as consuming TV and video games. College students, especially medical students, are at a higher risk of these complaints as they have longer hours of studying than most faculties due to the competitiveness of their specialty. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between musculoskeletal pain and studying hours in medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to increase awareness of this problem. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. Data was collected using an online questionnaire. A total of 314 participants were included in this study. The demographic variables, studying hours, studying locations, and postures were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 314 medical students were included in this study. The majority were males (71.0%) and, the mean age was 22.05±2.13 years. Most of them were sixth-year students, and most of them reported studying between three and four hours (40.1%), with the most common studying location reported being the students' home or residence (79.3%). The number of daily studying hours had no significant effect on the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems. Conclusion There was no significant relationship between the number of studying hours and the MSK pain. Clinical trials could be used to evaluate the most effective approaches to alleviate MSK pain in medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maan A Magboul
- Dermatology, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Feras W Asali
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mansour S Mahrous
- Medicine and Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | | | - Fahad H Abduljabbar
- Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
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Cheragh ZA, Gandomi F, Sakinehpoor A. Effects of typing positions on the upper trapezius and neck extensor muscles electromyography in office employees: A single-blind cross-sectional study. Work 2023; 74:255-263. [PMID: 36214012 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holding incorrect postures over a long period could lead to chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNNP) in office employees. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different typing positions on the activity of the neck extensor and upper trapezius (UT) muscles of office employees diagnosed with CNNP. METHODS This assessor-blinded cross-sectional study was performed on 22 female subjects with the mean age of 39.95±5.30 years. The neck extensors and UT muscle activities of the participants were assessed in the upright, forward, and slouching postures by electromyography (EMG). In addition, neck proprioception and the performance of the cervical stabilizer muscles were evaluated using an inclinometer and biofeedback pressure unit, respectively. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between the cervical erector spine (CES) and UT muscle activities in the upright, forward, and slouching typing positions (P < 0.05). In addition, a difference was observed between the upright and slouching postures in these muscles. A positive correlation was denoted between CES muscle activity in the slouching and forward postures and the activation index of neck muscles (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant, negative correlation was observed between the UT muscle activity in the slouching posture and neck proprioception (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was also noted between the pain index and repositioning error rates (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CES muscle activity increased in a forward head posture, which could damage neck proprioception through causing early fatigue and stimulating a cumulative damage cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ataei Cheragh
- Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises Department, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Gandomi
- Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises Department, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aynollah Sakinehpoor
- Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises Department, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Snodgrass SJ, Weerasekara I, Edwards S, Heneghan NR, Puentedura EJ, James C. Relationships Between the Physical Work Environment, Postures and Musculoskeletal Pain During COVID-19: A Survey of Frequent Computer Users. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e782-e791. [PMID: 36075375 PMCID: PMC9640254 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the flexible work practices during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and depression in frequent computer users. METHODS An e-survey determined the extent of workplace changes and MSD, and the relationships between them using descriptive-statistics and chi-squared tests. RESULTS Of 700 who commenced the survey, 511 were analyzed. Since the pandemic commenced, 80% of respondents reported they were working more from home; and 89% reported some musculoskeletal pain. Compared with prepandemic, more people worked in nonergonomic environments, computer configurations and body postures. Work location was associated with upper back pain ( P = 0.011); body posture with headache ( P = 0.027) and low back pain ( P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Nonergonomic work environments of frequent computer users during COVID-19 are related to having upper back pain, whereas nonergonomic postures are related to having headache and low back pain.
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The Ergonomic Association between Shoulder, Neck/Head Disorders and Sedentary Activity: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5178333. [PMID: 35356625 PMCID: PMC8959976 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5178333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Work-associated upper limb and neck disorders are common occupational disorders throughout the world. These disorders are usually observed more in workers who spend a long time sitting, referred to as sedentary activity (SA). The immediate and distorted risk of sedentary-related problems was considered high in Europe, Australia, and the United States. Even though mediation is convenient, it is likely to reduce office workers' risks of developing cervical and upper body pain due to sedentary work. This systematic review addresses risk factors and evaluates the relationship between SA and upper body disorders in office workers (i.e., shoulder and neck/head). Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2010 and August 2021 in the English language. The three keywords “sedentary,” “upper body elements,” and “work” (and their derivatives) were searched to identify studies and carry out this systematic review. The articles were searched so that all three keywords or at least a derivation of each keyword should appear. Findings. Of the 40 articles that met the enclosure criteria, 32 studies examined the association of SA and upper body elements during both office and computer work. However, three articles were evaluated in the sit-stand work environment, and in the remaining five studies, one was evaluated during teaching, two during hospital work, and two during mixed working conditions. Conclusions Research related to SA focuses mainly on extended risk factors, but there was no focus on other aspects, such as muscle and tendon contractions. As there is a convincing connection between SA and the upper body, our close examination identifies the need to institutionalize a system for collecting, analyzing, and describing the impact and short-term effects of SA on the upper body. Additionally, some suggestions were made to minimize the risk in a sedentary working environment.
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Richards KV, Beales DJ, Smith AL, O'Sullivan PB, Straker LM. Is Neck Posture Subgroup in Late Adolescence a Risk Factor for Persistent Neck Pain in Young Adults? A Prospective Study. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6094842. [PMID: 33444448 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether sagittal neck sitting posture subgroup membership in late adolescence was a risk factor for persistent neck pain (PNP) in young adults. METHODS There were 686 participants enrolled in the Raine Study at the 17- and 22-year follow-ups. At 17 years of age, posture was measured by photographs, and 4 subgroups of sitting neck posture were determined by cluster analysis. Height and weight were measured, and exercise frequency, depression, and PNP were assessed by questionnaire. At 22 years of age, participants answered questions about neck pain and occupation type. Logistic regression examined if neck posture subgroups at 17 years of age were a risk factor for PNP at 22 years of age, taking into account other factors. RESULTS Female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.16-2.65) and PNP at 17 years of age (OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 2.57-5.57) were associated with PNP at 22 years of age. In females, neck posture subgroup at 17 years of age was a risk factor for PNP at 22 years of age. Compared with the upright subgroup, both the slumped thorax/forward head subgroup groups and the intermediate subgroup had decreased odds for PNP at 22 years of age (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08-0.76; OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15-0.99, respectively). No association was found in males. CONCLUSION After taking into account PNP at 17 years, sitting neck posture at 17 was not a risk factor for PNP at 22 years of age in males, whereas in females, more relaxed postures (slumped thorax/forward head and Intermediate postures) were protective of neck pain compared with upright posture. IMPACT Females in late adolescence who sat in slumped thorax/forward head or intermediate posture rather than upright sitting posture had a lower risk of PNP as a young adult. The practice of generic public health messages to sit up straight to prevent neck pain needs rethinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Richards
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Midland Public Hospital, Western Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Darren J Beales
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,Pain Options, South Perth, Western Australia
| | - Anne L Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,The Raine Study, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Peter B O'Sullivan
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,Body Logic Physiotherapy, Shenton Park, Western Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,The Raine Study, Crawley, Western Australia
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Cheung MC, Lai JSK, Yip J, Cheung JPY. Increased Computer Use is Associated with Trunk Asymmetry That Negatively Impacts Health-Related Quality of Life in Early Adolescents. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:2289-2302. [PMID: 34675493 PMCID: PMC8502057 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s329635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of trunk asymmetry on the health-related quality of life of early adolescents and to identify daily activities that were associated with trunk asymmetry in this cohort. METHODS This study included 200 early adolescents (52 male and 148 female) aged 10 to 14 years in Hong Kong. Among them, 100 adolescents were considered to have trunk asymmetry with angle of trunk rotation ≥5° and one or more physical signs on visual inspection. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was used to measure the eight scales under the physical and mental domains of the health-related quality of life. The adolescents reported their average daily durations spent (1) using a computer; (2) using a smartphone; (3) watching television, videos or DVDs; (4) doing homework; and (5) doing physical exercise. Independent samples t-tests, chi-square (χ 2) tests or Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare the health-related quality of life and the average daily duration of daily activities between early adolescents with and without trunk asymmetry. Logistic regression was performed to investigate the odds ratios of daily activities for trunk asymmetry. RESULTS Compared with early adolescents without trunk asymmetry, those with trunk asymmetry had a lower health-related quality of life in some of the physical domains, namely, bodily pain and general health, and all mental domains, namely, vitality (energy/fatigue), social functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems and mental health (p < 0.05). Use of computer was found to be significantly associated with trunk asymmetry in early adolescents (OR = 1.63, 95% CI [1.23, 2.14]). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that increased computer use is associated with trunk asymmetry, which negatively impacts the health-related quality of life in early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: Mei-Chun Cheung Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaTel +852-39431862Fax +852-26035018 Email
| | - Janelle S K Lai
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joanne Yip
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Brink Y, Louw Q, Grimmer K. Do changes in psychosocial factors, lifestyle factors and sitting posture influence the likelihood of musculoskeletal pain in high school computer users? PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 25:e1865. [PMID: 32914536 DOI: 10.1002/pri.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents regularly engage in screen-based activities. Complex factors influence adolescents' growth, and habitual sitting posture. The association between over-time changes in their sitting posture, and upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain (UQMP) is poorly understood. This study tested the association between change over 12 months in seated posture angles (neck flexion [NF]; craniocervical angle [CCA] into flexion and extension; and thoracic flexion [TF]), UQMP, and predictor variables (anxiety and depression; sport activity, music participation; computer use). METHODS A one-year prospective longitudinal study enrolled 211 asymptomatic 15-18-year students. 3D motion analysis captured postural angles while students worked on desktop computers, at baseline and 12 months later. Height, weight, computing time, sport and music participation, and depression and anxiety were measured at both time periods. UQMP in the previous month was captured at 12 months. The association between over-time change in sitting posture angles and predictor variables was determined using linear regression analysis (r2 ; p-values). The association between predictor variables with UQMP, and predictor variables on the association between postural angles and UQMP was assessed using logistic regression models (Odds Ratios [95%CI]). Significant confounding effects were determined when the addition of a predictor variable to the posture-UQMP model significantly changed the Likelihood Ratio chi square value. RESULTS N = 153 students (72%) completed the study (48 with UQMP). Significant associations occurred between head flexion (HF) and body mass index (BMI) (r2= 4.20, p = .01); NF and computer use (r2= 2.87, p = .036) and CCA and music participation (r2= 9.99, p = .047). Music participants and non-participants in sport or music had increased risk of UQMP with CCA changes into flexion (OR 12.0) and TF changes into extension (OR 7.6) respectively. CONCLUSION The association between over-time-change in sitting posture angles and UQMP is not influenced by anthropometrics, psychosocial factors or time spent computing. Music students, and students not participating in sport, require further postural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Brink
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Quinette Louw
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karen Grimmer
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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De-la-Cruz-Torres B, Sánchez-López MD. Effectiveness of a 12-Week Physical Exercise Program on Lower-Limb Malalignment in School-age Rugby: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 43:531-538. [PMID: 32888702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the effectiveness of 12 weeks of a physical exercise program (PEP) in child rugby players with lower-limb overpronation during gait. METHODS This was a randomized clinical trial. A total of 123 young athletes (mean ± standard deviation age, 10.35 ± 1.22 years) were evaluated, 20 of whom had lower-limb overpronation (n = 40 extremities). Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the experimental group, who performed their normal training and a PEP for 12 weeks, and the control group, who continued with their normal training for the same time. The PEP was focused on stretching the hypertonic muscle and potentiating the weakened muscles of the lower body. All participants underwent biomechanical analysis including the Helbing angle, the femorotibial angle, and the Fick angle in both limbs. RESULTS All participants (n = 20) completed the study. Baseline measurements showed no significant differences between groups in any of the variables tested. After 12 weeks, there were significant differences between groups (P < .001 for all angles). No improvement was found in the control group; however, meaningful improvement was found in all variables in the experimental group: Helbing angle (175°, P < .001, effect size [ES] = 1.94), femorotibial angle (173°, P < .001, ES = 1.77), Fick angle (12°, P < .001, ES = 1.55). The number needed to treat was 2 for femorotibial angle and Helbing angle, and 3 for Fick angle. CONCLUSION A 12-week PEP produced significant improvements in these 3 biomechanical variables. We also conclude that young athletes with a pathological gait pattern reached a normal gait pattern.
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Araújo LGL, Rodrigues VP, Figueiredo IA, Medeiros MNL. Association between sitting posture on school furniture and spinal changes in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:469-475. [PMID: 32841159 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2020-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the association between sitting posture during the use of school furniture and changes in the spine in adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 students. The sitting position on school furniture was collected five times (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min). Postural alteration of the spine was identified by direct observation in front of a symmetograph. Screening for scoliosis was obtained by Adams test. Results The presence of the factor away from the table presented higher percentages at times 3, 6, 9, and 15 min (24.2, 25, 29.2, and 26.7%, respectively). At 12 min, the highest frequency was the presence of poorly positioned lower limbs (25.8%). Associations were observed between poor sitting posture with changes in head anteriorization and retroversion of the pelvis among women and with thoracic hyperkyphosis in men. Conclusions The findings suggest that there are sex-dependent associations between poor sitting posture during use of school furniture and spinal alterations in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucele G L Araújo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vandilson P Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Ivan A Figueiredo
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Matanhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
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Wami SD, Mekonnen TH, Yirdaw G, Abere G. Musculoskeletal problems and associated risk factors among health science students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Maimaiti N, Wang J, Jin X, Wang S, Qin D, He L, Wang F, Zhang Z, Forsman M, Yang L, Yang Q, Wang H. Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 71:79-85. [PMID: 31862047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronics assembly workers are reported to have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigated the prevalence of cervical MSDs and the complex relationships between cervical MSDs and individual, physical, psychosocial factors among electronics assembly workers. METHODS In this cross-sectional survey, self-administered questionnaires from 700 workers in electronics manufacturing workshops were analysed. Information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms, personal and work-related factors was collected. Finally, the prevalence of cervical MSDs was computed for different subgroups, and the relationships with different factors were analyzed using logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS The total 12 month prevalence of cervical MSDs among the survey population was 29.4%. Variables of gender, job tenure, twisting head frequently, neck flexion/extension for long time and work required to be done quickly showed significant associations with MSDs in a multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed moderate and significant correlations between postural load (γ = 0.279), gender (γ = 0.233) and cervical MSDs, while there were weak but significant correlations between vibration (γ = 0.024), work stress (γ = 0.126), job tenure (γ = 0.024) and cervical MSDs. Both work stress and vibration affected the MSDs indirectly through postural load. CONCLUSIONS The logistic regression results support previous general epidemiological MSD studies, and indicates that individual, physical, and psychosocial factors are related to cervical MSDs. The SEM provides a better approximation of the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and cervical MSDs. Improving awkward postures may be effective ways to control the influence of occupational stressors or vibration on MSDs. Practical Applications: The study is to improve prevention of MSDs among electronics assembly workers and promote their occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazhakaiti Maimaiti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianning Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shijuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongliang Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lihua He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fujiang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongbin Zhang
- China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mikael Forsman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Liyun Yang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- National Research Center for Occupational Safety and Health, State Administration of Work Safety, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- National Research Center for Occupational Safety and Health, State Administration of Work Safety, Beijing 100191, China
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Mahmoud NF, Hassan KA, Abdelmajeed SF, Moustafa IM, Silva AG. The Relationship Between Forward Head Posture and Neck Pain: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2019; 12:562-577. [PMID: 31773477 PMCID: PMC6942109 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-019-09594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Forward head posture (FHP) is the most common cervical postural fault in the sagittal plane that is found with different severity levels in almost all populations. Despite claims that FHP may be related to neck pain, this relation seems to be controversial. Thus, our purpose is to determine whether FHP differs between asymptomatic subjects and those with neck pain and to investigate if there is a relationship between head posture and neck pain. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 15 cross-sectional studies were eligible for inclusion for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Ten studies compared FHP between a group of asymptomatic participants and a group of participants with neck pain and an overall mean difference (MD) of 4.84 (95% CI = 0.14, 9.54), indicating a significant between-group difference, contrary to adolescent (MD = - 1.05; 95% CI = - 4.23, 2.12). Eight studies showed significant negative correlations between FHP and neck pain intensity (r = - 0.55; 95% CI = - 0.69, - 0.36) as well as disability (r = - 0.42; 95% CI = - 0.54, - 0.28) in adults and older adults, while in adolescents, only lifetime prevalence and doctor visits due to neck pain were significant predictors for FHP. This systematic review found that age played an important role as a confounding factor in the relation between FHP and neck pain. Also, the results showed that adults with neck pain show increased FHP when compared to asymptomatic adults and that FHP is significantly correlated with neck pain measures in adults and older adults. No association was found between FHP and most of neck pain measures in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen Fawzy Mahmoud
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders & Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, 14531 Egypt
| | - Karima A. Hassan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders & Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, 14531 Egypt
| | - Salwa F. Abdelmajeed
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders & Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, 14531 Egypt
| | - Ibraheem M. Moustafa
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Anabela G. Silva
- School of Health Sciences & CINTESIS.UA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Female Office Workers With Moderate Neck Pain Have Increased Anterior Positioning of the Cervical Spine and Stiffness of Upper Trapezius Myofascial Tissue in Sitting Posture. PM R 2019; 11:476-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mingels S, Granitzer M. Pericranial Tenderness in Females With Episodic Cervical Headache vs Asymptomatic Controls: A Cross-sectional Study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2018; 41:488-495. [PMID: 30121130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare pericranial tenderness of females with episodic cervical headache vs matched asymptomatic controls. METHODS Through a single-blind, cross-sectional study, pericranial tenderness was compared between 20 females with episodic cervical headaches (29.4 ± 13.2 years) and 20 age-matched female asymptomatic controls (30.1 ± 13.7 years). Pericranial tenderness was bilaterally measured in a headache-free period with the "total tenderness score" (TTS) in the suboccipital, temporal, frontal, masseter, upper trapezius (UT), levator scapula, and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle insertions. Passive cervical mobility, headache intensity, frequency, and duration were secondary outcomes. Analysis was done with a 95% confidence level (SPSS version 22). The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare pericranial, cephalic, cervical, and muscle-specific tenderness between groups. Correlations between passive cervical mobility and headache characteristics and the TTS were estimated with Spearman's ρ. RESULTS The headache group (1.25 ± 0.89) showed a 2 times higher (P < .05) pericranial TTS compared to the control group (0.62 ± 0.70). Higher (P < .05) scores were observed for the left suboccipital, temporal, masseter, UT, levator scapula, and SCM muscles and the right suboccipital, frontal, UT, and levator scapula muscles. Grouping the tenderness scores into cervical (suboccipital, UT, levator scapula, SCM) and cephalic (frontal, temporal, masseter) regions revealed greater scores (P < .05) in the headache group. In the latter, the TTS was significantly positively correlated with passive cervical extension (ρ = 0.78). CONCLUSION Consistent higher tenderness scores were observed and suggest involvement of sensitization in patients with episodic cervical headaches. A positive correlation was seen between passive cervical extension and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mingels
- Faculty Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Marita Granitzer
- Faculty Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Brink Y, Louw Q, Grimmer K. The amount of postural change experienced by adolescent computer users developing seated -related upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018; 22:608-617. [PMID: 30100285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved techniques of measuring sitting posture have not led to a more comprehensive understanding of poor posture, nor its association with pain. There is also an evidence gap regarding critical thresholds of sitting postural change over time related to pain production. This paper describes postural angle changes over a 12-month period, and describes the process of placing defensible cut-points in the angle change data, to better understand associations between posture change over time, and onset of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain (UQMP). METHODS This paper reports on data captured at baseline and 12-month follow-up, in adolescents in school using computers. Four sitting postural angles, head flexion (HF), neck flexion (NF), craniocervical angle (CCA) and trunk flexion (TF), and self-reported seated UQMP in the previous month were captured at each time-point. Research questions were: 1) What is the magnitude and direction of change in each postural angle over 12 months? 2) What are best cut-points in the continuous posture change distribution to most sensitively test the association between posture change and UQMP? 3) Is gender-specific cut-points required? The 12-month posture angle change data was divided into quintiles (0-20th%; 21-40th%, 41-60th%, 61-80th%, >80th%), and the odds of UQMP occurring in each posture change quintile were calculated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Two hundred and eleven students participated at baseline, of which 153 were followed-up at one year. Both males and females with postural change into extension (which represents lesser flexion range) were more at risk for the development of UQMP, than any other group. The best cut-point for HF was 40th% (≤-3.9°), NF was 20th% (≤-2.9°) and TF was 40th% (≤-1.1°). For CCA however, change at or beyond 40th % for extension or beyond 60% for flexion was associated with UQMP. CONCLUSIONS Identification of critical postural angle change cut-points assists in considering the pain-producing mechanisms for adolescents using desk top computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Brink
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Quinette Louw
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P O Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Karen Grimmer
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence (iCAHE), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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16
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Ee J, Parry S, Oliveira BID, McVeigh JA, Howie E, Straker L. Does a Classroom Standing Desk Intervention Modify Standing and Sitting Behaviour and Musculoskeletal Symptoms during School Time and Physical Activity during Waking Time? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081668. [PMID: 30082657 PMCID: PMC6121556 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Children are increasingly spending more time sedentary at school and during leisure time. This study examined the effects of a standing desk intervention in a classroom on children's standing and sitting time at school, sedentary and physical activity levels throughout the day (waking hours), and musculoskeletal discomfort. A within-subjects crossover study design was used. Participants used either a standing desk or traditional seated desk for 21 days before swapping desks for another 21 days. Accelerometry and musculoskeletal discomfort data were collected during the last seven days of each 21-day period. Mixed models were used to analyse accelerometry data. Zero-inflated regression models and logistic regression models were used to analyse discomfort data. Forty-seven male students (aged 10⁻11 years) participated in the study. Standing time was 21 min/school day higher (p < 0.001) and sitting time was 24 min/school day lower (p = 0.003) when standing desks were used. No significant differences were found in sedentary and physical activity time during waking hours between the standing desk and seated desk conditions. Students were less likely to report musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulder, elbows and lower back when using standing desks (OR 0.52⁻0.74). Standing desks significantly increased classroom standing time and decreased musculoskeletal discomfort reports but had no overall effect on daily physical activity levels. Schools should consider moving towards classrooms enabling a variety of postures to potentially improve the long-term health of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn Ee
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Sharon Parry
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Joanne A McVeigh
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Erin Howie
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
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17
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Sanaeinasab H, Saffari M, Valipour F, Alipour HR, Sepandi M, Al Zaben F, Koenig HG. The effectiveness of a model-based health education intervention to improve ergonomic posture in office computer workers: a randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:951-962. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hormoz Sanaeinasab
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saffari
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Health Education Department, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Firouz Valipour
- Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Reza Alipour
- Health Education Department, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sepandi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faten Al Zaben
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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18
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Sellschop IV, Myezwa H, Mudzi W, Musenge E. Ergonomic behaviour of learners in a digitally driven school environment: Modification using an ergonomic intervention programme. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2018; 74:348. [PMID: 30135912 PMCID: PMC6093115 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v74i1.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computer use is increasing amongst adolescents and so is the potential for related musculoskeletal pain and postural changes. The cumulative effect of this technology-induced, sedentary lifestyle leads to poor posture, pain, repetitive strain injury and dysfunctional movement patterns. Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of a computer-related ergonomic intervention for adolescents in a school environment on posture and ergonomic behaviour. Methods All Grade 8 learners at two randomly selected private schools in Johannesburg were invited to participate in the study (n = 127). A controlled trial compared an intervention group with a control group. The computer usage questionnaire and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-intervention. The intervention consisted of a participatory educational programme. An intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken. Alpha level was set at p = 0.05. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and between-group analysis of variance, determined differences in the number of participants in the RULA action levels between groups after the intervention and the comparison of positions and type of computer. Results At 6 months post-intervention, there were no participants in action level (AL) 4 and the number of participants in AL 3 had reduced from 26.2% at baseline to 14.8% in the intervention group (p < 0.001). The control group RULA scores worsened over the period of 6 months. Although the learners were still not in an ’acceptable’ range of postural positions, there was a significant improvement between the pre-intervention and post-intervention stage (p < 0.001). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the effect of an ergonomic intervention and its sustainability over 6 months. Clinical implications The clinical contribution of this study to our healthcare system is that through the early identification and intervention of the poor ergonomics in a school environment, a positive impact on reducing poor postural behaviour amongst learners can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hellen Myezwa
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Witness Mudzi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Eustatius Musenge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
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19
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Shahar D, Evans J, Sayers MGL. Large enthesophytes in teenage skulls: Mechanical, inflammatory and genetic considerations. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 53:60-64. [PMID: 29448082 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature implies that large enthesophytes are exclusive to genetically predisposed individuals and to Spondyloarthropathies sufferers. Accordingly, the aim of this investigation and report was to assess the involvement of genetic predisposition, inflammatory and/or mechanical influences in the development of large enthesophytes in a sample population of teenagers presenting with large enthesophytes emanating from the external occipital protuberance. METHODS Analysis was based on four teenage males (13-16 year-old) possessing 14.5-30.5 mm enthesophytes projecting from the external occipital protuberance. This study included assessment of radiographs, MRI scans, blood-work, history, the SF-36 health survey, and the comparison of these data with the relevant literature to describe the interrelationships between the presence of enlarged external occipital protuberance, forward head protraction, active inflammation and/or genetic factors. FINDINGS Known genetic markers (e.g. HLA-B27) were not detected by allele-specific primers and both ESR and CRP tests were negative. Additionally, MRI analyses failed to detect active localised inflammation at the external occipital protuberance and surrounding structures. The health survey yielded normal parameters for all participants. All participants displayed significantly large Forward Head Protraction values (>40 mm), and interviews with participants and their parents indicated that concerns related to posture were prevalent since early childhood. INTERPRETATION This report suggests that mechanical load has an important role in enthesophyte development, irrespective the involvement of inflammatory or genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shahar
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
| | - John Evans
- Sunshine Coast Radiology, Birtinya, Australia
| | - Mark G L Sayers
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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20
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Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Braz J Phys Ther 2017; 21:391-399. [PMID: 29097026 PMCID: PMC5693453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnoses and treatments based on movement system impairment syndromes were developed to guide physical therapy treatment. OBJECTIVES This masterclass aims to describe the concepts on that are the basis of the syndromes and treatment and to provide the current research on movement system impairment syndromes. RESULTS The conceptual basis of the movement system impairment syndromes is that sustained alignment in a non-ideal position and repeated movements in a specific direction are thought to be associated with several musculoskeletal conditions. Classification into movement system impairment syndromes and treatment has been described for all body regions. The classification involves interpreting data from standardized tests of alignments and movements. Treatment is based on correcting the impaired alignment and movement patterns as well as correcting the tissue adaptations associated with the impaired alignment and movement patterns. The reliability and validity of movement system impairment syndromes have been partially tested. Although several case reports involving treatment using the movement system impairment syndromes concept have been published, efficacy of treatment based on movement system impairment syndromes has not been tested in randomized controlled trials, except in people with chronic low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Sahrmann
- Washington University School of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, St. Louis, USA.
| | - Daniel C Azevedo
- Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Linda Van Dillen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, St. Louis, USA
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21
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Silva AG, Sa-Couto P, Queirós A, Neto M, Rocha NP. Pain, pain intensity and pain disability in high school students are differently associated with physical activity, screening hours and sleep. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:194. [PMID: 28511650 PMCID: PMC5434614 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies exploring the association between physical activity, screen time and sleep and pain usually focus on a limited number of painful body sites. Nevertheless, pain at different body sites is likely to be of different nature. Therefore, this study aims to explore and compare the association between time spent in self-reported physical activity, in screen based activities and sleeping and i) pain presence in the last 7-days for 9 different body sites; ii) pain intensity at 9 different body sites and iii) global disability. Methods Nine hundred sixty nine students completed a questionnaire on pain, time spent in moderate and vigorous physical activity, screen based time watching TV/DVD, playing, using mobile phones and computers and sleeping hours. Univariate and multivariate associations between pain presence, pain intensity and disability and physical activity, screen based time and sleeping hours were investigated. Results Pain presence: sleeping remained in the multivariable model for the neck, mid back, wrists, knees and ankles/feet (OR 1.17 to 2.11); moderate physical activity remained in the multivariate model for the neck, shoulders, wrists, hips and ankles/feet (OR 1.06 to 1.08); vigorous physical activity remained in the multivariate model for mid back, knees and ankles/feet (OR 1.05 to 1.09) and screen time remained in the multivariate model for the low back (OR = 2.34. Pain intensity: screen time and moderate physical activity remained in the multivariable model for pain intensity at the neck, mid back, low back, shoulder, knees and ankles/feet (Rp2 0.02 to 0.04) and at the wrists (Rp2 = 0.04), respectively. Disability showed no association with sleeping, screen time or physical activity. Conclusions This study suggests both similarities and differences in the patterns of association between time spent in physical activity, sleeping and in screen based activities and pain presence at 8 different body sites. In addition, they also suggest that the factors associated with the presence of pain, pain intensity and pain associated disability are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela G Silva
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Piso 2, edifício nascente, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Sa-Couto
- Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics (DMAT), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Queirós
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maritza Neto
- Primary Healthcare Center, Av. Dr. Rocha Madail,S/N, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - Nelson P Rocha
- Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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22
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Shahar D, Sayers MGL. A morphological adaptation? The prevalence of enlarged external occipital protuberance in young adults. J Anat 2016; 229:286-91. [PMID: 27426020 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enthesophytes are bony projections that arise from the sites of ligament, tendon or joint capsule attachment to a bone. They are seen rarely in radiographic findings in young adults, as these bony adaptations are assumed to develop slowly over time. However, in recent years, the presence of an enlarged external occipital protuberance (EEOP) has been observed frequently in radiographs of relatively young patients at the clinic of the lead author. Accordingly, the aim of this project was to assess the prevalence of an EEOP in a young adult population. Analysis involved a retrospective analysis of 218 lateral cervical radiographic studies of 18-30-year-old participants. Group A (n = 108; males = 45, females = 63) consisted of asymptomatic university students, while Group B (n = 110; males = 50, females = 60) were an age-matched mildly symptomatic, non-student population. The external occipital protuberance (EOP) size was defined as the distance from the most superior point of the EOP (origin) to a point on the EOP that is most distal from the skull. To avoid ambiguity, the threshold for recording the size of an EOP was set at 5 mm, and an EOP was classified as enlarged if it exceeded 10 mm. Reliability testing was also undertaken. Results indicated that an EEOP was present in 41% of the total population, with 10% of all participants presenting with an EOP ≥ 20 mm. An EEOP was significantly more common in males (67.4%) than in females (20.3%), with the mean EEOP size for the combined male population (15 ± 7 mm) being significantly larger (P < 0.001) than for females (10 ± 4 mm). The longest EEOP in the male population was 35.7 mm, while in the female population it was 25.5 mm. Additionally, the mean EEOP size for Group A (14 ± 7 mm) was also significantly greater (P = 0.006) than that recorded for Group B (12 ± 6 mm). This study identified that an EEOP is a condition that is prevalent in the populations tested. The age of the populations, and the prevalence of EEOP, suggest that biomechanical drivers for this phenomenon may be the main reason for this condition in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shahar
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark G L Sayers
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
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Wrist Hypothermia Related to Continuous Work with a Computer Mouse: A Digital Infrared Imaging Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9265-81. [PMID: 26262633 PMCID: PMC4555279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Computer work is characterized by sedentary static workload with low-intensity energy metabolism. The aim of our study was to evaluate the dynamics of skin surface temperature in the hand during prolonged computer mouse work under different ergonomic setups. Digital infrared imaging of the right forearm and wrist was performed during three hours of continuous computer work (measured at the start and every 15 minutes thereafter) in a laboratory with controlled ambient conditions. Four people participated in the study. Three different ergonomic computer mouse setups were tested on three different days (horizontal computer mouse without mouse pad; horizontal computer mouse with mouse pad and padded wrist support; vertical computer mouse without mouse pad). The study revealed a significantly strong negative correlation between the temperature of the dorsal surface of the wrist and time spent working with a computer mouse. Hand skin temperature decreased markedly after one hour of continuous computer mouse work. Vertical computer mouse work preserved more stable and higher temperatures of the wrist (>30 °C), while continuous use of a horizontal mouse for more than two hours caused an extremely low temperature (<28 °C) in distal parts of the hand. The preliminary observational findings indicate the significant effect of the duration and ergonomics of computer mouse work on the development of hand hypothermia.
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