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Henry BW, Cruz CD, Goulet RW, Nolan BT, Locke C, Padmanabhan V, Moravek MB, Shikanov A, Killian ML. Bone quality following peripubertal growth in a mouse model of transmasculine gender-affirming hormone therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.08.570840. [PMID: 38106067 PMCID: PMC10723410 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During peri-puberty, bone growth and the attainment peak bone mass is driven predominantly by sex steroids. This is important when treating transgender and gender diverse youth, who have become increasingly present at pediatric clinics. Analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are commonly prescribed to transgender and gender diverse youth prior to starting gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). However, the impact of GnRH agonists on long bones with the addition of GAHT is relatively unknown. To explore this, we developed a trans-masculine model by introducing either GnRHa or vehicle treatment to female-born mice at a pre-pubertal age. This treatment was followed by male GAHT (testosterone, T) or control treatment three weeks later. Six weeks after T therapy, bone quality was compared between four treatment groups: Control (vehicle only), GnRHa-only, GnRHa + T, and T-only. Bone length/size, bone shape, mechanical properties, and trabecular morphology were modulated by GAHT. Independent of GnRHa administration, mice treated with T had shorter femurs, larger trabecular volume and increased trabecular number, higher trabecular bone mineral density, and wider superstructures on the surface of bone (e.g., third trochanters) when compared to control or GnRHa-only mice. In conclusion, prolonged treatment of GnRHa with subsequent GAHT treatment directly affect the composition, parameters, and morphology of the developing long bone. These findings provide insight to help guide clinical approaches to care for transgender and gender diverse youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Henry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert W Goulet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bonnie T Nolan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Conor Locke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Molly B Moravek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Guo Y, Yin T, Wang X, Zhang F, Pan G, Lv H, Wang X, Owoicho Orgah J, Zhu Y, Wu H. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Cimicifuga: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:264-282. [PMID: 28826891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants of the genus Cimicifuga have long been used as an ethnomedicine in China, Europe, and North America for its high medicinal value and health benefits. Their dried rhizomes are widely used for treating wind-heat headache, toothache, aphtha, sore throat, measles, spot poison, archoptosis, and uterine prolapse. In addition, it is used as a dietary supplement for preventing women menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. AIM OF THE REVIEW This paper aims to provide up-to-date information on the genus Cimicifuga, including botanical characterization, medicinal resources, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological research as well as the toxicology. The possible structural-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive constituents are discussed in ways that contribute to the structural optimization and preclinical safety assessment for further drug design. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Cimicifuga was collected from scientific databases (such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database), Chinese herbal classics, ethnobotanical books, PhD and MSc dissertations, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, local magazines, and unpublished materials. In addition, the Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org) was also used to validate the scientific names and synonyms of this plant. The literature cited in this review dated from 1953 to 2017. RESULTS The majority of chemical constituents of this plant include triterpenoid glycosides, phenylpropanoids, nitrogenous compounds, chromones, flavonoids and 4α-methyl steroid. Among them, the primary bioactive constituents are believed to be present in the triterpene glycoside fraction. To date, investigation of seven Cimicifuga spp. plants led to the identification of more than 457 compounds. Years of pharmacological research proved that the crude extracts and certain pure compounds obtained from Cimicifuga exhibited menopausal syndrome-treatment, anti-osteoporosis, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities. On the other hand, Cimicifuga plant-induced toxicities of liver, cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous systems have also been reported. Therefore, safety consideration should be placed into a high priority for herbal medicine Cimicifuga therapy in the early stages of development and clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS This review presents information on botany, medicinal resources, and traditional medicinal history of some Cimicifuga plants. Modern pharmacology researchers have validated many traditional uses of Cimicifuga species. As the quality control and safety assessment of Cimicifuga plants is still incomplete, only a small part of the plant is permitted to be used as medicines. Expansion of medicinal resources in Cimicifuga is urgently needed to enable its full use. Currently research primarily focuses on the triterpenoid glycosides but there are many other types of compounds which may possess new biological activities however the systematic studies of these compounds are lacking. Extensive study is required on Cimicifuga plant before it can be fully used in clinics as a potent drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Tong Yin
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Hong Lv
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Xianrui Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - John Owoicho Orgah
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Honghua Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
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Dueregger A, Heidegger I, Ofer P, Perktold B, Ramoner R, Klocker H, Eder IE. The use of dietary supplements to alleviate androgen deprivation therapy side effects during prostate cancer treatment. Nutrients 2014; 6:4491-519. [PMID: 25338271 PMCID: PMC4210931 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however many experience side effects including hot flashes, cardiotoxicity, metabolic and musculoskeletal alterations. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT. In particular, we focus on herbal compounds, phytoestrogens, selenium (Se), fatty acids (FA), calcium, and Vitamins D and E. Indeed, there is some evidence that calcium and Vitamin D can prevent the development of osteoporosis during ADT. On the other hand, caution should be taken with the antioxidants Se and Vitamin E until the basis underlying their respective association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and PCa tumor development has been clarified. However, many other promising supplements have not yet been subjected large-scale clinical trials making it difficult to assess their efficacy. Given the demographic trend of increased PCa diagnoses and dependence on ADT as a major therapeutic strategy, further studies are required to objectively evaluate these supplements as adjuvant for PCa patients receiving ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dueregger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Philipp Ofer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Bernhard Perktold
- Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Reinhold Ramoner
- Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
| | - Iris E Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria.
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Filipović B, Sošić-Jurjević B, Ajdžanović V, Pantelić J, Nestorović N, Milošević V, Sekulić M. The effects of sex steroids on thyroid C cells and trabecular bone structure in the rat model of male osteoporosis. J Anat 2012; 222:313-20. [PMID: 23171170 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deficiency is one of the major factors leading to the development of osteoporosis in men. Since calcitonin (CT) is a potent antiresorptive agent, in the present study we investigated the effects of androgen deficiency and subsequent testosterone and estradiol treatment on CT-producing thyroid C cells, skeletal and hormonal changes in middle-aged orchidectomized (Orx) rats. Fifteen-month-old male Wistar rats were either Orx or sham-operated (SO). One group of Orx rats received 5 mg kg(-1) b.w. testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously, while another group was injected with 0.06 mg kg(-1) b.w. estradiol dipropionate (EDP) once a day for 3 weeks. A peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was applied for localization of CT in the C cells. The studies included ultrastructural microscopic observation of these cells. The metaphyseal region of the proximal tibia was measured histomorphometrically using an imagej public domain image processing program. TP or EDP treatment significantly increased C cell volume (Vc), volume densities (Vv) and serum CT concentration compared with the Orx animals. Administration of both TP and EDP significantly enhanced cancellous bone area (B.Ar), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and reduced trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Serum osteocalcin (OC) and urinary Ca concentrations were significantly lower after these treatments in comparison with Orx rats. These data suggest that testosterone and estradiol treatment in Orx middle-aged rats affect calcitonin-producing thyroid C cells, which may contribute to the bone protective effects of sex hormones in the rat model of male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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5
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Banu J, Varela E, Fernandes G. Alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:22-40. [PMID: 22221214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a medical condition that affects millions of men and women. People with this condition have low bone mass, which places them at increased risk for bone fracture after minor trauma. The surgeries and treatments required to repair and heal bone fractures involve long recovery periods and can be expensive. Because osteoporosis occurs frequently in the elderly, the financial burden it places on society is likely to be large. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has approved several drugs for use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, all of the currently available agents have severe side effects that limit their efficacy and underscore the urgent need for new treatment options. One promising approach is the development of alternative (nonpharmaceutical) strategies for bone maintenance, as well as for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This review examines the currently available nonpharmaceutical alternatives that have been evaluated in in vitro and in vivo studies. Certain plants from the following families have shown the greatest benefits on bone: Alliceae, Asteraceae, Thecaceae, Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Vitaceae, Zingiberaceae. The present review discusses the most promising findings from studies of these plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameela Banu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Hakimov HA, Walters S, Wright TC, Meidinger RG, Verschoor CP, Gadish M, Chiu DKY, Strömvik MV, Forsberg CW, Golovan SP. Application of iTRAQ to catalogue the skeletal muscle proteome in pigs and assessment of effects of gender and diet dephytinization. Proteomics 2009; 9:4000-16. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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García-Pérez MA, Pineda B, Hermenegildo C, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Isopropanolic Cimicifuga racemosa is favorable on bone markers but neutral on an osteoblastic cell line. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:1347-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Seidlová-Wuttke D, Prelle K, Fritzemeier KH, Wuttke W. Effects of estrogen receptor alpha- and beta-selective substances in the metaphysis of the tibia and on serum parameters of bone and fat tissue metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Bone 2008; 43:849-55. [PMID: 18708178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The functions of estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta (ER-alpha and beta) in bone and fat tissue are not precisely described. Therefore we studied the effects of a specific ERalpha and ERbeta agonist in bone and fat of ovariectomized (ovx) rats and compared them with the effects of estradiol (E2). Animals were s.c. injected for 4-weeks with 3 doses of the ERalpha agonist 16alpha-LE2 or the ERbeta agonist 8beta-VE2 or with E2. The intermediate doses were antagonized by an additional daily treatment with ICI (1.53mg). Bone and fat parameters were evaluated by quantitative computer tomography (qCT). Estrogen regulated hormones were also measured. Uterine weights were stimulated; serum LH and leptin levels suppressed E2 and the ERalpha agonist. Density of the cancellous metaphyseal structures of the tibia was reduced in the controls which was prevented by E2 and the ERalpha agonist. Endosteal surface, endosteal, periosteal circumferences and fat depots were largest in the controls and the ERbeta treated animals and lowest in the E2 and the 16alpha-LE2 injected ovx rats. Osteocalcin and the CrossLaps were highest in the ovx controls and reduced by E2 and the ERalpha agonist. Serum osteocalcin was stimulated by the ERbeta agonist. The strain strength index (SSI) in relation to the bodyweight - an indicator of bone elasticity - was lowest in controls and increased dose dependently in the E2 and in the ERalpha treated animals. Most effects in the uterus, serum and bone were antagonized by ICI. Most effects in the bone and fat were exerted by mechanisms involving the ERalpha but the ERbeta agonist appears to stimulate osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seidlová-Wuttke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Goettingen, Germany
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9
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Chan BY, Lau KS, Jiang B, Kennelly EJ, Kronenberg F, Kung AWC. Ethanolic extract of Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) potentiates bone nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Bone 2008; 43:567-73. [PMID: 18555764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aceaea racemosa (formerly Cimicifuga racemosa, black cohosh, AR) extracts have been widely used as an alternative to hormonal replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. Recent evidences suggest AR extracts are also effective in protecting against postmenopausal bone loss. To determine whether AR has any direct anabolic effect on osteoblasts, we investigated the ethanolic extract of AR on bone nodule formation in mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. AR did not stimulate osteoblast proliferation. Rather, at high doses of 1000 ng/mL for 48 h, AR suppressed (7.2+/-0.9% vs. control) osteoblast proliferation. At 500 ng/mL, a significant increase in bone nodule formation was seen with Von Kossa staining. Using quantitative PCR analysis, AR was shown to enhance the gene expression of runx2 and osteocalcin. Co-treatment with ICI 182,780, the selective estrogen receptor antagonist, abolished the stimulatory effect of AR on runx2 and osteocalcin gene induction, as well as on bone nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 cells. This is a first report of the direct effect of AR on enhancement of bone nodule formation in osteoblasts, and this action was mediated via an estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism. The results provide a scientific rationale at the molecular level for the claim that AR can offer effective prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ruhlen RL, Sun GY, Sauter ER. Black Cohosh: Insights into its Mechanism(s) of Action. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/117863370800300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Women's Health Initiative found that combination estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy increases breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, which compelled many women to seek herbal alternatives such as black cohosh extract (BCE) to relieve their menopausal symptoms. While several clinical trials document the efficacy of BCE in alleviating menopausal symptoms, preclinical studies to determine how BCE works have yielded conflicting results. Part of this is because there is not a universally accepted method to standardize the dose of black cohosh triterpenes, the presumed active ingredients in the extract. Although the mechanism by which BCE relieves symptoms is unknown, several hypotheses have been proposed: it acts 1) as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, 2) through serotonergic pathways, 3) as an antioxidant, or 4) on inflammatory pathways. We found that while the most prominent triterpene in BCE, 23-epi-26-deoxyactein, suppresses cytokine-induced nitric oxide production in brain microglial cells, the whole BCE extract actually enhanced this pathway. A variety of activities have been reported for black cohosh and its compounds, but the absorption and tissue distribution of these compounds is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Ruhlen
- From the Departments of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Grace Y. Sun
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Edward R. Sauter
- From the Departments of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
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Kapur P, Jarry H, Wuttke W, Pereira B, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Evaluation of the antiosteoporotic potential of Tinospora cordifolia in female rats. Maturitas 2008; 59:329-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li JX, Liu J, He CC, Yu ZY, Du Y, Kadota S, Seto H. Triterpenoids from Cimicifugae rhizoma, a novel class of inhibitors on bone resorption and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Maturitas 2007; 58:59-69. [PMID: 17658706 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing research suggested that Cimicifugae rhizoma might be protective against osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of three cycloartane-type triterpenoids isolated from Cimicifugae rhizoma, cimicidol-3-O-beta-D-xyloside (1), cimicidanol-3-O-beta-D-xyloside (2) and acetylacteol-3-O-beta-d-xyloside (3) on bone resorption in vitro and bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. METHODS The activities of the tested compounds on bone resorption were evaluated using three assays, neonatal mouse parietal bone organ culture, osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formation and pit formation. The effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and uterine weight were examined using OVX mice. Using LC-MS/MS method, the serum concentrations of the triterpenoids were measured in mice serum collected at 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 12h following its oral administration. RESULTS All of the tested compounds exerted the inhibitory effects on bone resorption in bone organ culture, suppressed both of the formation and the resorbing activity of OCLs. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed among those compounds. In vivo studies revealed that compounds 1-3 and the mixture of compounds 1-3 prevented the bone loss in OVX mice without affecting uterine weight, and each compound was detected in the mice serum after single oral administration. CONCLUSIONS The triterpenoids exerted the inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption through the suppression of both OCLs formation and the resorbing activity of OCLs, and also showed a significant protective effect on BMD in OVX mice. The present results might provide a new pharmacological potential for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Urasopon N, Hamada Y, Asaoka K, Cherdshewasart W, Malaivijitnond S. Pueraria mirifica, a phytoestrogen-rich herb, prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats. Maturitas 2007; 56:322-31. [PMID: 17101247 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogens and estrogen-like substances have been reported to play an important role in male bone homeostasis and to prevent bone loss. Pueraria mirifica (Leguminosae), a Thai herbal plant, containing a high amount of phytoestrogens was a choice of interest for this study. We examined the effects of crude P. mirifica on bone loss and influences on reproductive organs in male rats. METHODS Using fully mature and orchidectomized (ORX) rats, the effects of 0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kgB.W./day of P. mirifica and 0.1mg/kg B.W./day of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (a positive control) were evaluated on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) measured with a peripheral Quantitative Computerized Tomography (pQCT) densitometry. RESULTS Bone loss in trabecular and cortical bones of the various sites of axial bone (fourth lumbar vertebral body) and long bones (tibia and femur) after ORX was dose-dependently prevented by P. mirifica. The effects were specific on bone types and sites. The weights of the accessory sex organs, seminal vesicle and ventral prostrate gland, which significantly decreased after 3-month of ORX, were not altered by P. mirifica. CONCLUSION The results suggest that P. mirifica treatment may be useful to prevent an osteoporosis in elderly hypogonadism subjects without influences on reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontakorn Urasopon
- Biological Science Ph.D. Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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14
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Wuttke W, Rimoldi G, Christoffel J, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Plant extracts for the treatment of menopausal women: Safe? Maturitas 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Seidlová-Wuttke D, Stürmer K, Stürmer E, Sehmisch S, Wuttke W. Contrasting effects of estradiol, testosterone and of a black cohosh extract on density, mechanical properties and expression of several genes in the metaphysis of the tibia and on fat tissue of orchidectomized rats. Maturitas 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Seidlová-Wuttke D, Pitzel L, Thelen P, Wuttke W. Inhibition of 5α-reductase in the rat prostate by Cimicifuga racemosa. Maturitas 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Stürmer EK, Seidlová-Wuttke D, Sehmisch S, Rack T, Wille J, Frosch KH, Wuttke W, Stürmer KM. Standardized bending and breaking test for the normal and osteoporotic metaphyseal tibias of the rat: effect of estradiol, testosterone, and raloxifene. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:89-96. [PMID: 16355277 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The fracture of bone plays a key role in osteoporosis. BMD measurement, however, is only an indirect parameter of this phenomenon. We therefore developed a highly sensitive three-point bending test for the metaphyseal tibias in rats to evaluate stiffness and strength. This was validated in a right-left comparison and a bioassay with soy-free food, estradiol, raloxifene, and testosterone in orchidectomized rats. INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis becomes manifest predominantly in the metaphyseal rat tibia. The anti-osteoporotic character of substances should, therefore, be tested (mechanically) in this bone area. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated a new three-point bending test for the metaphyseal tibia in rats in a right-left trial. In an animal experiment, we studied the change of bone quality under estradiol (E)-, raloxifene (R)-, and testosterone (T)-supplemented food and compared it with trabecular BMD (qCT). RESULTS In the right-left comparison, the mean difference between the metaphyseal loads of both tibias in 37 rats was 8.43% for the maximum load (Fmax) and 6.46% for the failure load (fL). These results show the high reproducibility of the test, because they are close to the usual intraindividual difference of the two extremities. In a second experiment, four groups of 11 3-month-old male orchidectomized rats were fed with soy-free food only (C) or with the additives E, T, or R for 12 weeks. E and R were similar for Fmax and fL. There were significant differences in the stiffness (E = 406.92 N/mm versus R = 332.08 N/mm), the yield load (yL; E = 99.17 N versus R = 83.33 N), and the ratio between yL and Fmax (E = 86.33% versus R = 76.37%). T was similar to the controls concerning F(max), fL, and stiffness. There were significant differences in yL (T = 49.00N versus C = 39.5N) and the ratio between yL and Fmax (T = 64.28% versus C = 51.28%). CONCLUSIONS Estradiol is superior to raloxifene concerning stiffness and yield load, and both are superior to testosterone. We conclude that the described three-point bending test for the metaphyseal tibia is a highly sensitive method to study hormones and substances with regard to their osteoprotective character. The precision and the low SD of the presented results are superior to the data from qCT and the calculated index of stiffness (SSI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Stürmer
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Viereck V, Gründker C, Friess SC, Frosch KH, Raddatz D, Schoppet M, Nisslein T, Emons G, Hofbauer LC. Isopropanolic extract of black cohosh stimulates osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2036-43. [PMID: 16234977 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An isopropanolic extract (iCR) from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) is used an alternative in the treatment of menopausal symptoms, and animal studies suggest positive skeletal effects. iCR stimulated osteoblastic OPG protein secretion by 3- to 5-fold as early as 12 h without affecting RANKL expression. The iCR effect, abrogated by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, also enhanced ALP activity (4-fold) and osteocalcin expression (3-fold), possibly contributing to the skeletal effects of black cohosh. INTRODUCTION Despite its positive effects on the skeleton, estrogen replacement therapy is no longer recommended as first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis because it increases cardiovascular, thromboembolic, and breast cancer risk. Recently, herbal therapeutics such as an isopropanolic extract (iCR) from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga (=Actaea) racemosa (black cohosh) are gaining interest as an alternative in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Whereas animal studies in rats suggest positive skeletal effects, the mechanism of its actions on bone cells remain unclear. RANKL is essential for osteoclast formation and activation, while osteoprotegerin (OPG) neutralizes RANKL. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of iCR on OPG and RANKL mRNA steady-state levels by semiquantitative RT-PCR and on protein production by an ELISA system in human osteoblasts (hOBs). RESULTS Under serum-free conditions, treatment with iCR increased OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion of hOBs by 2- to 3-fold in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum effect at a 10(6)-fold dilution of iCR (p < 0.001) after 24-48 h. Time-course experiments indicated a stimulatory effect of iCR on osteoblastic OPG protein secretion by 3- to 5-fold (p < 0.001) as early as 12 h, whereas RANKL expression was very low and was not found to be modulated by iCR. Of note, the stimulatory effect of iCR on OPG production was abrogated by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Moreover, iCR enhanced two osteoblastic differentiation markers, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin expression, by up to 4- and 3-fold, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that iCR enhances differentiation and increases the OPG-to-RANKL ratio of normal human osteoblasts. These effects may contribute to the positive skeletal effects of black cohosh.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Propanol/chemistry
- Adult
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cimicifuga/chemistry
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Menopause
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteocalcin/genetics
- Osteocalcin/metabolism
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy
- Osteoprotegerin
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- RANK Ligand
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Viereck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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