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Cole JD, Ruble MJ, Jacoby JL, Smith AB, Duka S, Kincaid H, Quinn JF. Longitudinal Assessment of Empathy and Burnout Across a Single Pharmacy Class Cohort. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100604. [PMID: 37832651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is a final analysis of longitudinal evaluation of burnout and empathy among a cohort of Doctor of Pharmacy students throughout their 4-year enrollment. METHODS The class of 2021 received sequential Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) surveys containing 2 validated survey instruments, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Surveys were disseminated at the start of the program (PY1start) and the end of each academic year (PY1end, PY2, PY3, PY4). Linear mixed models accounting for repeated measures, Generalized Estimating Equation, and Cochran's Q statistic were used to evaluate longitudinal change in the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Maslach Burnout Inventory survey scores, categorized subscales, and burnout. RESULTS Matched survey responses were included for 91 students (85.8% response rate). Across all years, a decrease in empathy and professional efficacy and an increase in exhaustion and cynicism was seen. High categorical levels of exhaustion and cynicism indicated evidence of burnout throughout the program. Year-to-year analysis indicated statistically significant increases in exhaustion and cynicism between PY1start and all subsequent assessments, a decrease in professional efficacy from PY1start to PY1end and PY2, and a decrease in empathy for PY1start to PY1end. CONCLUSION Students reported trends of decreasing empathy and professional efficacy, with a simultaneous increase in exhaustion and cynicism. Further evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on these results, as well as additional methods to support overall student wellness, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn D Cole
- University of South Florida, Taneja College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melissa J Ruble
- University of South Florida, Taneja College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Jeanne L Jacoby
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Amy B Smith
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Shae Duka
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Hope Kincaid
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Joann Farrell Quinn
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Tampa Campus, Tampa, FL, USA
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Bautista TG, Roman G, Khan M, Lee M, Sahbaz S, Duthely LM, Knippenberg A, Macias-Burgos MA, Davidson A, Scaramutti C, Gabrilove J, Pusek S, Mehta D, Bredella MA. What is well-being? A scoping review of the conceptual and operational definitions of occupational well-being. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e227. [PMID: 38028344 PMCID: PMC10643923 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-being is a multifaceted construct that is used across disciplines to portray a state of wellness, health, and happiness. While aspects of well-being seem universal, how it is depicted in the literature has substantial variation. The aim of this scoping review was to identify conceptual and operational definitions of well-being within the field of occupational health. Broad search terms were used related to well-being and scale/assessment. Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) published in English, (3) included a measure of well-being in the methods and results section of the article, and (4) empirical paper. The searches resulted in 4394 articles, 3733 articles were excluded by reading the abstract, 661 articles received a full review, and 273 articles were excluded after a full review, leaving 388 articles that met our inclusion criteria and were used to extract well-being assessment information. Many studies did not define well-being or link their conceptual definition to the operational assessment tool being used. There were 158 assessments of well-being represented across studies. Results highlight the lack of a consistent definitions of well-being and standardized measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen Roman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Munziba Khan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele Lee
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Pusek
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, St. Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Thompson J, Jensen E. Hostage negotiator resilience: A phenomenological study of awe. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1122447. [PMID: 37113118 PMCID: PMC10127252 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement crisis and hostage negotiators (CHNs) are tasked with resolving incidents that are stressful, unpredictable, and often dangerous. These negotiators must work as a team and be able to successfully utilize a variety of skills in order to gain the subject's voluntary compliance and peaceful surrender. It is necessary for negotiators to continually practice these skills while also, and importantly, care for their own wellbeing. This study examines how a phenomenon, awe, when viewed as a resilience practice, can support law enforcement crisis hostage negotiators with their crisis work and personal wellness. Utilizing phenomenological methodologies, the findings demonstrate that reflecting on awe experiences had an overall positive impact on the negotiators in both their professional and personal lives. Based on the results, it is suggested that awe practices could be incorporated into future negotiator trainings in order to increase resilience and assist negotiators personally and professionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Thompson
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute for Conflict Management, College of Leadership and Public Policy, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Jensen
- Clinical Psychology, Long Island University-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Lee WL, Rambiar PNIMS, Rosli NQB, Nurumal MS, Abdullah SSS, Danaee M. Impact of increased digital use and internet gaming on nursing students' empathy: A cross-sectional study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2022; 119:105563. [PMID: 36150294 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 restrictions and quarantines had led to increased dependence and usage of digital devices for various human activities and internet gaming to the extent of risking vulnerable individuals to develop addiction towards it. Little is known on such risks among populations of nursing students and its impact on their empathy skills or trait. OBJECTIVE Determining the impact of digital use and internet gaming on empathy of nursing students undergoing remote learning during closure of learning institutions nationwide. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey was conducted from October to December 2020. SETTINGS Two established public institutions located in Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 345 nursing students pursuing diploma and bachelor nursing programs. METHODS Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Digital Addiction Scale (DAS) and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short form (IGDS9-SF) were self-administered via Google Form™. Following principal component analysis of TEQ using IBM-SPSS™ (V-27), path analyses was performed using SmartPLS™ (V-3). RESULTS Despite the increased time spent on digital devices (∆ 2.8 h/day) and internet gaming (∆ 1 h/week) before and during the pandemic, the proportion of high digital users (1.4 %) and gamers (20.9 %) were low; and sizable ≈75 % had higher-than-normal empathy. Digital-related emotions and overuse of them were associated with lower empathy (β = -0.111, -0.192; p values < 0.05) and higher callousness (β = 0.181, 0.131; p values < 0.05); internet gaming addiction predicted callousness (β = 0.265, p < 0.001) but digital dependence correlated with higher empathy (β = 0.172, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Digital and internet gaming addiction potentially impact empathy. The negative impact of digital dependence can be attenuated by "digital empathy" - an emerging phenomenon becoming increasingly vital in digital health and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ling Lee
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Mohd Said Nurumal
- Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Shafinaz Sh Abdullah
- Centre for Nursing Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Online Victimization, Womanism, and Body Esteem among Young Black Women: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Waddimba AC, Baker BM, Pogue JR, McAuliffe MP, Bennett MM, Baxter RD, Mohr DC, Warren AM. Psychometric validity and reliability of the 10- and 2-item Connor-Davidson resilience scales among a national sample of Americans responding to the Covid-19 pandemic: an item response theory analysis. Qual Life Res 2022; 31:2819-2836. [PMID: 35366196 PMCID: PMC8976171 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Psychometric validity/reliability of 10-item and 2-item abbreviations of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10; CD-RISC-2) was investigated via item response theory and classic approaches. Methods We sampled 5023 adult American participants in a June/July 2020 survey on the COVID-19 pandemic’s psychological effects. Our questionnaire incorporated the CD-RISC-10 with other validated measures. CD-RISC-10 items were ranked on item-to-scale correlations, loadings on a one-factor confirmatory factor analysis model, and item slope/threshold parameters plus information curves from a unidimensional graded response model. Concurrent validity of the highest ranked item pair was evaluated vis-à-vis the CD-RISC-10 and CD-RISC−2. Internal consistency, based on average variance extracted (AVE) and multiple reliability coefficients, was also compared. Convergent/divergent validity was tested by correlating anxiety, depression, fear of COVID-19, anxiety sensitivity, coping, and personality measures with both scales and the highest ranked item pair. Binary agreement/classification indexes assessed inter-rater reliability. Results Items 2 and 9 from CD-RISC-10 ranked the highest. Reliability coefficients were > 0.93, > 0.72, and > 0.82 for the CD-RISC-10, CD-RISC-2, vs summation of items 2 and 9. AVEs were 0.66, 0.67, and 0.77. CD-RISC abbreviations and the summation of items 2 and 9 correlated negatively with anxiety (> − 0.43), depression (> − 0.42), and fear of COVID-19 (> − 0.34); positively with emotional stability (> 0.53) and conscientiousness (> 0.40). Compared to the CD-RISC-2, summative scores of items 2 and 9 more efficiently classified/discriminated high resilience on the CD-RISC-10. Conclusion We confirmed construct validity/reliability of copyrighted CD-RISC abbreviations. The CD-RISC-10’s items 2 and 9 were psychometrically more salient than the CD-RISC−2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11136-022-03125-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Waddimba
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Health Systems Science, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Bailey M Baker
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie R Pogue
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care, & Critical Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Madison P McAuliffe
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care, & Critical Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Monica M Bennett
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care, & Critical Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ronald D Baxter
- General Medical Education, Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - David C Mohr
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Warren
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Trauma, Acute Care, & Critical Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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