1
|
Zhou F, Cai L, Ye W, Zhu K, Li J, Li Y, Xu W, Wang P, Duanmu C. Efficient and Controllable Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone via High-Temperature Ammonolysis Using Continuous-Flow Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114314. [PMID: 37298791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important type of dyes after azo dyes. In particular, 1-aminoanthraquinone has been extensively utilized in the preparation of diverse anthraquinone dyes. This study employed a continuous-flow method to synthesize 1-aminoanthraquinone safely and efficiently through the ammonolysis of 1-nitroanthraquinone at high temperatures. Various conditions (reaction temperature, residence time, molar ratio of ammonia to 1-nitroanthraquinone (M-ratio), and water content) were investigated to explore the details of the ammonolysis reaction behavior. Operation conditions for the continuous-flow ammonolysis were optimized using Box-Behnken design in the response surface methodology, and ~88% yield of 1-aminoanthraquinone could be achieved with an M-ratio of 4.5 at 213 °C and 4.3 min. The developed process's reliability was evaluated by performing a 4 h process stability test. The kinetic behavior for the preparation of 1-aminoanthraquinone was investigated under continuous-flow mode to guide the reactor design and to gain a deeper understanding of the ammonolysis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Lei Cai
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wenjie Ye
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- China Construction Industrial & Energy Engineering Group Co., Ltd., 6 Wenlan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yanxing Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Weichuan Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chuansong Duanmu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maierhofer M, Maier MC, Gruber-Woelfler H, Mayr T. Inline monitoring of high ammonia concentrations in methanol with a customized 3D printed flow cell. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel system for inline monitoring of ammonia (NH3) suitable for methanol is presented. An optical ammonia sensor with a response time t90 of 33 s was combined with a tailor-made, 3D printed flow cell and allowed efficient measurements under continuous flow. The optical sensor includes a fluorescent indicator dye that is physically immobilized into a polyurethane hydrogel. A protective layer made of hydrophobic polyether sulfone (PES) shields the ammonia sensitive material against interfering substances and guarantees long-term stability in methanol. The sensor can be read out via a compact phase fluorimeter. Measurements in continuous flow are enabled by a flow cell manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM) of stainless steel. Stainless steel was chosen for the flow cell due to its good heat transfer properties and relatively good chemical resistance of NH3 in methanol. The measurements were successfully carried out with ammonia concentrations between 0.3 and 5.6 mol L− 1 NH3 in methanol at 25 °C up to 80 °C. Additionally, different flow-rates (0.5–2.0 mL min− 1), varying internal pressure (0.5–2.0 bar) as well as reversibility of the measurements at 25 and 60 °C were studied in detail. The sensor did not degrade indicated by sufficient signal and low drift over a period of two weeks, thus indicating the high potential of the novel set-up for real-time measurements in continuous flow applications.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
3
|
Goljani H, Tavakkoli Z, Sadatnabi A, Masoudi-Khoram M, Nematollahi D. A new electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of a new type of sulfonamide derivatives. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17904. [PMID: 33087774 PMCID: PMC7577992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first report of electrochemical generation of hydroxyimino-cyclohexa-dien-ylidene haloniums and their application in the synthesis of new halo-N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives. These compounds were obtained in a one-pot process based on the reaction of halonium acceptors with arylsulfinic acids. The method is easy to carry out, as it is performed using the carbon electrodes in a simple undivided cell. The protocol has a broad substrate scope with a tolerance for a variety of functional groups. The proposed mechanism is a ping-pong type reaction mechanism, which in its first stage the halonitroarene is reduced at the cathode to related hydroxylamine and in the second stage the cathodically generated hydroxylamine by oxidation at the anode and participating in disproportionation reaction is converted to the halonium acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, 65174-38683, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, 65174-38683, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ali Sadatnabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, 65174-38683, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, 65174-38683, Hamedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|