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Oliveira L, Cahill A, Wuscher L, Green KR, Bemmer V, Lichtenstein BR. Investigating the effect of fusion partners on the enzymatic activity and thermodynamic stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) degrading enzymes. Faraday Discuss 2024; 252:468-479. [PMID: 38829129 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are a cornerstone of the modern world, yet the durable material properties that we have come to depend upon have made them recalcitrant environmental pollutants. Biological solutions in the form of engineered enzymes offer low energy and sustainable approaches to recycle and upcycle plastic waste, uncoupling their production and end of life from fossil fuels and greenhouse gases. These enzymes however, encounter immense challenges acting on plastics: facing hydrophobic surfaces, molecular crowding, and high levels of substrate heterogeneity. There have been mixed reports about the benefits of fusing partner domains to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degrading enzymes, with moderate improvements identified under specific conditions, but no clarity into the factors that underlie the mechanisms. Here, we use the SpyCatcher003:SpyTag003 technology, which demonstrates a profound 47 °C shift in Tm upon irreversible complex formation, to investigate the influence of the thermal stability of the fusion partner on a range of PETases selected for their optimal reaction temperatures. We find that the thermal stability of the fusion partner does not have a positive correlation on the activity of the enzymes or their evident kinetic and thermal stabilities. Instead, it appears that the fusion to less stable SpyCatcher003 tends to increase the measured activation energy of unfolding compared to the more stable complex and wildtype enzymes. Despite this, the fusions to SpyCatcher003 do not show significantly better catalytic activity on PET films, with or without SpyTag003, and were found to be sometimes disruptive. The approach we highlight here, in using a fusion partner with controllable melting temperature, allowed us to dissect the impact of the stability of a fusion partner on enzyme properties. Although fusion stability did not appear to be coupled with identifiable trends in enzymatic activities, careful analysis of the unfolding pathways, and solid and solution activities of a wider range of enzymes may yield a more detailed understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Oliveira
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Alex Cahill
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Len Wuscher
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Kerry R Green
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Victoria Bemmer
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Bruce R Lichtenstein
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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Li L, Yue T, Feng J, Zhang Y, Hou J, Wang Y. Recent progress in lactate oxidase-based drug delivery systems for enhanced cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8739-8758. [PMID: 38602362 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Lactate oxidase (LOX) is a natural enzyme that efficiently consumes lactate. In the presence of oxygen, LOX can catalyse the formation of pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from lactate. This process led to acidity alleviation, hypoxia, and a further increase in oxidative stress, alleviating the immunosuppressive state of the tumour microenvironment (TME). However, the high cost of LOX preparation and purification, poor stability, and systemic toxicity limited its application in tumour therapy. Therefore, the rational application of drug delivery systems can protect LOX from the organism's environment and maintain its catalytic activity. This paper reviews various LOX-based drug-carrying systems, including inorganic nanocarriers, organic nanocarriers, and inorganic-organic hybrid nanocarriers, as well as other non-nanocarriers, which have been used for tumour therapy in recent years. In addition, this area's challenges and potential for the future are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tian Yue
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
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Sun X, Zhang T, Liu Y, Chen P, Qin H, Yang J, Sun Y. Self-assembled multienzyme complex facilitates synthesis of glucosylglycerol from maltodextrin and glycerol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:266-272. [PMID: 37551437 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound 2-O-α-d-glucosylglycerol (2αGG) naturally serves as a compatible osmolyte in acclimation to environmental stresses, such as high osmolarity, dryness, and extreme temperature. It presents several bioactivities and has been used in the food, agriculture, and cosmetics areas. RESULTS In the present study, we attempted to synthesize the 2αGG from low-cost maltodextrin and glycerol by constructing an in vitro multi-enzyme system. The system contained two core enzymes, namely glucan phosphorylases (GPs) and glucosylglycerol phosphorylases (GGPs), and two auxiliary enzymes, namely isoamylase and 4-α-glucanotransferase. Several new GGPs from different organisms were characterized with the function of converting α-G1P and glycerol to sole stereo-configuration product 2αGG. Then, polypeptide SpyTag-SpyCatcher was employed to construct a self-assembled multienzyme complex, and different combinations between enzymes and peptides were constructed and tested. The best self-assembled multienzyme complex exhibited three-fold higher productivity compared to that of free enzyme. This reaction system also produced 240 mm (61 g L-1 ) 2αGG under high substrate concentration, with a conversion yield of 86%. CONCLUSION The present study provides an efficient approach for producing 2αGG. It also demonstrates that the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system could be applied to construct other multienzyme complexes for increased productivity and product titer. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yinlu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Jiang Y, Liu H, Yuan H, Huang D, Wang T. Research progress of multi-enzyme complexes based on the design of scaffold protein. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:72. [PMID: 38647916 PMCID: PMC10992622 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-enzyme complexes designed based on scaffold proteins are a current topic in molecular enzyme engineering. They have been gradually applied to increase the production of enzyme cascades, thereby achieving effective biosynthetic pathways. This paper reviews the recent progress in the design strategy and application of multi-enzyme complexes. First, the metabolic channels in the multi-enzyme complex have been introduced, and the construction strategies of the multi-enzyme complex emerging in recent years have been summarized. Then, the discovered enzyme cascades related to scaffold proteins are discussed, emphasizing on the influence of the linker on the fusion enzyme (fusion protein) and its possible mechanism. This review is expected to provide a more theoretical basis for the modification of multi-enzyme complexes and broaden their applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Sui Y, Guo X, Zhou R, Fu Z, Chai Y, Xia A, Zhao W. Photoenzymatic Decarboxylation to Produce Hydrocarbon Fuels: A Critical Review. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00775-2. [PMID: 37349610 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoenzymatic decarboxylation shows great promise as a pathway for the generation of hydrocarbon fuels. CvFAP, which is derived from Chlorella variabilis NC64A, is a photodecarboxylase capable of converting fatty acids into hydrocarbons. CvFAP is an example of coupling biocatalysis and photocatalysis to produce alkanes. The catalytic process is mild, and it does not yield toxic substances or excess by-products. However, the activity of CvFAP can be readily inhibited by several factors, and further enhancement is required to improve the enzyme yield and stability. In this article, we will examine the latest advancements in CvFAP research, with a particular focus on the enzyme's structural and catalytic mechanism, summarized some limitations in the application of CvFAP, and laboratory-level methods for enhancing enzyme activity and stability. This review can serve as a reference for future large-scale industrial production of hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhisong Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yingxin Chai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Jia Q, Zhang H, Zhao A, Qu L, Xiong W, Alam MA, Miao J, Wang W, Li F, Xu J, Lv Y. Produce D-allulose from non-food biomass by integrating corn stalk hydrolysis with whole-cell catalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1156953. [PMID: 36911188 PMCID: PMC9998921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1156953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is a high-value rare sugar with many health benefits. D-allulose market demand increased dramatically after approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The current studies are predominantly focusing on producing D-allulose from either D-glucose or D-fructose, which may compete foods against human. The corn stalk (CS) is one of the main agricultural waste biomass in the worldwide. Bioconversion is one of the promising approach to CS valorization, which is of significance for both food safety and reducing carbon emission. In this study, we tried to explore a non-food based route by integrating CS hydrolysis with D-allulose production. Firstly we developed an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst to produce D-allulose from D-glucose. Next we hydrolyzed CS and achieved D-allulose production from the CS hydrolysate. Finally we immobilized the whole-cell catalyst by designing a microfluidic device. Process optimization improved D-allulose titer by 8.61 times, reaching 8.78 g/L from CS hydrolysate. With this method, 1 kg CS was finally converted to 48.87 g D-allulose. This study validated the feasibility of valorizing corn stalk by converting it to D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jixing Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weigao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shriram Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Construction of Bi-Enzyme Self-Assembly Clusters Based on SpyCatcher/SpyTag for the Efficient Biosynthesis of (R)-Ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010091. [PMID: 36671476 PMCID: PMC9855569 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cascade reactions catalyzed by multi-enzyme systems are important in science and industry and can be used to synthesize drugs and nutrients. In this study, two types of macromolecules of bi-enzyme self-assembly clusters (BESCs) consisting of carbonyl reductase (CpCR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were examined. Stereoselective CpCR and GDH were successfully fused with SpyCatcher and SpyTag, respectively, to obtain four enzyme modules, namely: SpyCatcher-CpCR, SpyCatcher-GDH, SpyTag-CpCR, and SpyTag-GDH, which were covalently coupled in vitro to form two types of hydrogel-like BESCs: CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH and GDH-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-CpCR. CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH showed a better activity and efficiently converted ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (OPBE) to ethyl(R)2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate ((R)-HPBE), while regenerating NADPH. At 30 °C and pH 7, the conversion rate of OPBE with CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH as a catalyst reached 99.9%, with the ee% of (R)-HPBE reaching above 99.9%. This conversion rate was 2.4 times higher than that obtained with the free bi-enzyme. The pH tolerance and temperature stability of the BESCs were also improved compared with those of the free enzymes. In conclusion, bi-enzyme assemblies were docked using SpyCatcher/SpyTag to produce BESCs with a special structure and excellent catalytic activity, improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme.
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Pei X, Luo Z, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Putting precision and elegance in enzyme immobilisation with bio-orthogonal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7281-7304. [PMID: 35920313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation of covalent linkages with reactive functional groups in the enzyme leads to disruption of the three dimensional structure and accompanying activity losses. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of bio-orthogonal chemistry in conjunction with rec-DNA to affect highly precise immobilisation of enzymes. In this way, cost-effective combination of production, purification and immobilisation of an enzyme is achieved, in a single unit operation with a high degree of precision. Various bio-orthogonal techniques for putting this precision and elegance into enzyme immobilisation are elaborated. These include, for example, fusing (grafting) peptide or protein tags to the target enzyme that enable its immobilisation in cell lysate or incorporating non-standard amino acids that enable the application of bio-orthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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