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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9559. [PMID: 32533011 PMCID: PMC7292827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Biran J, Gliksberg M, Shirat I, Swaminathan A, Levitas-Djerbi T, Appelbaum L, Levkowitz G. Splice-specific deficiency of the PTSD-associated gene PAC1 leads to a paradoxical age-dependent stress behavior. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 32533011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66447-2.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (PAC1, also known as ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and modulation of stress response in general. Alternative splicing of PAC1 results in multiple gene products, which differ in their mode of signalling and tissue distribution. However, the roles of distinct splice variants in the regulation of stress behavior is poorly understood. Alternative splicing of a short exon, which is known as the "hop cassette", occurs during brain development and in response to stressful challenges. To examine the function of this variant, we generated a splice-specific zebrafish mutant lacking the hop cassette, which we designated 'hopless'. We show that hopless mutant larvae display increased anxiety-like behavior, including reduced dark exploration and impaired habituation to dark exposure. Conversely, adult hopless mutants displayed superior ability to rebound from an acute stressor, as they exhibited reduced anxiety-like responses to an ensuing novelty stress. We propose that the developmental loss of a specific PAC1 splice variant mimics prolonged mild stress exposure, which in the long term, predisposes the organism's stress response towards a resilient phenotype. Our study presents a unique genetic model demonstrating how early-life state of anxiety paradoxically correlates with reduced stress susceptibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon, Letziyon, 7528809, Israel.
| | - Michael Gliksberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Shirat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Talia Levitas-Djerbi
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Poujol de Molliens M, Jamadagni P, Létourneau M, Devost D, Hébert TE, Patten SA, Fournier A, Chatenet D. Design and biological assessment of membrane-tethering neuroprotective peptides derived from the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129398. [PMID: 31306709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor (PAC1), a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), has emerged as a promising target for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Unfortunately, despite years of research, no PAC1-specific agonist has been discovered, as activity on two other GPCRs, VPAC1 and VPAC2, is retained with current analogs. Cell signaling is related to structural modifications in the intracellular loops (ICLs) of GPCRs. Thus, we hypothesized that peptides derived from the ICLs (called pepducins) of PAC1 might initiate, as allosteric ligands, signaling cascades after recognition of the parent receptor and modulation of its conformational landscape. METHODS Three pepducins were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to 1) promote cell survival; 2) stimulate various signaling pathways associated with PAC1 activation; 3) modulate selectively PAC1, VPAC1 or VPAC2 activation; and 4) sustain mobility and prevent death of dopaminergic neurons in a zebrafish model of neurodegeneration. RESULTS Assays demonstrated that these molecules promote SH-SY5Y cell survival, a human neuroblastoma cell line expressing PAC1, and activate signaling via Gαs and Gαq, with distinct potencies and efficacies. Also, PAC1-Pep1 and PAC1-Pep2 activated selectively PAC1-mediated Gαs stimulation. Finally, experiments, using a zebrafish neurodegeneration model, showed a neuroprotective action with all three pepducins and in particular, revealed the ability of PAC1-Pep1 and PAC1-Pep3 to preserve fish mobility and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the brain. CONCLUSION We have developed the first neuroprotective pepducins derived from PAC1, a class B GPCR. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PAC1-derived pepducins represent attractive templates for the development of innovative neuroprotecting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poujol de Molliens
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Priyanka Jamadagni
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Fournier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et pharmacologiques des peptides (LEMPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada
| | - David Chatenet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, QC, Canada.
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4
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Gorgoglione B, Carpio Y, Secombes CJ, Taylor NGH, Lugo JM, Estrada MP. Viral and bacterial septicaemic infections modulate the expression of PACAP splicing variants and VIP/PACAP receptors in brown trout immune organs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:923-932. [PMID: 26481517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP-Related Peptide (PRP) are structurally similar peptides encoded in the same transcripts. Their transcription has been detected not only in the brain but also in a wide range of peripheral tissues, even including organs of the immune system. PACAP exerts pleiotropic activities through G-protein coupled membrane receptors: the PACAP-specific PAC-1 and the VPAC-1 and VPAC-2 receptors that exhibit similar affinities for the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and PACAP. Recent findings added PACAP and its receptors to the growing list of mediators that allow cross-talk between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems in fish. In this study the expression of genes encoding for PACAP and PRP, as well as VIP/PACAP receptors was studied in laboratory-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta) after septicaemic infections. Respectively Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV-Ia) or the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia ruckeri (ser. O1 - biot. 2) were used in infection challenges. Kidney and spleen, the teleost main lymphopoietic organs, were sampled during the first two weeks post-infection. RT-qPCR analysis assessed specific pathogens burden and gene expression levels. PACAP and PRP transcription in each organ was positively correlated to the respective pathogen burden, assessed targeting the VHSV-glycoprotein or Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA. Results showed as the transcription of PACAP splicing variants and VIP/PACAP receptors is modulated in these organs during an acute viral and bacterial septicaemic infections in brown trout. These gene expression results provide clues as to how the PACAP system is modulated in fish, confirming an involvement during active immune responses elicited by both viral and bacterial aetiological agents. However, further experimental evidence is still required to fully elucidate and characterize the role of PACAP and PRP for an efficient immune response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, England, UK
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Juana María Lugo
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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5
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Cardoso JCR, Félix RC, Martins RST, Trindade M, Fonseca VG, Fuentes J, Power DM. PACAP system evolution and its role in melanophore function in teleost fish skin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:130-45. [PMID: 25933704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) administered to tilapia melanophores ex-vivo causes significant pigment aggregation and this is a newly identified function for this peptide in fish. The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), adcyap1r1a (encoding Pac1a) and vipr2a (encoding Vpac2a), are the only receptors in melanophores with appreciable levels of expression and are significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated in the absence of light. Vpac2a is activated exclusively by peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), which suggests that Pac1a mediates the melanin aggregating effect of PACAP on melanophores. Paradoxically activation of Pac1a with PACAP caused a rise in cAMP, which in fish melanophores is associated with melanin dispersion. We hypothesise that the duplicate adcyap1ra and vipr2a genes in teleosts have acquired a specific role in skin and that the melanin aggregating effect of PACAP results from the interaction of Pac1a with Ramp that attenuates cAMP-dependent PKA activity and favours the Ca(2+)/Calmodulin dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Rute C Félix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rute S T Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vera G Fonseca
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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6
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Cardoso JCR, Félix RC, Trindade M, Power DM. Fish genomes provide novel insights into the evolution of vertebrate secretin receptors and their ligand. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:82-92. [PMID: 24906176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The secretin receptor (SCTR) is a member of Class 2 subfamily B1 GPCRs and part of the PAC1/VPAC receptor subfamily. This receptor has long been known in mammals but has only recently been identified in other vertebrates including teleosts, from which it was previously considered to be absent. The ligand for SCTR in mammals is secretin (SCT), an important gastrointestinal peptide, which in teleosts has not yet been isolated, or the gene identified. This study revises the evolutionary model previously proposed for the secretin-GPCRs in metazoan by analysing in detail the fishes, the most successful of the extant vertebrates. All the Actinopterygii genomes analysed and the Chondrichthyes and Sarcopterygii fish possess a SCTR gene that shares conserved sequence, structure and synteny with the tetrapod homologue. Phylogenetic clustering and gene environment comparisons revealed that fish and tetrapod SCTR shared a common origin and diverged early from the PAC1/VPAC subfamily group. In teleosts SCTR duplicated as a result of the fish specific whole genome duplication but in all the teleost genomes analysed, with the exception of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the duplicates was lost. The function of SCTR in teleosts is unknown but quantitative PCR revealed that in both sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) transcript abundance is high in the gastrointestinal tract suggesting it may intervene in similar processes to those in mammals. In contrast, no gene encoding the ligand SCT was identified in the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) although it was present in the coelacanth (lobe finned fish, Sarcopterygii) and in the elephant shark (holocephalian). The genes in linkage with SCT in tetrapods and coelacanth were also identified in ray-finned fishes supporting the idea that it was lost from their genome. At present SCTR remains an orphan receptor in ray-finned fishes and it will be of interest in the future to establish why SCT was lost and which ligand substitutes for it so that full characterization of the receptor can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Rute C Félix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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7
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Agnese M, Rosati L, Coraggio F, Valiante S, Prisco M. Molecular cloning of VIP and distribution of VIP/VPACR system in the testis of Podarcis sicula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:334-47. [PMID: 24753326 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular, biochemical, and cytological tools, we studied the nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence of PHI/VIP and the distribution of VIP/VPAC receptor system in the testis of the Italian wall lizard Podarcis sicula to evaluate the involvement of such a neuropeptide in the spermatogenesis control. We demonstrated that (1) Podarcis sicula VIP had a high identity with other vertebrate VIP sequences, (2) differently from mammals, VIP was synthesized directly in the testis, and (3) VIP and its receptor VPAC2 were widely distributed in germ and somatic cells, while the VPAC1 R had a distribution limited to Leydig cells. Our results demonstrated that in Podarcis sicula the VIP sequence is highly preserved and that this neuropeptide is involved in lizard spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Agnese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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8
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Robertson GN, Croll RP, Smith FM. The structure of the caudal wall of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) swim bladder: Evidence of localized lamellar body secretion and a proximate neural plexus. J Morphol 2014; 275:933-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George N. Robertson
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
- Department of Biology; Saint Francis Xavier University; Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada B2G 2W5
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Frank M. Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
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9
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He X, Meng F, Wang Y, Li J. Molecular cloning and characterization of two pig vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1-R and VPAC2-R). DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:259-70. [PMID: 24520933 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report the cloning, tissue expression, and functional analyses of the two pig vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptors (pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R). The cloned full-length pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R share high structural similarity with their mammalian counterparts. Functional assay revealed that the full-length pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R-expressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be activated by pVIP and pPACAP38 potently, indicating that pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R are capable of binding VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). In addition to the identification of the transcripts encoding the two full-length receptors, multiple splice transcript variants were isolated. Comparison with the pig genome database revealed that pVPAC1-R and pVPAC2-R share a unique gene structure with 14 exons different from other vertebrates. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays further showed that the transcript encoding the full-length pVPAC2-R is widely expressed in all adult tissues whereas the splice variants of pVPAC1-R are predominantly expressed in all tissues instead of the transcript encoding the full-length receptor, hinting that pVPAC2-R may play more important roles than pVPAC1-R in mediating VIP and PACAP actions. Our present findings help to elucidate the important role of VIP and PACAP and promote to rethink of their species-specific physiological roles including their actions in regulation of phenotypic traits in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaping He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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10
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Blechman J, Levkowitz G. Alternative Splicing of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor PAC1: Mechanisms of Fine Tuning of Brain Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23734144 PMCID: PMC3659299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA encoding for the neuropeptide receptor PAC1/ADCYAP1R1 generates multiple protein products that exhibit pleiotropic activities. Recent studies in mammals and zebrafish have implicated some of these splice isoforms in control of both cellular and body homeostasis. Here, we review the regulation of PAC1 splice variants and their underlying signal transduction and physiological processes in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Blechman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Gil Levkowitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, P. O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel. e-mail:
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11
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Expression of VIP and its Receptors in the Testis of the Spotted Ray Torpedo marmorata (Risso 1880). J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:638-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Cloning and differential expression pattern of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide and the PACAP-specific receptor in darkbarbel catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Tam JKV, Lau KW, Lee LTO, Chu JYS, Ng KM, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Chow BKC. Origin of secretin receptor precedes the advent of tetrapoda: evidence on the separated origins of secretin and orexin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19384. [PMID: 21559418 PMCID: PMC3084839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, secretin and its receptor have only been identified in mammals, and the origin of this ligand-receptor pair in early vertebrates is unclear. In addition, the elusive similarities of secretin and orexin in terms of both structures and functions suggest a common ancestral origin early in the vertebrate lineage. In this article, with the cloning and functional characterization of secretin receptors from lungfish and X. laevis as well as frog (X. laevis and Rana rugulosa) secretins, we provide evidence that the secretin ligand-receptor pair has already diverged and become highly specific by the emergence of tetrapods. The secretin receptor-like sequence cloned from lungfish indicates that the secretin receptor was descended from a VPAC-like receptor prior the advent of sarcopterygians. To clarify the controversial relationship of secretin and orexin, orexin type-2 receptor was cloned from X. laevis. We demonstrated that, in frog, secretin and orexin could activate their mutual receptors, indicating their coordinated complementary role in mediating physiological processes in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, among the peptides in the secretin/glucagon superfamily, secretin was found to be the only peptide that could activate the orexin receptor. We therefore hypothesize that secretin and orexin are of different ancestral origins early in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K. V. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwan-Wa Lau
- School of Biological Sciences, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo T. O. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jessica Y. S. Chu
- School of Biological Sciences, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwong-Man Ng
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Program, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alain Fournier
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Quebec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, European Institute for Peptide Research, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Ageing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Lugo JM, Tafalla C, Leceta J, Gomariz RP, Estrada MP. Differential expression pattern of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) alternative splicing variants and its receptors in the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:734-738. [PMID: 21168508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are different studies concerning the immune functions of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), however information of its source in lymphoid organs is still scarce. Although the occurrence of the PACAP receptors PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 in the immune system of mammals is known, only limited studies have reported the presence of some of these receptors in lymphoid organs in fish. In this work, we have studied both the expression of the two PACAP transcriptional variants (PRP/PACAP and PACAP) together with their receptors in diverse lymphoid organs of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Our results demonstrate for the first time in fish the presence of both transcripts in spleen, in which immunohistochemistry confirmed the production of PACAP by lymphocyte-like cells. In contrast, PACAP but not PRP/PACAP mRNA was detected in gills. Additionally, we observed a differential expression pattern of the PAC1, the PACAP specific receptor, with respect to VPAC1 and VPAC2 in lymphoid organs of fish. All receptors were detected in brain, intestine and spleen. By contrast, PAC1 and VPAC1 receptors but not VPAC2 were found in peripheral blood and in RTS11 rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage cells. Besides, in gills and skin, PAC1 and VPAC2 but not VPAC1 were observed, whereas in head kidney, the PAC1 receptor was the only one detected. In general, our finding added PACAP and its receptors to the list of neuroendocrine molecules present in the fish immune system, suggesting a direct autocrine/paracrine mechanism of PACAP action to mediate immune function in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Maria Lugo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Acuática, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Habana 10600, Cuba
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15
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PAC1 deficiency in a murine model induces gastric mucosa hypertrophy and higher basal gastric acid output. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:76-84. [PMID: 20821075 PMCID: PMC3018609 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to increase the histamine release from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and promote gastric acid secretion in rats. In contrast, in mice, PACAP has been demonstrated to induce a decrease of gastric acid secretion, an effect presumably due to somatostatin release. To more clearly define the role of PACAP in the regulation of gastric acid output, a knockout mouse model for the PACAP-specific receptor PAC1 was applied in this study. Measurements of the basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion and morphological studies on the gastric mucosa were performed in both wild-type and PAC1-deficient mice. Compared with the wild-type mice, the PAC1-deficient mice showed a nearly threefold higher basal gastric acid output, increased gastric mucosa thickness and glands height, and proportional increases in parietal and total cell counts in the gastric mucosa. The PAC1-deficient mice also showed a trend of increased plasma gastrin levels and gastrin gene expression in the gastric mucosa. This study indicates that the expression of PAC1 is clearly important for maintaining the homeostasis of gastric acid secretion. Loss of PACAP receptor during development may lead to a compensatory mechanism regulating gastric acid secretion.
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Alexandre D, Alonzeau J, Bill BR, Ekker SC, Waschek JA. Expression analysis of PAC1-R and PACAP genes in zebrafish embryos. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:94-100. [PMID: 20526695 PMCID: PMC3018597 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the expression of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP1 and PACAP2) and PAC1 receptor genes (PAC1a-R and PAC1b-R) in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) during development. In situ hybridization of the 24- and 48-hpf embryos revealed that PACAP genes were expressed in the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the rhombencephalon, and the neurons in the dorsal part of the spinal cord. PACAP2 mRNA appears to be the most abundant form during brain development. The two PAC1-R subtypes showed a similar expression pattern: mRNAs were detected in the forebrain, the thalamus, and the rhombencephalon. However, in the tectum, only PAC1b-R gene was detected. These results suggest that, in fish, PACAP may play a role in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexandre
- INSERM U982, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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17
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The endocrine regulation network of growth hormone synthesis and secretion in fish: Emphasis on the signal integration in somatotropes. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:462-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang CY, Kwok AY, Zhang X, Leung FC. Characterization of the receptors for chicken GHRH and GHRH-related peptides: identification of a novel receptor for GHRH and the receptor for GHRH-LP (PRP). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 38:13-31. [PMID: 19748756 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its structurally related peptides, GHRH-like peptide (GHRH-LP) (also called PRP), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), have been reported to play important physiological roles in pituitary and extrapituitary tissues of vertebrates; however, little is known about the identity of these GHRH-related peptide receptors in birds. In this study, 6 receptors for GHRH and GHRH-related peptides (cGHRHR(1), cGHRHR(2), cGHRH-LPR, cPAC(1), cVPAC(1), and cVPAC(2)) were cloned from chicken brain or pituitary, and their functionalities were examined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a pGL3-CRE-luciferase reporter system. Results showed that: (1) all receptors are G protein-coupled receptors functionally coupled to the intracellular PKA signaling pathway; (2) 2 GHRH receptors (cGHRHR(1) and cGHRHR(2)) were identified, and both receptors could be potently activated by cGHRH; (3) cGHRH-LP could activate its specific receptor cGHRH-LPR (cPRP-R), and it also activated cGHRHR(1) and cGHRHR(2); and (4) PACAP could potently activate its receptors cPAC(1), cVPAC(1) and cVPAC(2); however, cVPAC(1) and cVPAC(2) could also be effectively activated by cVIP and tPHI, indicating that they can serve as VIP receptors and potential PHI receptors. Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, we further examined the mRNA expression of these receptors in adult chicken tissues. The expressions of cGHRHR(1), cGHRHR(2), and cGHRH-LPR are restricted mainly to the pituitary and/or brain, whereas cPAC(1), cVPAC(1), and cVPAC(2) are expressed in most of the tissues examined. Collectively, our study identified the receptors for chicken GHRH and GHRH-related peptides, including a novel GHRH receptor (cGHRHR(2)), and established a basis to elucidate the roles of these peptides in target tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Chickens/genetics
- Chickens/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transfection/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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20
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Roch GJ, Wu S, Sherwood NM. Hormones and receptors in fish: do duplicates matter? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 161:3-12. [PMID: 19007784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern fish are the result of major changes in evolution including three possible duplications of the whole genome. Retained duplicate genes are often involved with metabolism, transcription, neurogenic processes and development. Here we examine the consequences of the most recent (350 mya) teleost-specific duplication in five fishes (zebrafish, fugu, medaka, stickleback and rainbow trout) in regard to duplicate copies of hormones and receptors in the secretin superfamily. This subset of genes was selected as the superfamily is limited to ten hormones and their receptors and includes some important members: glucagon, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). We used reports from the literature and an extensive database search of the fish genomes to evaluate the status of the superfamily and its duplicate genes. We found that all five fish species have an almost complete set of orthologs with the human superfamily of hormones, although they lack secretin and its receptor. Receptor orthologs are present in zebrafish, fugu, medaka, stickleback and to a lesser extent in salmonids. Zebrafish retain duplicate copies for seven hormones and five receptors. Duplicated genes in fugu, medaka, stickleback and salmonids are also present, based mainly on genome annotation or mRNA transcription. Separate chromosome locations and synteny support zebrafish duplicates as the result of large-scale duplications. Novel changes in fish include the modification of a duplicate glucagon receptor to a GLP-1 receptor and, unlike humans, the presence of bioactive and specific PHI and GHRH-like peptide receptors. We conclude that fish duplicates in the secretin superfamily are a rich, mostly unexplored area for endocrine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Roch
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3N5
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Jolivel V, Basille M, Aubert N, de Jouffrey S, Ancian P, Le Bigot JF, Noack P, Massonneau M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Gonzalez BJ, Vaudry D. Distribution and functional characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the brain of non-human primates. Neuroscience 2009; 160:434-51. [PMID: 19236905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and density of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites have been investigated in the brain of the primates Jacchus callithrix (marmoset) and Macaca fascicularis (macaque) using [(125)I]-PACAP27 as a radioligand. PACAP binding sites were widely expressed in the brain of these two species with particularly high densities in the septum, hypothalamus and habenula. A moderate density of recognition sites was seen in all subdivisions of the cerebral cortex with a heterogenous distribution, the highest concentrations occurring in layers I and VI while the underlying white matter was almost devoid of binding sites. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed intense expression of the mRNAs encoding the short and hop-1 variants of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-specific receptor (PAC1-R) in the cortex of both marmoset and macaque, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 1 (VPAC1-R) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 2 (VPAC2-R) mRNAs were expressed at a much lower level. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed intense expression of PAC1-R and weak expression of VPAC1-R mRNAs in layer IV of the cerebral cortex. Incubation of cortical tissue slices with PACAP induced a dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP formation, indicating that PACAP binding sites correspond to functional receptors. Moreover, treatment of primate cortical slices with 100 nM PACAP significantly reduced the activity of caspase-3, a key enzyme of the apoptotic cascade. The present results indicate that PACAP should exert the same neuroprotective effect in the brain of primates as in rodents and suggest that PAC1-R agonists may have a therapeutic value to prevent neuronal cell death after stroke or in specific neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jolivel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U413), EA 4310, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Lin SW, Ge W. Differential regulation of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and growth hormone (GH) by neuroendocrine, endocrine, and paracrine factors in the zebrafish--an in vitro approach. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 160:183-93. [PMID: 19063890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, zebrafish has quickly risen as a model species for functional analysis of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. However, one of the hurdles for such work in this popular model organism is the small size of its pituitary gland, which makes it difficult to investigate the regulation of pituitary hormone expression and secretion in vitro. To provide a solution to this problem and demonstrate the value of zebrafish in reproductive endocrinology, the present study was undertaken to establish a primary pituitary cell culture followed by investigating the regulation of FSHbeta (fshb), LHbeta (lhb), and GH (gh) expression by a variety of neuroendocrine, endocrine, and paracrine factors. All the factors examined influenced the expression of fshb, lhb, and ghin vitro except epidermal growth factor (EGF) despite the expression of its receptor egfr in the pituitary. Acting in a similar manner, gonadal steroids (estradiol and testosterone) stimulated both fshb and lhb, but had no effect on gh. In contrast, all other factors tested (gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, PACAP; activin/follistatin, and insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-I) exhibited distinct effects on the expression of the three target genes studied, suggesting roles for these factors in the differential regulation of two gonadotropins and growth hormone and therefore the gonadotrophic and somatotrophic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Wah Lin
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Holmgren S, Olsson C. Chapter 10 The Neuronal and Endocrine Regulation of Gut Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Huang WT, Li CJ, Wu PJ, Chang YS, Lee TL, Weng CF. Expression and in vitro regulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap38) and its type I receptor (pac1-r) in the gonads of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Reproduction 2008; 137:449-67. [PMID: 19106203 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, has diverse functions in mammals. However, studies of the expression and function of PACAP and its receptor in fish, particularly in the reproductive system, are still limited. In this report, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were performed to identify expression domains of commercially important tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). PACAP (tpacap(38)) and its type I receptor (tpac(1)-r). Transcripts were detected in the brain, gallbladder, gill, heart, intestine, kidney, muscles, pancreas, spleen, stomach, testes, and ovaries, but not in the liver. Expression of tpacap(38) and tpac(1)-r mRNA in brain tissue was significantly higher in both sexes compared with other tissues. Addition of exogenous ovine PACAP(38) (0.25-5 nM), cAMP analog (dibutyryl-cAMP, 0.25-1.5 mM) or forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator, 1-10 microM) significantly upregulated tpacap(38) in the gonads via a dose- and time-dependent fashion. This effect reached a maximal level at 2 h after induction, and then decreased with prolonged culture for up to 4 or 8 h. Additionally, the expression levels of tpac(1)-r were not significantly affected by ovine PACAP(38) or dibutyryl-cAMP in either sex. Forskolin had a slightly inductive effect and its function could be suppressed with the addition of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89 (10 microM), indicating involvement of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway in the regulation of tpacap(38). Expression of tpacap(38) and tpac(1)-r in the gonads of tilapia suggests that PACAP may mediate gonadotropin action via paracrine/autocrine mechanisms in this bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tung Huang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan, ROC.
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Carpio Y, Lugo JM, León K, Morales R, Estrada MP. Novel function of recombinant pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide as stimulator of innate immunity in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:439-445. [PMID: 18652901 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There are several studies that clearly indicate a close bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. In this sense, hypothalamic releasing hormones, besides their neuroendocrine role, have been shown to influence immune functions. Despite studies developed in mammals, there is, as yet, no information available about the role of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP-related peptide (PRP) in the fish innate immune system. The present study has evaluated the effect of PACAP and PRP administered by bath immersion, on important parameters of innate immunity and antioxidant defenses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry. We have shown, for the first time, that administration of recombinant C. gariepinus PACAP not only promotes growth but also increases lysozyme, nitric oxide synthase-derived metabolites and antioxidant defenses in treated fry. From our results, PACAP appears to act as a regulator of the teleostean immune system, in addition to its physiological role in controlling growth of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Carpio
- Aquatic Biotechnology Department, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
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Mechaly AS, Viñas J, Piferrer F. Identification of two isoforms of the Kisspeptin-1 receptor (kiss1r) generated by alternative splicing in a modern teleost, the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Biol Reprod 2008; 80:60-9. [PMID: 18815354 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.072173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The KISSPEPTIN-1 receptor (KISS1R) and its ligands (KISSPEPTINS) are implicated in the regulation of the onset of puberty. We report the coding region and genomic structure of the kiss1r gene of a modern teleost, the Senegalese sole (Ss). Ss kiss1r cDNA contained an opening frame of 1137 bp, which results in a predicted 378 amino acid protein. Searching genomic databases allowed the identification of kiss1r orthologues in six new species belonging to three vertebrate groups and established the evolutionary relationships of all KISS1R sequences available to date. Analysis of Ss kiss1r revealed for the first time in any vertebrate KISS1R gene the presence of features that are characteristic of a mechanism of alternative splicing. This was confirmed by the identification of two transcripts, Ss kiss1r_v1 and Ss kiss1r_v2. The latter, arising from intron III retention, contained a 27 codons insert in transmembrane region 4 with two stop codons, suggesting it may lead to a truncated protein. The mRNA of the two variants was differently expressed in several tissues. In the brain, levels of the Ss kiss1r_v1 were higher than those of Ss kiss1r_v2. In the gonads, the opposite was observed. Both isoforms exhibited changes depending on sex and maturity stage. The presence of two variants may help to explain some discrepancies observed in past studies regarding KISS1R expression during puberty. Thus, the existence of alternative splicing for the KISS1R gene may contribute to our understanding of the many physiological functions suspected to be mediated by KISSPEPTIN-KISS1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro S Mechaly
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Kidane AH, Roubos EW, Jenks BG. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon IV expression through the VPAC1 receptor in the amphibian melanotrope cell. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4177-82. [PMID: 18450956 PMCID: PMC2488213 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors PAC1-R, VPAC1-R, and VPAC2-R play a role in various physiological processes, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression. We have previously found that PACAP stimulates POMC gene expression, POMC biosynthesis, and alpha-MSH secretion in the melanotrope cell of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. This cell hormonally controls the process of skin color adaptation to background illumination. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that PACAP is involved in the regulation of Xenopus melanotrope cell activity during background adaptation and that part of this regulation is through the control of the expression of autocrine acting BDNF. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we have identified the Xenopus PACAP receptor, VPAC1-R, and show that this receptor in the melanotrope cell is under strong control of the background light condition, whereas expression of PAC1-R was absent from these cells. Moreover, we reveal by quantitative immunocytochemistry that the neural pituitary lobe of white-background adapted frogs possesses a much higher PACAP content than the neural lobe of black-background adapted frogs, providing evidence that PACAP produced in the hypothalamic magnocellular nucleus plays an important role in regulating the activity of Xenopus melanotrope cells during background adaptation. Finally, an in vitro study demonstrates that PACAP stimulates the expression of BDNF transcript IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhanet H Kidane
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cardoso JCR, de Vet ECJM, Louro B, Elgar G, Clark MS, Power DM. Persistence of duplicated PAC1 receptors in the teleost, Sparus auratus. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:221. [PMID: 17997850 PMCID: PMC2245808 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Duplicated genes are common in vertebrate genomes. Their persistence is assumed to be either a consequence of gain of novel function (neofunctionalisation) or partitioning of the function of the ancestral molecule (sub-functionalisation). Surprisingly few studies have evaluated the extent of such modifications despite the numerous duplicated receptor and ligand genes identified in vertebrate genomes to date. In order to study the importance of function in the maintenance of duplicated genes, sea bream (Sparus auratus) PAC1 receptors, sequence homologues of the mammalian receptor specific for PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide), were studied. These receptors belong to family 2 GPCRs and most of their members are duplicated in teleosts although the reason why both persist in the genome is unknown. Results: Duplicate sea bream PACAP receptor genes (sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B), members of family 2 GPCRs, were isolated and share 77% amino acid sequence identity. RT-PCR with specific primers for each gene revealed that they have a differential tissue distribution which overlaps with the distribution of the single mammalian receptor. Furthermore, in common with mammals, the teleost genes undergo alternative splicing and a PAC1Ahop1 isoform has been characterised. Duplicated orthologous receptors have also been identified in other teleost genomes and their distribution profile suggests that function may be species specific. Functional analysis of the paralogue sbPAC1s in Cos7 cells revealed that they are strongly stimulated in the presence of mammalian PACAP27 and PACAP38 and far less with VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide). The sbPAC1 receptors are equally stimulated (LOGEC50 values for maximal cAMP production) in the presence of PACAP27 (-8.74 ± 0.29 M and -9.15 ± 0.21 M, respectively for sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B, P > 0.05) and PACAP38 (-8.54 ± 0.18 M and -8.92 ± 0.24 M, respectively for sbPAC1A and sbPAC1B, P > 0.05). Human VIP was found to stimulate sbPAC1A (-7.23 ± 0.20 M) more strongly than sbPAC1B (-6.57 ± 0.14 M, P < 0.05) and human secretin (SCT), which has not so far been identified in fish genomes, caused negligible stimulation of both receptors. Conclusion: The existence of functionally divergent duplicate sbPAC1 receptors is in line with previously proposed theories about the origin and maintenance of duplicated genes. Sea bream PAC1 duplicate receptors resemble the typical mammalian PAC1, and PACAP peptides were found to be more effective than VIP in stimulating cAMP production, although sbPAC1A was more responsive for VIP than sbPAC1B. These results together with the highly divergent pattern of tissue distribution suggest that a process involving neofunctionalisation occurred after receptor duplication within the fish lineage and probably accounts for their persistence in the genome. The characterisation of further duplicated receptors and their ligands should provide insights into the evolution and function of novel protein-protein interactions associated with the vertebrate radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- CCMAR, Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Sze KH, Zhou H, Yang Y, He M, Jiang Y, Wong AOL. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as a growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor in grass carp: II. Solution structure of a brain-specific PACAP by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional studies on GH release and gene expression. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5042-59. [PMID: 17615143 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been proposed to be the ancestral GHRH. Recently, using grass carp as a model for modern-day bony fish, we demonstrated that PACAP nerve fibers are present in close proximity to carp somatotrophs, and mammalian PACAPs can induce GH secretion in carp pituitary cells. To further examine the role of PACAP as a GH-releasing factor in fish, the structural identity of grass carp PACAP was established by molecular cloning. The newly cloned PACAP was found to be a single-copy gene and expressed in the brain but not other tissues. The mature peptides of PACAP, namely PACAP(27) and PACAP(38), were synthesized. As revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, carp PACAP(38) is composed of a flexible N terminal from His(1) to Ile(5), an extended central helix from Phe(6) to Val(26), and a short helical tail in the C terminal from Arg(29) to Arg(34). The C-terminal helix is located after a hinge region at Leu(27) to Gly(28) and is absent in the solution structures of PACAP(27). The two forms of PACAPs were effective in elevating GH release and GH transcript expression in grass carp pituitary cells. These stimulatory effects occurred with parallel rises in cAMP and Ca(2+) entry via voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels in carp somatotrophs. The present study represents the first report for solution structures of nonmammalian PACAPs and provides evidence that a brain-specific isoform of PACAP in fish can stimulate GH synthesis and release at the pituitary level, presumably by activating the appropriate postreceptor signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Hung Sze
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Cardoso JCR, Vieira FA, Gomes AS, Power DM. PACAP, VIP and their receptors in the metazoa: insights about the origin and evolution of the ligand-receptor pair. Peptides 2007; 28:1902-19. [PMID: 17826180 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolution, function and interaction of ligand-receptor pairs are of major pharmaceutical interest. Comparative sequence analysis approaches using data from phylogenetically distant organisms can provide insights into their origin and possible physiological roles. The present review focuses on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and their receptors in the metazoa. A PACAP-like peptide is present in tunicates and chordates while VIP- and PACAP/VIP-specific receptors have only been isolated in the latter phyla. The apparently disparate evolution of the ligands and their specific receptors raises questions about their evolution during the metazoan radiation and also about how the ligands may have acquired new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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Sherwood NM, Adams BA, Isaac ER, Wu S, Fradinger EA. Knocked down and out: PACAP in development, reproduction and feeding. Peptides 2007; 28:1680-7. [PMID: 17467121 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One approach to understanding the role of PACAP in vivo is to knockdown the translation of PACAP mRNA to protein or to knock out the PACAP gene by targeted disruption. In this paper, we review the effect of PACAP knockdown with morpholinos on early brain development in zebrafish. Also reviewed is the role of PACAP at several stages of reproduction as assessed in mice with a disrupted PACAP gene. New data are presented to analyze PACAP's action in energy homeostasis (body mass, food intake, endocrine parameters) using female PACAP-null mice. The evidence suggests PACAP is important for brain development in zebrafish and is required for normal reproduction, but not for body mass or food intake in mice maintained near thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Sherwood
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
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Matsuda K, Maruyama K. Regulation of feeding behavior by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in vertebrates. Peptides 2007; 28:1761-6. [PMID: 17466413 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic region of the brain in vertebrates is a center that plays an important role in feeding regulation. Many kinds of hypothalamic neuropeptides or peripheral transmitters, such as orexin, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone, proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides, galanin, galanin-like peptide, ghrelin, corticotropin releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, cocaine amphetamine-related transcript peptides and leptin, have been implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior, psychomotor activity and energy homeostasis in rodents. Recent studies have also examined the effects of these neuropeptides or factors on food intake in non-mammalian vertebrates, especially chick and goldfish, and the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in feeding behavior, locomotor activity or psychomotor activity in vertebrates. This article gives an overview of the regulation of feeding behavior and related physiology by PACAP and VIP in vertebrates in order to clarify the appetite-regulating system mediated by the two peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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Kwok YY, Chu JYS, Vaudry H, Yon L, Anouar Y, Chow BKC. Cloning and characterization of a PAC1 receptor hop-1 splice variant in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 145:188-96. [PMID: 16225877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In several vertebrates, it has been demonstrated that alternative splicing of PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) transcripts can generate a number of functional receptor variants which utilize different signal transduction pathways to mediate their activities. As PACAP is a physiological growth hormone-releasing factor in fish, and PACAP and the PAC1-R are highly conserved in vertebrate evolution, it would be of interest to investigate the structure and cellular distribution, particularly in the pituitary, of PAC1-R splice variants in a fish model. Our laboratory has previously cloned a receptor cDNA corresponding to the goldfish PAC1-R-s (goldfish PAC1-R-short). In the present study, a goldfish PAC1-R-hop1 variant was characterized. Functional expression of goldfish PAC1-R-s and PAC1-R-hop1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells revealed that, upon stimulation by ovine PACAP38, these receptor variants exhibited similar EC50 values (8.7+/-1.5 and 8.8+/-1.9 nM, respectively) and maximal responses in activating intracellular cAMP production. The presence and expression levels of these transcripts were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in the brain, heart, pituitary and male gonad, and goldfish PAC1-R-s were found to be the predominant form. In situ hybridization of goldfish PAC1-R in the pituitary revealed its prevalent presence in the pars distalis. In summary, the present study provides information to confirm the role of PACAP in the pituitary and to elucidate the pleiotropic effects of PACAP in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Yuen Kwok
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, PRC, Hong Kong
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Ge W. Intrafollicular paracrine communication in the zebrafish ovary: the state of the art of an emerging model for the study of vertebrate folliculogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 237:1-10. [PMID: 15921848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development and function of vertebrate ovary are primarily controlled by the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), from the pituitary. However, most of the activities of FSH and LH are mediated or modulated by a variety of locally produced factors that form an intimate regulatory network within and between the follicles. As a top vertebrate model for genetic and developmental studies, the zebrafish has caught tremendous attention in the past two decades; however, its utility has quickly been extended to other areas including physiology. In the past few years, a variety of peptide growth factors have been identified and characterized in the zebrafish ovary including activin and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and lines of evidence point to the existence of an ovarian network of communication involving these factors. This article provides the state of the art of zebrafish as a model for analyzing ovarian development and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, China.
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Sherwood NM, Wu S. Developmental role of GnRH and PACAP in a zebrafish model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 142:74-80. [PMID: 15862551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GnRH is expressed early in development long before reproduction begins. To determine whether GnRH has a role in development, gene knockdown with morpholinos was used in one-cell zebrafish embryos to block translation of gnrh mRNA into protein. Gene knockdown of gnrh2, gnrh3 or both at the one-cell stage resulted in a high percentage of embryos at 24-48 h with a defective mid-hindbrain boundary and underdeveloped eyes; a small percentage of embryos at 72 h had a defective heart. In similar studies on GHRH-PACAP, gene knockdown resulted in a smaller brain and eyes, but a normal-appearing heart. The evidence supports a role for the three neuropeptides in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Sherwood
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3N5.
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