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Nagel M, Moretti R, Paschke R, von Bergen M, Meiler J, Kalkhof S. Integrative model of the FSH receptor reveals the structural role of the flexible hinge region. Structure 2022; 30:1424-1431.e3. [PMID: 35973423 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) belongs to the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FSHR is involved in reproductive processes such as gonadal development and maturation. Structurally, the extensive extracellular domain, which contains the hormone-binding site and is linked to the transmembrane domain by the hinge region (HR), is characteristic for these receptors. How this HR is involved in hormone binding and signal transduction is still an open question. We combined in vitro and in situ chemical crosslinking, disulfide pattern analysis, and mutation data with molecular modeling to generate experimentally driven full-length models. These models provide insights into the interface, important side-chain interactions, and activation mechanism. The interface indicates a strong involvement of the connecting loop. A major rearrangement of the HR seems implausible due to the tight arrangement and fixation by disulfide bonds. The models are expected to allow for testable hypotheses about signal transduction and drug development for GPHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Nagel
- Department for Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rocco Moretti
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Oncology, Pathology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department for Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Leipzig University Medical School, Institute for Drug Discovery, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department for Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Bioanalysis, University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Coburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Yu Z, Yang J, Huang WJ, Zhang T, Li XM, Zhao W, Li XY, Lu YC. Follicle stimulating hormone promotes production of renin through its receptor in juxtaglomerular cells of kidney. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:65. [PMID: 35501878 PMCID: PMC9063271 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-menopausal hypertension has been attributed solely to declining estrogen levels. The purpose of the research is to elucidate the mechanism by which follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) increases renin production involved in the regulation of blood pressure. METHODS The expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) in renal juxtaglomerular cells and a As4.1 juxtaglomerular mouse cell line was evaluated. We established a mouse model by ovariectomy (OVX). Ovariectomized mice were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) (OVX + GnRHa). Ovariectomized mice initially received physiological doses of estrogen and were then injected with recombinant FSH (OVX + E + FSH). RESULTS We found that FSHR was expressed in mouse renal juxtaglomerular cells labeled by renin antibody and in As4.1 cells. FSH promoted renin synthesis via Gsα-coupled FSHRs that activated protein kinase A, cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) response element-binding protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2), Protein kinase B(AKT), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways in As4.1 cells. We found increased serum FSH levels in the ovariectomized mouse with concurrent increases in renin, angiotensin II, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Additionally, increases in serum renin, angiotensin II, HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP were reduced by the additional injection of GnRHa. Exogenous FSH administration completely reversed decreases in renin, angiotensin II, HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP even in mice that received physiological doses of estrogen to maintain normal estradiol levels. CONCLUSIONS Elevated FSH stimulates renin production involving a mechanism that may be relevant to the expression of FSH receptors in renal juxtaglomerular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Shangyu People's Hospital of Shaoxing, Shangyu, Shaoxing, 312300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wen-Jie Huang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Chao Lu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Haldar S, Agrawal H, Saha S, Straughn AR, Roy P, Kakar SS. Overview of follicle stimulating hormone and its receptors in reproduction and in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:675-692. [PMID: 35002517 PMCID: PMC8741861 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and its receptor (FSHR) have been reported to be responsible for several physiological functions and cancers. The responsiveness of stem cells and cancer stem cells towards the FSH-FSHR system make the function of FSH and its receptors more interesting in the context of cancer biology. This review is comprised of comprehensive information on FSH-FSHR signaling in normal physiology, gonadal stem cells, cancer cells, and potential options of utilizing FSH-FSHR system as an anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Haldar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.,Current address: Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
| | - Alex R Straughn
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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4
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Lundin K, Sepponen K, Väyrynen P, Liu X, Yohannes DA, Survila M, Ghimire B, Känsäkoski J, Katayama S, Partanen J, Vuoristo S, Paloviita P, Rahman N, Raivio T, Luiro K, Huhtaniemi I, Varjosalo M, Tuuri T, Tapanainen JS. OUP accepted manuscript. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6574364. [PMID: 35471239 PMCID: PMC9308958 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Lundin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Sepponen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Väyrynen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - X Liu
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D A Yohannes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Immunology & Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Survila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Ghimire
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Känsäkoski
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Katayama
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Partanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Vuoristo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Paloviita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Rahman
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - T Raivio
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, HUH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Luiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Varjosalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Corresponding author. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 140, 00029 Helsinki, Finland. Tel: +358-94711; E-mail:
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Johnson GP, Jonas KC. Mechanistic insight into how gonadotropin hormone receptor complexes direct signaling†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:773-783. [PMID: 31882999 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin hormones and their receptors play a central role in the control of male and female reproduction. In recent years, there has been growing evidence surrounding the complexity of gonadotropin hormone/receptor signaling, with it increasingly apparent that the Gαs/cAMP/PKA pathway is not the sole signaling pathway that confers their biological actions. Here we review recent literature on the different receptor-receptor, receptor-scaffold, and receptor-signaling molecule complexes formed and how these modulate and direct gonadotropin hormone-dependent intracellular signal activation. We will touch upon the more controversial issue of extragonadal expression of FSHR and the differential signal pathways activated in these tissues, and lastly, highlight the open questions surrounding the role these gonadotropin hormone receptor complexes and how this will shape future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Carol Jonas
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Zhou G, Hu RK, Xia GC, Yan SH, Ren QL, Zhao J, Wang FH, Huang CC, Yao Q, Tan Y, Zhao NW. Tyrosine nitrations impaired intracellular trafficking of FSHR to the cell surface and FSH-induced Akt-FoxO3a signaling in human granulosa cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3094-3116. [PMID: 31097679 PMCID: PMC6555443 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many infertile women suffered from poor ovarian response, and increased reactive oxygen species with age might mediate the poor ovarian response to FSH. In this study, we collected follicular fluids and isolated granulosa cells from female patients. Increased levels of peroxynitrite, tyrosine nitrations of FSH receptor (FSHR) and apoptosis were obviously detectable with decreased FSHR protein expressions in granulosa cells of the poor ovarian responders. In KGN (a human ovarian granulosa cell line) cells, exogenous peroxynitrite could sequester FSHR in the cytoplasm, and these dislocated FSHR might suffer from proteasome-mediated degradations. Here, we identified four peroxynitrite-mediated nitrated tyrosine residues of FSHR. Site-directed mutagenesis of FSHR revealed that Y626 was pivotal for intracellular trafficking of FSHR to the cell surface. Akt-induced inactivation of FoxO3a was required for the repression of FSH on granulosa cell apoptosis. However, peroxynitrite impaired FSH-induced Akt-FoxO3a signaling, while FSHR-Y626A mutant took similar effects. In addition, FoxO3a knockdown indeed impaired FSH-mediated cell survival, while FoxO3a-S253A mutant reversed that significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong-Kui Hu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Cheng Xia
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Hai Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Ling Ren
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-Hong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Qi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China
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7
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Mozumder S, Bej A, Srinivasan K, Mukherjee S, Sengupta J. Comprehensive structural modeling and preparation of human 5-HT 2A G-protein coupled receptor in functionally active form. Biopolymers 2019; 111:e23329. [PMID: 31469412 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R) is an important member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family involved in an array of neuromodulatory functions. Although the high-resolution structures of truncated versions of GPCRs, captured in ligand-bound conformational states, are available, the structures lack several functional regions, which have crucial roles in receptor response. Here, in order to understand the structure and dynamics of the ligand-free form of the receptor, we have performed meticulous modeling of the 5-HT2A R with the third intracellular loop (ICL3). Our analyses revealed that the ligand-free ground state structure of 5-HT2A R has marked distinction with ligand-bound conformations of 5-HT2 subfamily proteins and exhibits extensive backbone flexibility across the loop regions, suggesting the importance of purifying the receptor in its native form for further studies. Hence, we have standardized a strategy that efficiently increases the expression of 5-HT2A R by infecting Sf9 cells with a very low multiplicity of infection of baculovirus in conjunction with production boost additive and subsequently, purify the full-length receptor. Furthermore, we have optimized the selective over-expression of glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of the receptor merely by switching the postinfection growth time, a method that has not been reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Mozumder
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aritra Bej
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnamoorthi Srinivasan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujoy Mukherjee
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Jayati Sengupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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8
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Wei S, Lai L, Yang J, Zhuandi G. Expression Levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor and Implication in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy of Ovarian Cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2018; 41:651-654. [PMID: 30145593 DOI: 10.1159/000490810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) has been shown to be expressed in ovarian cancer. METHODS Here we have summarized the potential therapeutic and diagnostic implication of FSHR in the ovarian cancers based on a review of the literature. RESULTS Current research indicates that FSHR comprises several variants: FSHR-1, FSHR-2, FSHR-3 and FSHR-4. Only FSHR-1 and FSHR-3 have biological roles. Although the level of FSHR differs in ovarian cancer tissues, few quantitative correlations have so far been reported on the expression levels of FSHR and carcinogenesis and progression of cancers. CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of the role of FSHR in the ovarian cancers may help the search for novel therapeutic and diagnostic regimens and improve the management of cancer patients.
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Reiter E, Crépieux P. FSH Receptor Signaling: Complexity of Interactions and Signal Diversity. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3020-3035. [PMID: 29982321 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
FSH is synthesized in the pituitary by gonadotrope cells. By binding to and interacting with its cognate receptor [FSH receptor (FSHR)] in the gonads, this gonadotropin plays a key role in the control of gonadal function and reproduction. Upon activation, the FSHR undergoes conformational changes leading to transduction of intracellular signals, including dissociation of G protein complexes into components and activation of several associated interacting partners, which concertedly regulate downstream effectors. The canonical Gs/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, considered for a long time as the sole effector of FSHR-mediated signaling, is now viewed as one of several mechanisms employed by this receptor to transduce intracellular signals in response to the FSH stimulus. This complex network of signaling pathways allows for a fine-tuning regulation of the gonadotropic stimulus, where activation/inhibition of its multiple components vary depending on the cell context, cell developmental stage, and concentration of associated receptors and corresponding ligands. Activation of these multiple signaling modules eventually converge to the hormone-integrated biological response, including survival, proliferation and differentiation of target cells, synthesis and secretion of paracrine/autocrine regulators, and, at the molecular level, functional selectivity and differential gene expression. In this mini-review, we discuss the complexity of FSHR-mediated intracellular signals activated in response to ligand stimulation. A better understanding of the signaling pathways involved in FSH action might potentially influence the development of new therapeutic strategies for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Reiter
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
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10
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Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors include the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), both belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and are essential to reproduction. FSHR is activated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) while LHCGR is activated by either luteinizing hormone (LH) or choriogonadotropin (CG). Upon ligand binding, gonadotropin receptors undergo conformational changes that lead to the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in the production of different second messengers. Gonadotropin receptors can also recruit and bind β-arrestins. This particular class of scaffold proteins were initially identified to mediate GPCRs desensitization and recycling, but it is now well established that β-arrestins can also initiate Gs-independent signaling by assembling signaling modules. Furthermore, new advances in structural biology and biophysical techniques have revealed novel activation mechanisms allowing β-arrestins and G proteins to control signaling in time and space. The ability of different ligands to preferentially elicit G- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling is known as functional selectivity or biased signaling. This new concept has switched the view of pharmacology efficacy from monodimensional to multidimensional. Biased signaling offers the possibility to separate therapeutic benefits of a drug from its adverse effects. The proof of concept that gonadotropin receptors can be subjected to biased signaling is now established. The challenge will now be the design of molecules that can specifically activate beneficial signaling pathway at gonadotropin receptors while reducing or abolishing those leading to side effects. Such strategy could for instance lead to improved treatments for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Reiter
- PCR, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France -
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11
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Basak R, Roy A, Rai U. In silico analysis, temporal expression and gonadotropic regulation of receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in testis of spotted snakehead Channa punctata. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:53-71. [PMID: 29931764 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study in spotted snakehead Channa punctata was aimed to develop a comprehensive understanding of testicular gonadotropin receptors, from their sequence characterization, temporal expression to gonadotropic regulation, in seasonally breeding teleosts. A single form of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (cpfshra) and luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (cplhcgr), was identified from testicular transcriptome data of C. punctata. Although deduced full-length protein sequence for cpFshra (694 amino acids) and cpLhcgr (691 amino acids) showed homology with their counterparts of other vertebrates, multiple insertion-deletion-substitution of residues suggest marked alterations in their structure and ligand specificity. The absolute quantification of testicular cpfshra and cplhcgr was estimated along the reproductive cycle following real-time PCR. The temporal expression profile showed highest testicular expression of both the gonadotropin receptors during resting phase. Their expression progressively decreased during preparatory and spawning phases concomitant with spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation and spermiogenesis. However, levels of cpfshra and cplhcgr sharply increased during post-spawning when seminiferous lobules were largely devoid of germ cells. To explore gonadotropic regulation of testicular cpfshra and cplhcgr, one group of fish of resting phase was administered with single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 5,000 IU/kg body mass) on day 0 and sacrificed on day 3 and day 5, while another group receiving two injections of hCG (day 0 and day 7) was sacrificed on day 14. The expression pattern of testicular gonadotropin receptors in hCG-treated fish sacrificed after 3, 5 and 14 days was similar to that of preparatory, spawning and postspawning phases, respectively. Likewise, testicular histology of hCG-treated fish sacrificed on day 3, day 5 and day 14 was comparable with that of preparatory, early spawning and late spawning phases, respectively. In light of the fact that gonadotropin receptors are largely expressed on somatic cells, an apparent decrease in testicular cpfshra and cplhcgr levels during preparatory and spawning phases or after 3 and 5 days from first hCG injection might not be due to downregulation of their expression. Rather, this could be due to dilution of somatic cell mRNA by large amount of germ cell mRNA. To verify this assumption, effect of hCG on plasma level of androgens was investigated employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A marked increase in plasma level of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone was observed after hCG treatment in C. punctata. This would have been possible only when hCG upregulated the expression of testicular gonadotropin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alivia Roy
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Jardón-Valadez E, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Dias JA. Structure-Function Relationships of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 30555414 PMCID: PMC6281744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) plays a crucial role in reproduction. This structurally complex receptor is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of membrane receptors. As with the other structurally similar glycoprotein hormone receptors (the thyroid-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptors), the FSHR is characterized by an extensive extracellular domain, where binding to FSH occurs, linked to the signal specificity subdomain or hinge region. This region is involved in ligand-stimulated receptor activation whereas the seven transmembrane domain is associated with receptor activation and transmission of the activation process to the intracellular loops comprised of amino acid sequences, which predicate coupling to effectors, interaction with adapter proteins, and triggering of downstream intracellular signaling. In this review, we describe the most important structural features of the FSHR intimately involved in regulation of FSHR function, including trafficking, dimerization, and oligomerization, ligand binding, agonist-stimulated activation, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Jardón-Valadez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James A. Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: Advances and Remaining Challenges. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:1-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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First mutation in the FSHR cytoplasmic tail identified in a non-pregnant woman with spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:44. [PMID: 28446136 PMCID: PMC5405471 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (sOHSS) is a rare event occurring mostly during natural pregnancy. Among described etiologies, some activating mutations of FSH receptor (FSHR) have been identified. Case presentation We report hereby the case of a non-pregnant women with three episodes of sOHSS. Hormonal evaluation was normal and no pituitary adenoma was detected. However, genetic analysis identified a novel heterozygous FSHR mutation (c.1901 G > A). This R634H mutation is the first described in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. Functional analysis failed to reveal constitutive activity of the mutant but a decreased cAMP production in response to FSH. The weak activity of this mutant is correlated with a markedly reduced cell surface expression. Conclusion Pathophysiology of non gestationnal sOHSS is still ill established. The molecular characterization of this new mutant indicates that it might not be at play. Therefore, further investigations are needed to improve knowledge of the molecular mechanism of this syndrome.
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T. The Follitropin Receptor: Matching Structure and Function. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:596-608. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Stoy H, Gurevich VV. How genetic errors in GPCRs affect their function: Possible therapeutic strategies. Genes Dis 2015; 2:108-132. [PMID: 26229975 PMCID: PMC4516391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating and inactivating mutations in numerous human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes. Here we use several class A GPCRs with a particularly large set of identified disease-associated mutations, many of which were biochemically characterized, along with known GPCR structures and current models of GPCR activation, to understand the molecular mechanisms yielding pathological phenotypes. Based on this mechanistic understanding we also propose different therapeutic approaches, both conventional, using small molecule ligands, and novel, involving gene therapy.
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Wu W, Han J, Cao R, Zhang J, Li B, Liu Z, Liu K, Li Q, Pan Z, Chen J, Liu H. Sequence and regulation of the porcine FSHR gene promoter. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Franchitto A, Onori P, Renzi A, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Recent advances on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:27. [PMID: 25332971 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells lining the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes play several key roles in the modification of ductal bile and are also the target cells in chronic cholestatic liver diseases (i.e., cholangiopathies) such as PSC, PBC, polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). During these pathologies, cholangiocytes (which in normal condition are in a quiescent state) begin to proliferate acquiring phenotypes of neuroendocrine cells, and start secreting different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones to modulate cholangiocytes proliferation and interaction with the surrounding environment, trying to reestablish the balance between proliferation/loss of cholangiocytes for the maintenance of biliary homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. To clarify the mechanisms of action of these factors we will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franchitto
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Mnpotra JS, Qiao Z, Cai J, Lynch DL, Grossfield A, Leioatts N, Hurst DP, Pitman MC, Song ZH, Reggio PH. Structural basis of G protein-coupled receptor-Gi protein interaction: formation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor-Gi protein complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20259-72. [PMID: 24855641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we applied a comprehensive G protein-coupled receptor-Gαi protein chemical cross-linking strategy to map the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2)-Gαi interface and then used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the dynamics of complex formation. Three cross-link sites were identified using LC-MS/MS and electrospray ionization-MS/MS as follows: 1) a sulfhydryl cross-link between C3.53(134) in TMH3 and the Gαi C-terminal i-3 residue Cys-351; 2) a lysine cross-link between K6.35(245) in TMH6 and the Gαi C-terminal i-5 residue, Lys-349; and 3) a lysine cross-link between K5.64(215) in TMH5 and the Gαi α4β6 loop residue, Lys-317. To investigate the dynamics and nature of the conformational changes involved in CB2·Gi complex formation, we carried out microsecond-time scale molecular dynamics simulations of the CB2 R*·Gαi1β1γ2 complex embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine bilayer, using cross-linking information as validation. Our results show that although molecular dynamics simulations started with the G protein orientation in the β2-AR*·Gαsβ1γ2 complex crystal structure, the Gαi1β1γ2 protein reoriented itself within 300 ns. Two major changes occurred as follows. 1) The Gαi1 α5 helix tilt changed due to the outward movement of TMH5 in CB2 R*. 2) A 25° clockwise rotation of Gαi1β1γ2 underneath CB2 R* occurred, with rotation ceasing when Pro-139 (IC-2 loop) anchors in a hydrophobic pocket on Gαi1 (Val-34, Leu-194, Phe-196, Phe-336, Thr-340, Ile-343, and Ile-344). In this complex, all three experimentally identified cross-links can occur. These findings should be relevant for other class A G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Gi proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjeet S Mnpotra
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Zhuanhong Qiao
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Jian Cai
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Diane L Lynch
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Alan Grossfield
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, and
| | - Nicholas Leioatts
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, and
| | - Dow P Hurst
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Michael C Pitman
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, the Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292,
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402,
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Zhou XT, Chen DN, Xie ZQ, Peng Z, Xia KD, Liu HD, Liu W, Su B, Li JD. Functional analysis of the distal region of the third intracellular loop of PROKR2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:12-7. [PMID: 23969157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the G-protein-coupled receptor PROKR2 have been identified in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) manifesting with delayed puberty and infertility. Recently, the homozygous mutation V274D was identified in a man displaying KS with an apparent reversal of hypogonadism. The affected amino acid, valine 274, is located at the junction region of the third intracellular loop (IL3) and the sixth transmembrane domain (TM6). In this study, we first studied the effect of V274D and related mutations (V274A, V274T, and V274R) on the signaling activity and cell surface expression of PROKR2. Our data indicate that a charged amino acid substitution at residue 274 of PROKR2 results in low cell surface expression and loss-of-function. Furthermore, we studied the effects of two clusters of basic amino acids located at the proximal region of Val274 on the cell surface expression and function of PROKR2. The deletion of RRK (270-272) resulted in undetectable cell surface expression, whereas RKR (264-266)-deleted PROKR2 was expressed normally on the cell surface but showed loss-of-function due to a deficiency in G-protein coupling. Our data indicate that the distal region of the IL3 of PROKR2 may differentially influence receptor trafficking and G-protein coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Zhou
- Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, PR China; Department of Immunology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830054, PR China
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Alteration of cell membrane proteoglycans impairs FSH receptor/Gs coupling and ERK activation through PP2A-dependent mechanisms in immature rat Sertoli cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3466-75. [PMID: 23500014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the pre-pubertal life, the cessation of Sertoli cell proliferation and the onset of differentiation are associated with a shift in the FSH-mediated signaling leading to inhibition of the ERK-mitogenic pathway and to a concomitant sensitization of cAMP/PKA pathway. METHODS To highlight the role of cell proteoglycans (PGs) in the shift of FSH signaling, both FSH-induced cAMP production and ERK1/2 inactivation were studied in untreated and sodium chlorate PG-depleted cultured Sertoli cells from 20day-old rats. RESULTS Depletion of cell membrane PGs by sodium chlorate reduced FSH-, but not cholera toxin-stimulated cAMP production as well as basal ERK phosphorylation through an okadaic acid (OA)-sensitive mechanism. Involvement of PP2A was further substantiated by a marked decrease in membrane- associated PP2A activity under SC conditions and by the OA-induced restoration of PKA-dependent ERK inactivation in SC-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS In 20-day-old rat Sertoli cells, transmembrane cell PGs, through tethering/activation of PP2A activity exerts regulatory control on both FSH receptor/Gs coupling and ERK phosphorylation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Besides their antiproliferative roles, cell PGs such as syndecan-1, could be involved in the increase in cAMP response to FSH occurring in Sertoli cells at the time of transition between proliferative and differentiated states.
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22
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Cory AT, Price CA, Lefebvre R, Palin MF. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and effects of genotypes on superovulatory response traits. Anim Genet 2012; 44:197-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aron T. Cory
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Christopher A. Price
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Rejean Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Department of Clinical science, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Marie-France Palin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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Novel GαS-protein signaling associated with membrane-tethered amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1714-29. [PMID: 22302812 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5433-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous physiological functions, including a role as a cell surface receptor, have been ascribed to Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, detailed analysis of intracellular signaling mediated by APP in neurons has been lacking. Here, we characterized intrinsic signaling associated with membrane-bound APP C-terminal fragments, which are generated following APP ectodomain release by α- or β-secretase cleavage. We found that accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments or expression of membrane-tethered APP intracellular domain results in adenylate cyclase-dependent activation of PKA (protein kinase A) and inhibition of GSK3β signaling cascades, and enhancement of axodendritic arborization in rat immortalized hippocampal neurons, mouse primary cortical neurons, and mouse neuroblastoma. We discovered an interaction between BBXXB motif of APP intracellular domain and the heterotrimeric G-protein subunit Gα(S), and demonstrate that Gα(S) coupling to adenylate cyclase mediates membrane-tethered APP intracellular domain-induced neurite outgrowth. Our study provides clear evidence that APP intracellular domain can have a nontranscriptional role in regulating neurite outgrowth through its membrane association. The novel functional coupling of membrane-bound APP C-terminal fragments with Gα(S) signaling identified in this study could impact several brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
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Punn A, Chen J, Delidaki M, Tang J, Liapakis G, Lehnert H, Levine MA, Grammatopoulos DK. Mapping structural determinants within third intracellular loop that direct signaling specificity of type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8974-85. [PMID: 22247544 PMCID: PMC3308756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.272161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R1) influences biological responses important for adaptation to stressful stimuli, through activation of multiple downstream effectors. The structural motifs within CRH-R1 that mediate G protein activation and signaling selectivity are unknown. The aim of this study was to gain insights about important structural determinants within the third intracellular loop (IC3) of the human CRH-R1α important for cAMP and ERK1/2 pathways activation and selectivity. We investigated the role of the juxtamembrane regions of IC3 by mutating amino acid cassettes or specific residues to alanine. Although simultaneous tandem alanine mutations of both juxtamembrane regions Arg292-Met295 and Lys311-Lys314 reduced ligand binding and impaired signaling, all other mutant receptors retained high affinity binding, indistinguishable from wild-type receptor. Agonist-activated receptors with tandem mutations at the proximal or distal terminal segments enhanced activation of adenylyl cyclase by 50–75% and diminished activation of inositol trisphosphate and ERK1/2 by 60–80%. Single Ala mutations identified Arg292, Lys297, Arg310, Lys311, and Lys314 as important residues for the enhanced activation of adenylyl cyclase, partly due to reduced inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. In contrast, mutation of Arg299 reduced receptor signaling activity and cAMP response. Basic as well as aliphatic amino acids within both juxtamembrane regions were identified as important for ERK1/2 phosphorylation through activation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins as well as Gq proteins. These data uncovered unexpected roles for key amino acids within the highly conserved hydrophobic N- and C-terminal microdomains of IC3 in the coordination of CRH-R1 signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Punn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Update 1 of: computational modeling approaches to structure-function analysis of G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR438-535. [PMID: 22165845 DOI: 10.1021/cr100437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Yang Y, Chen M, McPherson D, Mishra V, Harmon CM. Structural insight into the role of the human melanocortin 3 receptor cysteine residues on receptor function. Peptides 2011; 32:2377-83. [PMID: 22079958 PMCID: PMC3242444 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), expressed in the hypothalamus and limbic systems of the brain, as well as by peripheral sites, plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and other physiological functions. Past work shows that MC3R-deficiency resulted in fat mass increase, feeding efficiency increase, hyperleptinemia and mild hyperinsulinemia in mice and human. MC3R belongs to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family and many studies indicate that some cysteine residues in GPCR play key roles in maintaining receptor tertiary structure and function. In this study, we examined the role of cysteine residues in MC3R on receptor function. Human MC3R (hMC3R) has eighteen cysteine residues where they are located in the extracellular loops (ELs), the transmembrane domains (TMs) and the intracellular loops (ILs). We replaced these cysteines with serine and expressed these receptors in HEK-293 cells which lack endogenous MC3R. Our results indicate that five cysteines in eighteen of the hMC3R are important for hMC3R function. Mutations, C305S, C311S, and C313S in EL3, resulted in significant decrease in receptor expression and receptor function while two other mutations C115S and C162S in TM3 significantly decreased NDP-MSH binding affinity and potency. These results suggest that extracellular cysteine residue 305, 311 and 313 are crucial for receptor expression and the transmembrane cysteine residue, C115 and 162 are important for ligand binding and signaling. These findings provide important insights into the importance of cysteine residues of hMC3R on receptor tertiary structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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The role of palmitoylation in signalling, cellular trafficking and plasma membrane localization of protease-activated receptor-2. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28018. [PMID: 22140500 PMCID: PMC3226677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by proteolytic cleavage of its amino terminal domain by trypsin-like serine proteases. This irreversible activation mechanism leads to rapid receptor desensitization by internalisation and degradation. We have explored the role of palmitoylation, the post-translational addition of palmitate, in PAR2 signalling, trafficking, cell surface expression and desensitization. Experiments using the palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate indicated that palmitate addition is important in trafficking of PAR2 endogenously expressed by prostate cancer cell lines. This was supported by palmitate labelling using two approaches, which showed that PAR2 stably expressed by CHO-K1 cells is palmitoylated and that palmitoylation occurs on cysteine 361. Palmitoylation is required for optimal PAR2 signalling as Ca2+ flux assays indicated that in response to trypsin agonism, palmitoylation deficient PAR2 is ∼9 fold less potent than wildtype receptor with a reduction of about 33% in the maximum signal induced via the mutant receptor. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and cell surface biotinylation analyses demonstrated that palmitoylation is required for efficient cell surface expression of PAR2. We also show that receptor palmitoylation occurs within the Golgi apparatus and is required for efficient agonist-induced rab11a-mediated trafficking of PAR2 to the cell surface. Palmitoylation is also required for receptor desensitization, as agonist-induced β-arrestin recruitment and receptor endocytosis and degradation were markedly reduced in CHO-PAR2-C361A cells compared with CHO-PAR2 cells. These data provide new insights on the life cycle of PAR2 and demonstrate that palmitoylation is critical for efficient signalling, trafficking, cell surface localization and degradation of this receptor.
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Kreuchwig A, Kleinau G, Kreuchwig F, Worth CL, Krause G. Research resource: Update and extension of a glycoprotein hormone receptors web application. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:707-12. [PMID: 21292827 PMCID: PMC5417262 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SSFA-GPHR (Sequence-Structure-Function-Analysis of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors) database provides a comprehensive set of mutation data for the glycoprotein hormone receptors (covering the lutropin, the FSH, and the TSH receptors). Moreover, it provides a platform for comparison and investigation of these homologous receptors and helps in understanding protein malfunctions associated with several diseases. Besides extending the data set (> 1100 mutations), the database has been completely redesigned and several novel features and analysis tools have been added to the web site. These tools allow the focused extraction of semiquantitative mutant data from the GPHR subtypes and different experimental approaches. Functional and structural data of the GPHRs are now linked interactively at the web interface, and new tools for data visualization (on three-dimensional protein structures) are provided. The interpretation of functional findings is supported by receptor morphings simulating intramolecular changes during the activation process, which thus help to trace the potential function of each amino acid and provide clues to the local structural environment, including potentially relocated spatial counterpart residues. Furthermore, double and triple mutations are newly included to allow the analysis of their functional effects related to their spatial interrelationship in structures or homology models. A new important feature is the search option and data visualization by interactive and user-defined snake-plots. These new tools allow fast and easy searches for specific functional data and thereby give deeper insights in the mechanisms of hormone binding, signal transduction, and signaling regulation. The web application "Sequence-Structure-Function-Analysis of GPHRs" is accessible on the internet at http://www.ssfa-gphr.de/.
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MESH Headings
- Databases, Protein
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Information Systems
- Internet
- Models, Molecular
- Receptors, FSH/chemistry
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/chemistry
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Thomas RM, Nechamen CA, Mazurkiewicz JE, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Dias JA. The adapter protein APPL1 links FSH receptor to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production and is implicated in intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1691-701. [PMID: 21285318 PMCID: PMC3060640 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
FSH binds to its receptor (FSHR) on target cells in the ovary and testis, to regulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis, respectively. The signaling cascades activated after ligand binding are extremely complex and have been shown to include protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated calcium signaling pathways. The adapter protein APPL1 (Adapter protein containing Pleckstrin homology domain, Phosphotyrosine binding domain and Leucine zipper motif), which has been linked to an assortment of other signaling proteins, was previously identified as an interacting protein with FSHR. Thus, alanine substitution mutations in the first intracellular loop of FSHR were generated to determine which residues are essential for FSHR-APPL1 interaction. Three amino acids were essential; when any one of them was altered, APPL1 association with FSHR mutants was abrogated. Two of the mutants (L377A and F382A) that displayed poor cell-surface expression were not studied further. Substitution of FSHR-K376A did not affect FSH binding or agonist-stimulated cAMP production in either transiently transfected human embryonic kidney cells or virally transduced human granulosa cells (KGN). In the KGN line, as well as primary cultures of rat granulosa cells transduced with wild type or mutant receptor, FSH-mediated progesterone or estradiol production was not affected by the mutation. However, in human embryonic kidney cells inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production was curtailed and KGN cells transduced with FSHR-K376A evidenced reduced Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores after FSH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Thomas
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237, USA
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30
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Bianchi E, Barbagallo F, Valeri C, Geremia R, Salustri A, De Felici M, Sette C. Ablation of the Sam68 gene impairs female fertility and gonadotropin-dependent follicle development. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4886-4894. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Valeri
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Raffaele Geremia
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Antonietta Salustri
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
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31
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Estes AM, McAllen K, Parker MS, Sah R, Sweatman T, Park EA, Balasubramaniam A, Sallee FR, Walker MW, Parker SL. Maintenance of Y receptor dimers in epithelial cells depends on interaction with G-protein heterotrimers. Amino Acids 2010; 40:371-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Two intracellular helices of G-protein coupling receptors could generally support oligomerization and coupling with transducers. Amino Acids 2010; 40:261-8. [PMID: 20571842 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For many G-protein coupling receptors (GPCRs), the upkeep of receptor dimers could depend on association with functional Gi α subunits. This is known for Y1, Y2 and Y4 neuropeptide Y receptors [presented in the companion paper (Estes et al., Amino Acids, doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0642-z , 2010)]. Interactions with transducers use mainly intracellular domains of the receptors. Intracellular loops 1 and 2 in GPCRs are short and lack extensive helicity that could support transducer anchoring. Interaction with G-proteins is known to use the juxtamembrane Helix 8 in the fourth intracellular domain, for which we document a helix-stabilizing n/(n + 4) pattern of large hydrophobic sidechains. Another intracellular helix located in the C-terminal portion of the third intracellular loop does not display a strong stabilizing pattern, and is found in many studies to serve dynamically in association and activation of transducers and effectors. We show that these tracts share features across metazoan phyla not only in opsins and opsin-like receptors (including the Y receptors), but also in Taste-2 and Frizzled receptors. Similarities of these helices across GPCR groups could have both phylogenetic and functional roots.
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33
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Zariñán T, Perez-Solís MA, Maya-Núñez G, Casas-González P, Conn PM, Dias JA, Ulloa-Aguirre A. Dominant negative effects of human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor expression-deficient mutants on wild-type receptor cell surface expression. Rescue of oligomerization-dependent defective receptor expression by using cognate decoys. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:112-22. [PMID: 20206665 PMCID: PMC2854281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptors form dimers that may affect biogenesis and membrane targeting of the complexed receptors. We here analyzed whether expression-deficient follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mutants exert dominant negative actions on wild-type FSHR cell surface membrane expression. Co-transfection of constant amounts of wild-type receptor cDNA and increasing quantities of mutant (R556A or R618A) FSHR cDNAs progressively decreased agonist-stimulated cAMP accumulation, [(125)I]-FSH binding, and plasma membrane expression of the mature wild-type FSHR species. Co-transfection of wild-type FSHR fragments involving transmembrane domains 5-6, or transmembrane domain 7 and/or the carboxyl-terminus specifically rescued wild-type FSHR expression from the transdominant inhibition by the mutants. Mutant FSHRs also inhibited function of the luteinizing hormone receptor but not that of the thyrotropin receptor or non-related receptors. Defective intracellular transport and/or interference with proper maturation due to formation of misfolded mutant:wild-type receptor complexes may explain the negative effects provoked by the altered FSHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zariñán
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Marco A. Perez-Solís
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maya-Núñez
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Patricia Casas-González
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - P. Michael Conn
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - James A. Dias
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept of Health, Albany, NY, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico D.F., Mexico
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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34
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Glaser S, Onori P, Wise C, Yang F, Marzioni M, Alvaro D, Franchitto A, Mancinelli R, Alpini G, Munshi MK, Gaudio E. Recent advances in the regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation and function during extrahepatic cholestasis. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:245-52. [PMID: 20153989 PMCID: PMC2836402 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile duct epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes), which line the intrahepatic biliary epithelium, are the target cells in a number of human cholestatic liver diseases (termed cholangiopathies). Cholangiocyte proliferation and death is present in virtually all human cholangiopathies. A number of recent studies have provided insights into the key mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and function of cholangiocytes during the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. In our review, we have summarised the most important of these recent studies over the past 3 years with a focus on those performed in the animal model of extrahepatic bile duct ligation. In the first part of the review, we provide relevant background on the biliary ductal system. We then proceed with a general discussion of the factors regulating biliary proliferation performed in the cholestatic animal model of bile duct ligation. Further characterisation of the factors that regulate cholangiocyte proliferation and function will help in elucidating the mechanisms regulating the pathogenesis of biliary tract diseases in humans and in devising new treatment approaches for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Glaser
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, United States, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States,* Corresponding author at: Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, United States. Tel.: +1 254 742 7058; fax: +1 254 724 5944. ** Corresponding author at: Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Alfonso Borelli 50 00161 Rome, Rome 00161, Italy. Tel.: +39 06 4991 8060; fax: +39 06 4991 8062
| | - P. Onori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - C. Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - F. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - M. Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - D. Alvaro
- Gastroenterology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Franchitto
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Mancinelli
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Alpini
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, TX, United States, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Md. K. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - E. Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy,* Corresponding author at: Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, United States. Tel.: +1 254 742 7058; fax: +1 254 724 5944. ** Corresponding author at: Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Alfonso Borelli 50 00161 Rome, Rome 00161, Italy. Tel.: +39 06 4991 8060; fax: +39 06 4991 8062
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35
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Kleinau G, Jaeschke H, Worth CL, Mueller S, Gonzalez J, Paschke R, Krause G. Principles and determinants of G-protein coupling by the rhodopsin-like thyrotropin receptor. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9745. [PMID: 20305779 PMCID: PMC2841179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we wanted to gain insights into selectivity mechanisms between G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and different subtypes of G-proteins. The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) binds G-proteins promiscuously and activates both Gs (cAMP) and Gq (IP). Our goal was to dissect selectivity patterns for both pathways in the intracellular region of this receptor. We were particularly interested in the participation of poorly investigated receptor parts. We systematically investigated the amino acids of intracellular loop (ICL) 1 and helix 8 using site-directed mutagenesis alongside characterization of cAMP and IP accumulation. This approach was guided by a homology model of activated TSHR in complex with heterotrimeric Gq, using the X-ray structure of opsin with a bound G-protein peptide as a structural template. We provide evidence that ICL1 is significantly involved in G-protein activation and our model suggests potential interactions with subunits Gα as well as Gβγ. Several amino acid substitutions impaired both IP and cAMP accumulation. Moreover, we found a few residues in ICL1 (L440, T441, H443) and helix 8 (R687) that are sensitive for Gq but not for Gs activation. Conversely, not even one residue was found that selectively affects cAMP accumulation only. Together with our previous mutagenesis data on ICL2 and ICL3 we provide here the first systematically completed map of potential interfaces between TSHR and heterotrimeric G-protein. The TSHR/Gq-heterotrimer complex is characterized by more selective interactions than the TSHR/Gs complex. In fact the receptor interface for binding Gs is a subset of that for Gq and we postulate that this may be true for other GPCRs coupling these G-proteins. Our findings support that G-protein coupling and preference is dominated by specific structural features at the intracellular region of the activated GPCR but is completed by additional complementary recognition patterns between receptor and G-protein subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Jaeschke
- Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Mueller
- Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jorge Gonzalez
- Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Pérez-Solis MA, Macías H, Acosta-MontesdeOca A, Pasapera AM, Fierro R, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Gutiérrez-Sagal R. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the FSH receptor gene promoter from the volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni alstoni). Endocrine 2010; 37:98-105. [PMID: 19862645 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insights on the genetic divergence and the species-specific characteristics of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), we cloned 946 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the FSHR gene from the volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni alstoni), and compared its features with those from other mammalian species. The sequence of neotomodon FSHR (nFSHR) gene from the translation initiation site to -946 is 74, 71, 64, and 59% homologous to rat, mouse (129/J), human, and sheep, respectively. The nFSHR 5'-flanking region exhibits new interesting putative cis-regulatory elements including those for the SRY transcription factor, which had not been previously related to the FSHR gene. The transcriptional regulation properties of nFSHR gene were studied in mouse Sertoli (MSC-1) and non-Sertoli (H441) cell lines, and compared with those obtained with similar 129/J constructs. All constructs tested were more active in H441 than in MSC-1 cells. The low transcription levels detected in MSC-1 cells probably reflect the recruitment of Sertoli cells-specific nuclear factors that repress transcription of the FSHR gene. In H441 cells, 129/J constructs were more active than their neotomodon counterparts, indicating important species-specific differences in their transcription pattern. Functional analysis of a series of progressive 5'-deletion mutants identified regions involved in positive and negative transcriptional regulation as well as the strongest minimal promoter spanning 260 bp upstream the translation initiation site. The identification of inhibitory nuclear transcription factors, which are apparently expressed in MSC-1 cells, may contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the FSHR gene.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- AT Rich Sequence
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arvicolinae/genetics
- Arvicolinae/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, sry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, FSH/chemistry
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sertoli Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Allán Pérez-Solis
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal 99-065, Unidad Independencia, CP 10101 Mexico, DF, Mexico
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37
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Peverelli E, Lania AG, Mantovani G, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. Characterization of intracellular signaling mediated by human somatostatin receptor 5: role of the DRY motif and the third intracellular loop. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3169-76. [PMID: 19342453 PMCID: PMC2703549 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) exerts inhibitory effects on hormone secretion and cell proliferation by interacting with five different receptors (SST1-SST5) linked to multiple cellular effectors. The receptor structural domains involved in these effects have been only partially elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular determinants mediating the interaction of the human SST5 with intracellular signaling in the pituitary cell line GH3, focusing on the BBXXB domain in the third intracellular loop and the DRY motif in the second intracellular loop. We analyzed the effects of the SST5 agonist BIM23206 on cAMP accumulation, intracellular calcium, GH secretion, cell proliferation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cells expressing either wild-type SST5 or mutant receptors, in particular the naturally occurring mutant R240W in the BBXXB domain and the D136A and R137A mutants in the DRY motif. We found that residues D136 and R137 were critical for SST5 signaling because their substitutions abolished all the intracellular responses. Conversely, third intracellular loop mutations resulted in receptor that inhibited intracellular cAMP levels similar to the wild-type (50 +/- 9 vs. 53 +/- 12% inhibition) but failed to mediate the other responses elicited by wild-type SST5, i.e. reduction of intracellular calcium levels as well as inhibition of ERK1/2. These events resulted in an absent inhibition of GH release and an impaired reduction of cell proliferation (38 +/- 7 vs. 76 +/- 6% inhibition in wild type, P < 0.05). These data indicate that different regions of SST5 are required for the activation of different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Peverelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli e Regina Elena IRCCS, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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38
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Mancinelli R, Onori P, Gaudio E, DeMorrow S, Franchitto A, Francis H, Glaser S, Carpino G, Venter J, Alvaro D, Kopriva S, White M, Kossie A, Savage J, Alpini G. Follicle-stimulating hormone increases cholangiocyte proliferation by an autocrine mechanism via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G11-26. [PMID: 19389804 PMCID: PMC2711748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00025.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones regulate cholangiocyte hyperplasia in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. We studied whether follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates cholangiocyte proliferation. FSH receptor (FSHR) and FSH expression was evaluated in liver sections, purified cholangiocytes, and cholangiocyte cultures (NRICC). In vivo, normal female and male rats were treated with FSH or immediately after BDL with antide (a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist blocking FSH secretion) or a neutralizing FSH antibody for 1 wk. We evaluated 1) cholangiocyte proliferation in sections and cholangiocytes and 2) changes in secretin-stimulated cAMP (functional index of cholangiocyte growth) levels, and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. NRICC were stimulated with FSH before evaluation of proliferation, cAMP/IP(3) levels, and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. To determine whether FSH regulates cholangiocyte proliferation by an autocrine mechanism, we evaluated the effects of 1) cholangiocyte supernatant (containing FSH) on NRICC proliferation and 2) FSH silencing in NRICC before measuring proliferation and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. Cholangiocytes and NRICC express FSHR and FSH and secrete FSH. In vivo administration of FSH to normal rats increased, whereas administration of antide and anti-FSH antibody to BDL rats decreased 1) ductal mass and 2) secretin-stimulated cAMP levels, proliferation, and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation in cholangiocytes compared with controls. In NRICC, FSH increased cholangiocyte proliferation, cAMP levels, and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. The supernatant of cholangiocytes increased NRICC proliferation, inhibited by preincubation with anti-FSH antibody. Silencing of FSH gene decreases cholangiocyte proliferation and ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. Modulation of cholangiocyte FSH expression may be important for the management of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Shelley Kopriva
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Mellanie White
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ashley Kossie
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer Savage
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy; and Department of Health Science, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, University of Rome, Italy
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39
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Khasawneh FT, Huang JS, Mir F, Srinivasan S, Tiruppathi C, Le Breton GC. Characterization of isoprostane signaling: evidence for a unique coordination profile of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) with the thromboxane A(2) receptor, and activation of a separate cAMP-dependent inhibitory pathway in human platelets. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:2301-15. [PMID: 18455148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since isoprostanes are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of thrombosis, presumably through their interaction with thromboxane receptors (TPRs), we examined the ability of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) to bind/signal through TPRs. Using TPR expressing HEK cells, it was found that 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) mobilized calcium and bound TPRs with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 57 nM. Interestingly, site-directed-mutagenesis revealed that 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) has a unique coordination profile with TPRs. Thus, while Phe184 and Asp193 are shared by both 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and classical TPR ligands, Phe196 was found to be required only for 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) binding. Functional studies also revealed interesting results. Namely, that 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) signals in human platelets through both a stimulatory (TPR-dependent) and an inhibitory (cAMP-dependent) pathway. Consistent with the existence of two signaling pathways, platelets were also found to possess two separate binding sites for 8-iso-PGF(2alpha). While the stimulatory site is represented by TPRs, the second cAMP inhibitory site is presently unidentified, but does not involve receptors for PGI(2), PGD(2) or PGE(2). In summary, these studies provide the first documentation that: (1) 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) coordinates with Phe184, Asp193 and Phe196 on platelet TPRs; (2) Phe196 serves as a unique TPR binding site for 8-iso-PGF(2alpha); (3) 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) signals through both stimulatory and inhibitory pathways in platelets; (4) 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) inhibits human platelet activation through a cAMP-dependent mechanism; (5) 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) interacts with platelets at two separate binding sites. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a novel isoprostane function in platelets which is mediated through a cAMP-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Avenue, M/C 868, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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40
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Pasapera AM, Casas-González P, Dias JA. Multiple facets of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor function. Endocrine 2007; 32:251-63. [PMID: 18246451 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. This gonadotropin plays an essential role in reproduction. Its receptor (FSHR) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), specifically the family of rhodopsin-like receptors. Agonist binding to the FSHR triggers the rapid activation of multiple signaling cascades, mainly the cAMP-adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A cascade, that impact diverse biological effects of FSH in the gonads. As in other G protein-coupled receptors, the several cytoplasmic domains of the FSHR are involved in signal transduction and termination of the FSH signal. Here we summarize some recent information on the signaling cascades activated by FSH as well as on the role of the intracytoplasmic domains of the FSHR in coupling to membrane and cytosolic proteins linked to key biological functions regulated by the FSH-FSHR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal 99-065, Unidad Independencia, C.P. 10101 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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41
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Yang Y, Chen M, Kesterson RA, Harmon CM. Structural insights into the role of the ACTH receptor cysteine residues on receptor function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1120-6. [PMID: 17596328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00240.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ACTH receptor, also known as the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R), is critical for ACTH-mediated adrenal glucocorticoid release. Human MC2R (hMC2R) has 10 cysteine residues, which are located in extracellular loops (ELs), transmembrane domains (TMs), and intracellular loops (ILs). In this study, we examined the importance of these cysteine residues in receptor function and determined their involvement in disulfide bond formation. We replaced these cysteines with serine and expressed the mutated receptors in adrenal OS3 cells, which lack endogenous MC2R. Our results indicate that four mutations, C21S in NH(2) terminus, C245S, C251S, and C253S in EL3, resulted in significant decrease both in receptor expression and receptor function. Mutation of cysteine 231 in TM6 significantly decreased ACTH binding affinity and potency. In contrast, the five other mutated receptors (C64S, C158S, C191S, C267S, and C293S) did not significantly alter ACTH binding affinity and potency. These results suggest that extracellular cysteine residue 21, 245, 251, and 253, as well as transmembrane cysteine residue 231 are crucial for ACTH binding and signaling. Further experiments suggest that a disulfide bond exists between the residue C245 and C251 in EL3. These findings provide important insights into the importance of cysteine residues of hMC2R for receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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