1
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The specialized mitotic behavior of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:85-93. [PMID: 34729647 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are self-renewing and pluripotent cells that originate from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Mitosis is fundamental to organism survival and reproduction and is responsible for the equal distribution of duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells. Mitotic dysfunction is associated with a wide variety of human diseases, not least cancer. hESCs have a unique cell cycle distribution, but it is unclear exactly how the mitotic activity of hESCs is related to their proliferation and differentiation. Here, we established a cell line of hESCs stably expressing GFP-α-tubulin and mCherry-H2B by lentiviral infection to analyze and visualize mitosis in detail. During metaphase, the mitotic spindle was smaller and wider and contained a greater proportion of astral microtubules than normal cells. In addition, spindle microtubules were more stable, and chromosome alignment was faster in hESCs than in somatic cells. We also found that the spindle assembly checkpoint was functional in hESCs. These findings thus reveal a specialized mitotic behavior of hESCs.
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2
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Application of standard cell cultures and 3D in vitro tissue models as an effective tool in drug design and development. Pharmacol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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The role of methylation, DNA polymorphisms and microRNAs on HLA-G expression in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 19:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Jacobs K, Zambelli F, Mertzanidou A, Smolders I, Geens M, Nguyen HT, Barbé L, Sermon K, Spits C. Higher-Density Culture in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Results in DNA Damage and Genome Instability. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:330-41. [PMID: 26923824 PMCID: PMC4788786 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) show great promise for clinical and research applications, but their well-known proneness to genomic instability hampers the development to their full potential. Here, we demonstrate that medium acidification linked to culture density is the main cause of DNA damage and genomic alterations in hESC grown on feeder layers, and this even in the short time span of a single passage. In line with this, we show that increasing the frequency of the medium refreshments minimizes the levels of DNA damage and genetic instability. Also, we show that cells cultured on laminin-521 do not present this increase in DNA damage when grown at high density, although the (long-term) impact on their genomic stability remains to be elucidated. Our results explain the high levels of genome instability observed over the years by many laboratories worldwide, and show that the development of optimal culture conditions is key to solving this problem. Increased culture density induces DNA damage and genomic alterations in hESC Medium acidification due to lactic acid accumulation is the main driver More frequent medium refreshments rescues genomic integrity in high-density culture Laminin-521 reduces DNA damage but has no clear effect on genomic instability
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Jacobs
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Zambelli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Afroditi Mertzanidou
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Research Group Experimental Neuropharmacology, Center for Neurosciences C4N, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ha Thi Nguyen
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, K7/25 Quang Trung, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Lise Barbé
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Telias M, Ben-Yosef D. Modeling neurodevelopmental disorders using human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:494-511. [PMID: 24728983 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are impairments that affect the development and growth of the brain and the central nervous system during embryonic and early postnatal life. Genetically manipulated animals have contributed greatly to the advancement of ND research, but many of them differ considerably from the human phenotype. Cellular in vitro models are also valuable, but the availability of human neuronal cells is limited and their lifespan in culture is short. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, comprise a powerful tool for studying developmentally regulated diseases, including NDs. We reviewed all recent studies in which hPSCs were used as in vitro models for diseases and syndromes characterized by impairment of neurogenesis or synaptogenesis leading to intellectual disability and delayed neurodevelopment. We analyzed their methodology and results, focusing on the data obtained following in vitro neural differentiation and gene expression and profiling of the derived neurons. Electrophysiological recording of action potentials, synaptic currents and response to neurotransmitters is pivotal for validation of the neuronal fate as well as for assessing phenotypic dysfunctions linked to the disease in question. We therefore focused on the studies which included electrophysiological recordings on the in vitro-derived neurons. Finally, we addressed specific issues that are critical for the advancement of this area of research, specifically in providing a reliable human pre-clinical research model and drug screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Telias
- The Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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6
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Nguyen HT, Markouli C, Geens M, Barbe L, Sermon K, Spits C. Human embryonic stem cells show low-grade microsatellite instability. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:981-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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7
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Fei Z, Wu Y, Sharma S, Gallego-Perez D, Higuita-Castro N, Hansford D, Lannutti JJ, Lee LJ. Gene Delivery to Cultured Embryonic Stem Cells Using Nanofiber-Based Sandwich Electroporation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1401-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302140p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Fei
- William G. Lowrie
Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 125A Koffolt Laboratories, 140 West 19th
Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yun Wu
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 270 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack
Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Derek Hansford
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 270 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack
Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John J. Lannutti
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 477 W Hall, 2041 College Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ly James Lee
- William G. Lowrie
Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 125A Koffolt Laboratories, 140 West 19th
Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 174 W 18th Avenue, Room
1012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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8
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Grigoryan S, Kinchington PR, Yang IH, Selariu A, Zhu H, Yee M, Goldstein RS. Retrograde axonal transport of VZV: kinetic studies in hESC-derived neurons. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:462-70. [PMID: 22918852 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retrograde axonal transport of the neurotropic alphaherpesvirus Varicella zoster virus (VZV) from vesicles at the skin results in sensory neuron infection and establishment of latency. Reactivation from latency leads to painful herpes zoster. The lack of a suitable animal model of these processes for the highly human-restricted VZV has resulted in a dearth of knowledge regarding the axonal transport of VZV. We recently demonstrated VZV infection of distal axons, leading to subsequent capsid transport to the neuronal somata, and replication and release of infectious virus using a new model based on neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). In the present study, we perform a kinetic analysis of the retrograde transport of green fluorescent protein-tagged ORF23 in VZV capsids using hESC-derived neurons compartmentalized microfluidic chambers and time-lapse video microscopy. The motion of the VZV was discontinuous, showing net retrograde movement with numerous short pauses and reversals in direction. Velocities measured were higher 1 h after infection than 6 h after infection, while run lengths were similar at both time points. The hESC-derived neuron model was also used to show that reduced neuronal spread by a VZV loss-of-function mutant for ORF7 is not due to the prevention of axonal infection and transport of the virus to the neuronal somata. hESC-derived neurons are, therefore, a powerful model for studying axonal transport of VZV and molecular characteristics of neuronal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Grigoryan
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Gonda Building, Old Campus, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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9
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Modeling neurological disorders by human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:350131. [PMID: 22162635 PMCID: PMC3227533 DOI: 10.1155/2011/350131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of human brain development are critical as research on neurological disorders have been progressively advanced. However, understanding the process of neurogenesis through analysis of the early embryo is complicated and limited by a number of factors, including the complexity of the embryos, availability, and ethical constrains. The emerging of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shed light of a new approach to study both early development and disease pathology. The cells behave as precursors of all embryonic lineages; thus, they allow tracing the history from the root to individual branches of the cell lineage tree. Systems for neural differentiation of hESCs and iPSCs have provided an experimental model that can be used to augment in vitro studies of in vivo brain development. Interestingly, iPSCs derived from patients, containing donor genetic background, have offered a breakthrough approach to study human genetics of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper summarizes the recent reports of the development of iPSCs from patients who suffer from neurological diseases and evaluates the feasibility of iPSCs as a disease model. The benefits and obstacles of iPSC technology are highlighted in order to raising the cautions of misinterpretation prior to further clinical translations.
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10
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Ziegler L, Grigoryan S, Yang IH, Thakor NV, Goldstein RS. Efficient generation of schwann cells from human embryonic stem cell-derived neurospheres. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:394-403. [PMID: 21052870 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SC), the glial cells of peripheral nerves, are involved in many diseases including Charcot Marie Tooth and neurofibromatosis, and play a pivotal role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Although it is possible to obtain human SC from nerve biopsies, they are difficult to maintain and expand in culture. Here we describe an efficient system for directing the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into cells with the morphological and molecular characteristics of SC. Neurospheres were generated from hESC using stromal cell induction and grown under conditions supportive of SC differentiation. After 8 weeks, hESC-derived SC expressed characteristic markers GFAP, S100, HNK1, P75, MBP and PMP-22, and were observed in close association with hESC-derived neurites. ~60% of the cells were double-immunostained for the SC markers GFAP/S100. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of GFAP, S100, P75, PMP-22 and MBP and demonstrated expression of the SC markers P0, KROX20 and PLP in the cultures. Expression of CAD19 was observed in 2 and 4 week cultures and then was down-regulated, consistent with its expression in SC precursor, but not mature stages. Co-culture of hESC-derived SC with rat, chick or hESC-derived axons in compartmentalized microfluidic chambers resulted in tight association of the SC with axons. Apparent wrapping of the axons by SC was occasionally observed, suggestive of myelination. Our method for generating SC from hESC makes available a virtually unlimited source of human SC for studies of their role in nerve regeneration and modeling of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ziegler
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Gonda Building, Old Campus, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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11
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Coopman K. Large-scale compatible methods for the preservation of human embryonic stem cells: Current perspectives. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1511-21. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Wobus AM. The Janus face of pluripotent stem cells--connection between pluripotency and tumourigenicity. Bioessays 2011; 32:993-1002. [PMID: 21105293 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have gained special attraction because of their almost unlimited proliferation and differentiation capacity in vitro. These properties substantiate the potential of pluripotent stem cells in basic research and regenerative medicine. Here three types of in vitro cultured pluripotent stem cells (embryonic carcinoma, embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells) are compared in their historical context with respect to their different origin and properties. It became evident that tumourigenicity is an inherent property of pluripotent cells based on p53 down-regulation, expression of tumour-related genes and high telomerase activity that allow unlimited proliferation. In addition, culture-adapted genetic and epigenetic changes may induce tumourigenicity of pluripotent cells. The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, however, requires non-malignant cell types and strategies that circumvent stages of malignancy.Reprogramming strategies of adult somatic cells that avoid the tumourigenic state of pluripotency may offer alternatives for future biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wobus
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
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13
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Wobus AM, Löser P. Present state and future perspectives of using pluripotent stem cells in toxicology research. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:79-117. [PMID: 21225242 PMCID: PMC3026927 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of novel drugs and chemicals requires reliable data on their potential toxic effects on humans. Current test systems are mainly based on animals or in vitro–cultured animal-derived cells and do not or not sufficiently mirror the situation in humans. Therefore, in vitro models based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become an attractive alternative. The article summarizes the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic carcinoma and embryonic germ cells, and discusses the potential of pluripotent stem cells for safety pharmacology and toxicology. Special attention is directed to the potential application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the assessment of developmental toxicology as well as cardio- and hepatotoxicology. With respect to embryotoxicology, recent achievements of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) are described and current limitations as well as prospects of embryotoxicity studies using pluripotent stem cells are discussed. Furthermore, recent efforts to establish hPSC-based cell models for testing cardio- and hepatotoxicity are presented. In this context, methods for differentiation and selection of cardiac and hepatic cells from hPSCs are summarized, requirements and implications with respect to the use of these cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology are presented, and future challenges and perspectives of using hPSCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wobus
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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14
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Yagi H, Tafaleng E, Nagaya M, Hansel MC, Strom SC, Fox IJ, Soto-Gutierrez A. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for liver disease. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2010; 37:377-98. [PMID: 20528732 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v37.i4-5.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are human somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state. Through several elegant technologies, we are now able to generate human iPS cells with disease genotypes that could serve as invaluable tools for human disease modeling. This could lead to an understanding of the root causes of a disease and to the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for it. However, we are still far from generating fully functional liver cells from stem cells, including iPS cells, on in vitro culture systems. Tissue-engineering techniques have opened the window to inducing a functional fate for differentiated cells by providing a microenvironment that allows the maintenance of signals similar to those found in the natural microenvironment. Here we review the current technology to establish iPS cells and discuss strategies to generate human liver disease modeling using iPS cell technology in concert with bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Cellular models for disease exploring and drug screening. Protein Cell 2010; 1:355-362. [PMID: 21203947 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry has been greatly promoted by the application of drug and disease models, including both animal and cellular models. In particular, the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) makes it possible to create a large number of disease-specific cells in vitro. This review introduces the most widely applied models and their specialties.
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16
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Ziegler L, Segal-Ruder Y, Coppola G, Reis A, Geschwind D, Fainzilber M, Goldstein RS. A human neuron injury model for molecular studies of axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Fei Z, Hu X, Choi HW, Wang S, Farson D, Lee LJ. Micronozzle array enhanced sandwich electroporation of embryonic stem cells. Anal Chem 2010; 82:353-8. [PMID: 19961232 DOI: 10.1021/ac902041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is one of the most popular nonviral gene transfer methods for embryonic stem cell transfection. Bulk electroporation techniques, however, require a high electrical field and provide a nonuniform electrical field distribution among randomly distributed cells, leading to limited transfection efficiency and cell viability, especially for a low number of cells. We present here a membrane sandwich electroporation system using a well-defined micronozzle array. This device is capable of transfecting hundred to millions of cells with good performance. The ability to treat a small number of cells (i.e., a hundred) offers great potential to work with hard-to-harvest patient cells for pharmaceutical kinetic studies. Numerical simulation of the initial transmembrane potential distribution and propidium iodide (PI) dye diffusion experiments demonstrated the advantage of highly focused and localized electric field strength provided by the micronozzle array over conventional bulk electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Fei
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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18
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Kiskinis E, Eggan K. Progress toward the clinical application of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:51-9. [PMID: 20051636 DOI: 10.1172/jci40553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells through the exogenous expression of transcription factors. These cells, just like embryonic stem cells, are likely to have a major impact on regenerative medicine, because they self-renew and retain the potential to be differentiated into all cell types of the human body. In this Review, we describe the current state of iPS cell technology, including approaches by which they are generated and what is known about their biology, and discuss the potential applications of these cells for disease modeling, drug discovery, and, eventually, cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Stowers Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Establishment and characterization of baboon embryonic stem cell lines: an Old World Primate model for regeneration and transplantation research. Stem Cell Res 2009; 2:178-87. [PMID: 19393591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have developed protocols using the baboon as a complementary alternative Old World Primate to rhesus and other macaques which have severe limitations in their availability. Baboons are not limited as research resources, they are evolutionarily closer to humans, and the multiple generations of pedigreed colonies which display complex human disease phenotypes all support their further optimization as an invaluable primate model. Since neither baboon-assisted reproductive technologies nor baboon embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been reported, here we describe the first derivations and characterization of baboon ESC lines from IVF-generated blastocysts. Two ESCs lines (BabESC-4 and BabESC-15) display ESC morphology, express pluripotency markers (Oct-4, hTert, Nanog, Sox-2, Rex-1, TRA1-60, TRA1-81), and maintain stable euploid female karyotypes with parentage confirmed independently. They have been grown continuously for >430 and 290 days, respectively. Teratomas from both lines have all three germ layers. Availabilities of these BabESCs represent another important resource for stem cell biologists.
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20
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Urbach A, Benvenisty N. Studying early lethality of 45,XO (Turner's syndrome) embryos using human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4175. [PMID: 19137066 PMCID: PMC2613558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner's syndrome (caused by monosomy of chromosome X) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in females. Although 3% of all pregnancies start with XO embryos, 99% of these pregnancies terminate spontaneously during the first trimester. The common genetic explanation for the early lethality of monosomy X embryos, as well as the phenotype of surviving individuals is haploinsufficiency of pseudoautosomal genes on the X chromosome. Another possible mechanism is null expression of imprinted genes on the X chromosome due to the loss of the expressed allele. In contrast to humans, XO mice are viable, and fertile. Thus, neither cells from patients nor mouse models can be used in order to study the cause of early lethality in XO embryos. Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) can differentiate in culture into cells from the three embryonic germ layers as well as into extraembryonic cells. These cells have been shown to have great value in modeling human developmental genetic disorders. In order to study the reasons for the early lethality of 45,XO embryos we have isolated HESCs that have spontaneously lost one of their sex chromosomes. To examine the possibility that imprinted genes on the X chromosome play a role in the phenotype of XO embryos, we have identified genes that were no longer expressed in the mutant cells. None of these genes showed a monoallelic expression in XX cells, implying that imprinting is not playing a major role in the phenotype of XO embryos. To suggest an explanation for the embryonic lethality caused by monosomy X, we have differentiated the XO HESCs in vitro an in vivo. DNA microarray analysis of the differentiated cells enabled us to compare the expression of tissue specific genes in XO and XX cells. The tissue that showed the most significant differences between the clones was the placenta. Many placental genes are expressed at much higher levels in XX cells in compare to XO cells. Thus, we suggest that abnormal placental differentiation as a result of haploinsufficiency of X-linked pseudoautosomal genes causes the early lethality in XO human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achia Urbach
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Di Giorgio FP, Boulting GL, Bobrowicz S, Eggan KC. Human embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons are sensitive to the toxic effect of glial cells carrying an ALS-causing mutation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:637-48. [PMID: 19041780 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that human embryonic stem cells could be used to provide an inexhaustible supply of differentiated cell types for the study of disease processes. Although methods for differentiating embryonic stem cells into specific cell types have become increasingly sophisticated, the utility of the resulting cells for modeling disease has not been determined. We have asked whether specific neuronal subtypes produced from human embryonic stem cells can be used to investigate the mechanisms leading to neural degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We show that human spinal motor neurons, but not interneurons, are selectively sensitive to the toxic effect of glial cells carrying an ALS-causing mutation in the SOD1 gene. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of these non-cell-autonomous effects to human motor neurons and more broadly demonstrate the utility of human embryonic stem cells for studying disease and identifying potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Di Giorgio
- The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, The Stowers Medical Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Wobus AM, Löser P. [Human embryonic stem cells within the context of international research activity]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:994-1004. [PMID: 18773174 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research involving pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a rapidly growing field of science. Since hESCs originate from early human embryos, alternative methods for producing pluripotent cells have been developed. This article introduces some of those strategies and, in addition, covers international efforts to establish consistent international standards for cultivation, characterization and preservation of hESCs. Furthermore, global trends to form networks in the field of stem cell research as well as endeavors to harmonize ethical standards for hESC research are presented. Finally, potential applications of hESCs in the field of pharmacology/toxicology are discussed as well as recent results of animal studies using hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wobus
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, BRD.
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Mountford JC. Human embryonic stem cells: origins, characteristics and potential for regenerative therapy. Transfus Med 2008; 18:1-12. [PMID: 18279188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2007.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and their use in regenerative therapies are currently hot topics in both biology and medicine. For transfusion scientists the concept of cell therapy is not a new idea but rather a fundamental practice in this field. Bone marrow transplantation was pioneered in the 1960s and relies on the capacity of haemopoietic stem cells in the donated bone marrow to completely reconstitute the blood system of the recipient. Although this capacity of adult (or somatic) stem cells to regenerate the tissue from which they arise is extremely important, the isolation and cultivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have opened up the possibility to generate any cell or tissue of the body. This characteristic of hESC offers the hope of cell replacement and regenerative therapy for a whole array of diseases, many of which are currently untreatable. However, in order to understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to fully understand their origin, characteristics and potential. This review will concentrate particularly on hESCs and their derivation, characterization and capacity to differentiate into clinically useful tissue including haemopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mountford
- Experimental Haematology, University of Glasgow and Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, ATMU, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK.
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Sartipy P, Björquist P, Strehl R, Hyllner J. The application of human embryonic stem cell technologies to drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:688-99. [PMID: 17826681 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of human embryonic stem cells about a decade ago marked the birth of a new era in biomedical research. These pluripotent stem cells possess unique properties that make them exceptionally useful in a range of applications. Discussions about human stem cells are most often focused around the area of regenerative medicine and indeed, the possibility to apply these cells in cell replacement therapies is highly attractive. More imminent, however, is the employment of stem cell technologies for drug discovery and development. Novel improved in vitro models based on physiologically relevant human cells will result in better precision and more cost-effective assays ultimately leading to lower attrition rates and safe new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sartipy
- Cellartis AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Strulovici Y, Leopold PL, O'Connor TP, Pergolizzi RG, Crystal RG. Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:850-66. [PMID: 17356540 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) theoretically represent an unlimited supply of normal differentiated cells to engineer diseased tissues to regain normal function. However, before hESCs can be useful as human therapeutics, technologies must be developed to provide them with the specific signals required to differentiate in a controlled fashion, to regulate and/or shut down the growth of hESCs and their progeny once they have been transferred to the recipient, and to circumvent the recognition of non-autologous hESC-derived cells as foreign. In the context that gene therapy technologies represent strategies to deliver biological signals to address all of these challenges, this review sets out a framework for combined gene transfer/hESC therapies. We discuss how hESCs are derived, characterized, and differentiated into specific cell lineages, and we summarize the characteristics of the 500 hESC lines reported to date. The successes and failures of gene transfer to hESCs are reviewed for both non-viral and viral vectors, as are the challenges to successful use of gene transfer in developing hESC therapy. We also consider gene transfer as a means of facilitating growth and isolation of genetically modified hESCs and as a mechanism for mitigating adverse effects associated with administration of hESCs or their derivatives. Finally, we evaluate the challenges that are likely to be encountered in translating the promise of hESCs to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Strulovici
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Di Giorgio FP, Carrasco MA, Siao MC, Maniatis T, Eggan K. Non-cell autonomous effect of glia on motor neurons in an embryonic stem cell-based ALS model. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:608-14. [PMID: 17435754 PMCID: PMC3139463 DOI: 10.1038/nn1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we report an in vitro model system for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from mice carrying normal or mutant transgenic alleles of the human SOD1 gene were used to generate motor neurons by in vitro differentiation. These motor neurons could be maintained in long-term coculture either with additional cells that arose during differentiation or with primary glial cells. Motor neurons carrying either the nonpathological human SOD1 transgene or the mutant SOD1(G93A) allele showed neurodegenerative properties when cocultured with SOD1(G93A) glial cells. Thus, our studies demonstrate that glial cells carrying a human SOD1(G93A) mutation have a direct, non-cell autonomous effect on motor neuron survival. More generally, our results show that ESC-based models of disease provide a powerful tool for studying the mechanisms of neural degeneration. These phenotypes displayed in culture could provide cell-based assays for the identification of new ALS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Di Giorgio
- The Stowers Medical Institute, the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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