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Abdellatif AB, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC. Vascular and hormonal interactions in the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:995228. [PMID: 36506065 PMCID: PMC9731668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.995228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary arterial hypertension, due to excessive aldosterone production from the adrenal gland. Although somatic mutations have been identified in aldosterone producing adenoma, the exact mechanisms leading to increased cell proliferation and nodule formation remain to be established. One hypothesis is that changes in vascular supply to the adrenal cortex, due to phenomena of atherosclerosis or high blood pressure, may influence the morphology of the adrenal cortex, resulting in a compensatory growth and nodule formation in response to local hypoxia. In this review, we will summarize our knowledge on the mechanisms regulating adrenal cortex development and function, describe adrenal vascularization in normal and pathological conditions and address the mechanisms allowing the cross-talk between the hormonal and vascular components to allow the extreme tissue plasticity of the adrenal cortex in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. We will then address recent evidence suggesting a role for alterations in the vascular compartment that could eventually be involved in nodule formation and the development of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
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Lefebvre H, Duparc C, Naccache A, Lopez AG, Castanet M, Louiset E. Paracrine Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 109:303-339. [PMID: 30678861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is controlled by circulating factors including the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and potassium. Mineralocorticoid production is also regulated through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism by a wide variety of bioactive signals released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by chromaffin cells, nerve endings, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells and adipocytes. These regulatory factors include conventional neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Their physiological role in the control of aldosterone secretion is not fully understood, but it is likely that they participate in the RAS-independent regulation of zona glomerulosa cells. Interestingly, recent observations indicate that autocrine/paracrine processes are involved in the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. The intraadrenal regulatory systems observed in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), although globally similar to those occurring in the normal adrenal gland, harbor alterations at different levels, which tend to strengthen the potency of paracrine signals to activate aldosterone secretion. Enhancement of paracrine stimulatory tone may participate to APA expansion and aldosterone hypersecretion together with somatic mutations of driver genes which activate the calcium signaling pathway and subsequently aldosterone synthase expression. Intraadrenal regulatory mechanisms represent thus promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Céline Duparc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Naccache
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
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Schwafertz C, Schinner S, Kühn MC, Haase M, Asmus A, Mülders-Opgenoorth B, Ansurudeen I, Hornsby PJ, Morawietz H, Oetjen E, Schott M, Willenberg HS. Endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:108-115. [PMID: 27889473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-derived products influence the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in human adrenocortical cells by modulating proteins such as steroidogenic acute-regulatory (StAR) protein, steroidogenic factor (SF)-1 and CITED2. However, the potential endothelial cell-derived factors that mediate this effect are still unknown. The current study was perfomed to look into the control of β-catenin activity by endothelial cell-derived factors and to identify a mechanism by which they affect β-catenin activity in adrenocortical NCIH295R cells. Using reporter gene assays and Western blotting, we found that endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECCM) led to nuclear translocation of β-catenin and an increase in β-catenin-dependent transcription that could be blocked by U0126, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Furthermore, we found that a receptor tyrosin kinase (RTK) was involved in ECCM-induced β-catenin-dependent transcription. Through selective inhibition of RTK using Su5402, it was shown that receptors responding to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mediate the action of ECCM. Adrenocortical cells treated with bFGF showed a significant greater level of bFGF mRNA. In addition, HUVECs secrete bFGF in a density-dependent manner. In conclusion, the data suggest that endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells also via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schwafertz
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Schinner
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus C Kühn
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Haase
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amelie Asmus
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Mülders-Opgenoorth
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L1:01 Rolf Luft Centrum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Department of Physiology and Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology for Pharmacist's Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schott
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger S Willenberg
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany.
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Lefebvre H, Thomas M, Duparc C, Bertherat J, Louiset E. Role of ACTH in the Interactive/Paracrine Regulation of Adrenal Steroid Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 27489549 PMCID: PMC4951519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the normal human adrenal gland, steroid secretion is regulated by a complex network of autocrine/paracrine interactions involving bioactive signals released by endothelial cells, nerve terminals, chromaffin cells, immunocompetent cells, and adrenocortical cells themselves. ACTH can be locally produced by medullary chromaffin cells and is, therefore, a major mediator of the corticomedullary functional interplay. Plasma ACTH also triggers the release of angiogenic and vasoactive agents from adrenocortical cells and adrenal mast cells and, thus, indirectly regulates steroid production through modulation of the adrenal blood flow. Adrenocortical neoplasms associated with steroid hypersecretion exhibit molecular and cellular defects that tend to reinforce the influence of paracrine regulatory loops on corticosteroidogenesis. Especially, ACTH has been found to be abnormally synthesized in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia responsible for hypercortisolism. In these tissues, ACTH is detected in a subpopulation of adrenocortical cells that express gonadal markers. This observation suggests that ectopic production of ACTH may result from impaired embryogenesis leading to abnormal maturation of the adrenogonadal primordium. Globally, the current literature indicates that ACTH is a major player in the autocrine/paracrine processes occurring in the adrenal gland in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Hervé Lefebvre,
| | - Michaël Thomas
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Céline Duparc
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- U1016, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
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Werminghaus P, Haase M, Hornsby PJ, Schinner S, Schott M, Malendowicz LK, Lammers BJ, Goretzki PE, Müller-Mattheis V, Willenberg HS. Hedgehog-signaling is upregulated in non-producing human adrenal adenomas and antagonism of hedgehog-signaling inhibits proliferation of NCI-H295R cells and an immortalized primary human adrenal cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:7-15. [PMID: 24063979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh)-signaling pathway is important in embryonic development. Activation of Hh-signaling is associated with tumorigenesis. Recent studies demonstrate that Hh-signaling is involved in the development of the adrenal gland in mice and is important in regulating adrenal proliferation. We studied the expression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Smoothened (SMO), Patched1 (PTCH1) and GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1) in human adrenal and in adrenocortical tumors using immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Modulation of GLI1 and SMO messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was investigated with forskolin. The role of Hh-signaling was studied in NCI-H295R cells and in an immortalized primary cell line using the Hh-agonist smoothened agonist (SAG) and the Hh-antagonist cyclopamine. The Hh-pathway components SHH, GLI1, PTCH1 and SMO were detectable in all adrenal glands. While in cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA), Hh-signaling expression levels were comparable to that in normal adrenal cortex, a much higher mRNA expression of GLI1, SMO and SHH was observed in non-producing adenomas (NPA). Interestingly, stimulation of cultured adrenal cells with forskolin led to a decrease in expression of GLI1 and SMO mRNAs. Antagonism of Hh-signaling resulted in a lower proliferation rate of adrenocortical cells, while Hh-agonism had no significant effect on adrenal cell proliferation. Our data show Hh-signaling activity in adult adrenal glands. Activation of the PKA pathway results in lower expression of Hh-signaling proteins. This might explain the lower expression of the Hh components GLI1 and SMO in CPA in comparison to the higher expression in NPA. Hh-signaling might be involved in the tumorigenesis of NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Werminghaus
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, University of Dusseldorf, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Dusseldorf, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Comparison of stress-induced changes in adults and pups: is aldosterone the main adrenocortical stress hormone during the perinatal period in rats? PLoS One 2013; 8:e72313. [PMID: 24039750 PMCID: PMC3763995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive developmental impact of low stress-induced glucocorticoid levels in early development has been recognized for a long time, while possible involvement of mineralocorticoids in the stress response during the perinatal period has been neglected. The present study aimed at verifying the hypothesis that balance between stress-induced glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels is changing during postnatal development. Hormone responses to two different stressors (insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and immune challenge induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharid) measured in 10-day-old rats were compared to those in adults. In pups corticosterone responses to both stressors were significantly lower than in adults, which corresponded well with the stress hyporesponsive period. Importantly, stress-induced elevations in aldosterone concentration were significantly higher in pups compared both to corticosterone elevations and to those in adulthood with comparable adrenocorticotropin concentrations in the two age groups. Greater importance of mineralocorticoids compared to glucocorticoids in postnatal period is further supported by changes in gene expression and protein levels of gluco- (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and selected enzymes measured by quantitative PCR and immunohystochemistry in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, liver and kidney. Gene expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2), an enzyme enabling preferential effects of aldosterone on mineralocorticoid receptors, was higher in 10-day-old pups compared to adult animals. On the contrary, the expression and protein levels of GR, MR and 11β-HSD1 were decreased. Presented results clearly show higher stress-induced release of aldosterone in pups compared to adults and strongly suggest greater importance of mineralocorticoids compared to glucocorticoids in stress during the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Delles
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Marie Freel
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Gennari-Moser C, Khankin EV, Escher G, Burkhard F, Frey BM, Karumanchi SA, Frey FJ, Mohaupt MG. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A and Aldosterone. Hypertension 2013; 61:1111-7. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone levels are markedly elevated during normal pregnancy but fall even though volume contracts when preeclampsia occurs. The level of aldosterone in either condition cannot be explained solely by the activity of the renin–angiotensin II system. In normal gestation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to maintain vascular health, but its role in adrenal hormone production is unknown. We hypothesized that the role of VEGF in the adrenal gland is to maintain vascular health and regulate aldosterone production. Here, we demonstrate that supernatant of endothelial cells grown in the presence of VEGF enhanced aldosterone synthase activity in human adrenocortical cells. VEGF either alone or combined with angiotensin II increased aldosterone production in adrenal cells. These data suggest that endothelial cell–dependent and independent activation of aldosterone is regulated by VEGF. In contrast to angiotensin II, VEGF did not upregulate the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Consistent with this observation, angiotensin II stimulated both aldosterone and cortisol synthesis from progesterone, whereas VEGF stimulated selectively aldosterone production. In rats, overexpression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, an endogenous VEGF inhibitor, led to adrenocortical capillary rarefaction and fall in aldosterone concentrations that correlated inversely with soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 levels. These findings may explain why aldosterone increases so markedly during normal gestation and why preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, is associated with inappropriately low aldosterone levels in spite of relatively lower plasma volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Gennari-Moser
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Eliyahu V. Khankin
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Geneviève Escher
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Fiona Burkhard
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Brigitte M. Frey
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Felix J. Frey
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
| | - Markus G. Mohaupt
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., B.M.F., F.J.F., M.G.M.), and Division of Urology (F.B.), University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Division of Vascular and Molecular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.V.K., S.A.K.)
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Wu SY, Yu YR, Cai Y, Jia LX, Wang X, Xiao CS, Tang CS, Qi YF. Endogenous aldosterone is involved in vascular calcification in rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:31-7. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone (Aldo) is an important active hormone in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to explore the role of endogenous Aldo in aortic calcification in rats. We induced arterial calcification in rats by intramuscular administration of vitamin D3 plus oral nicotine (VDN) and determined calcium content, 45Ca2+ accumulation and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The mRNA level of osteopontin (OPN) was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Deposition of collagen in the aorta wall was measured by Sirius red staining. The content of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Aldo in plasma and myocardial and vascular tissue was determined by radioimmunoassay. In rats with VDN treatment, von Kossa staining showed calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, and the content of calcium in calcified arteries was 5.8-fold of that in control arteries ( P < 0.01). The accumulation of 45Ca2+ and activity of ALP in calcified aortic tissue was three- and 2.5-fold, respectively, that in control tissue ( P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of OPN was significantly higher, by 58%, in calcified than control tissue ( P < 0.01). Vascular fibrosis was greater in rats with calcified tissue than in control rats. The level of Ang II and Aldo was 58% and 80% higher, respectively, in calcified than control tissue (both P < 0.01). The changes could be significantly improved by treatment with captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and the Aldo receptor antagonist spironolactone. These results suggest that Aldo is an endogenous bioactive factor involved in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191
| | - Yan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Li-Xin Jia
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Chuan-Shi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Chao-Shu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education
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Chavakis T, Kanczkowski W, Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR. Endothelial dysfunction: a critical determinant in inflammation-associated adrenal insufficiency? Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:917-9. [PMID: 21729040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Haase M, Ansurudeen I, Schinner S, Paramonova I, Schott M, Papewalis C, Bornstein SR, Scherbaum WA, Willenberg HS. Evidence for the involvement of endothelial cell products in adrenal CITED2 expression. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:337-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ansurudeen I, Willenberg HS, Kopprasch S, Krug AW, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein SR. Endothelial factors mediate aldosterone release via PKA-independent pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:66-70. [PMID: 19073232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone synthesis is primarily regulated by angiotensin II and potassium ions. In addition, endothelial cell-secreted factors have been shown to regulate mineralocorticoid release. We analyzed the pathways that mediate endothelial cell-factor-induced aldosterone release from adrenocortical cells, NCI-H295R using endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECM). The cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMP caused a 44% decrease in the ECM-induced aldosterone release but inhibition of cAMP-dependent PKA had no effect on aldosterone release. Interestingly, inhibition of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac with brefeldin-A decreased the ECM-induced aldosterone release by 45%. Similarly, inhibition of p38 MAP-kinase; PI-3-kinase and PKB significantly reduced the ECM-induced aldosterone release whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 and PKC did not decrease aldosterone release. These results provide evidence for the existence of a cAMP-dependent but PKA-independent pathway in mediating the ECM-induced aldosterone release and the significant influence of more than one signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dissociation of ACTH and glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:175-80. [PMID: 18394919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that significant differential regulation of pituitary and adrenal gland activation exists, leading to a dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosteroid secretion during fetal, postnatal and adult life. An increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies report dissociation of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in critical illness, inflammation and mental disorders. Mechanisms involve an altered adrenal sensitivity, aberrant receptor expression or modulation of adrenal function by cytokines, vasoactive factors or neuropeptides. The degree of dissociation has been associated with the level of complications of sepsis, surgery, malignant disease and depression. The separation of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosteroid secretion is of clinical relevance and should be incorporated into our view on endocrine stress regulation.
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