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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Yin D. Association between a body shape index and cognitive impairment among us older adults from a cross-sectional survey of the NHANES 2011-2014. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:169. [PMID: 38840158 PMCID: PMC11151546 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the relationship between A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and cognitive impairment among older adults in the United States. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed cognitive function in 2,752 individuals aged 60 and older using data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cognitive assessments were conducted using the Immediate Recall Test (IRT), Delayed Recall Test (DRT), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). A Body Shape Index (ABSI) was calculated from waist circumference (WC), weight, and height. The relationship between ABSI and cognitive outcomes was examined through multifactorial linear regression, smooth curve fitting, and subgroup and interaction analyses. RESULTS With complete data, 2752 persons 60 and older participated in the study. After adjusting for covariables, these results showed statistically significant negative relationships between ABSI, IRT, and DSST scores. The negative correlation between DSST and ABSI is more substantial in males than females. There is less of a negative link between ABSI, AFT, and DSST among drinkers who consume 12 or more drinks annually compared to those who consume less. Furthermore, compared to individuals without high blood pressure(HBP), those who suffered HBP showed a more significant negative connection between ABSI and AFT. CONCLUSION Lower cognitive function was linked to higher ABSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dekun Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Funing People's Hospital of Jiangsu, Yancheng, Jiangsu province, China.
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Neuroactive steroids and Parkinson's disease: Review of human and animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105479. [PMID: 38007170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The greater prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in men suggest a beneficial effect of sex hormones. Neuroactive steroids have neuroprotective activities thus offering interesting option for disease-modifying therapy for PD. Neuroactive steroids are also neuromodulators of neurotransmitter systems and may thus help to control PD symptoms and side effect of dopamine medication. Here, we review the effect on sex hormones (estrogen, androgen, progesterone and its metabolites) as well as androstenediol, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone) in human studies and in animal models of PD. The effect of neuroactive steroids is reviewed by considering sex and hormonal status to help identify specifically for women and men with PD what might be a preventive approach or a symptomatic treatment. PD is a complex disease and the pathogenesis likely involves multiple cellular processes. Thus it might be useful to target different cellular mechanisms that contribute to neuronal loss and neuroactive steroids provide therapeutics options as they have multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Sajwan-Khatri M, Senthilkumaran B. MPTP induces neurodegeneration by modulating dopaminergic activity in catfish brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 95:107146. [PMID: 36481438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is an allosteric rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis. The CAs, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine are important neurotransmitters wherein DA contributes a key role in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The present study evaluated DA and Th's significance in DA-ergic activity and neurodegeneration upon 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure in catfish. Further, the expression of certain brain-and ovary-related genes measured through qPCR were downregulated upon MPTP treatment which is in accordance with the decreased levels of L-Dopa, DA, and NE levels estimated through HPLC-ECD. Additionally, TEM analysis depicted structural disarray of brain upon MPTP exposure and also decreased serum levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and estradiol-17β. MPTP treatment, in vitro, using primary brain cell culture resulted in diminished cell viability and increased ROS levels leading to elevated apoptotic cells significantly. Consequently, the study highlights the MPTP-induced neurodegeneration of the Th and DA-ergic activity in corroboration with female brain-related genes downregulation, also gonadal function as evidenced by depleted sex steroids level and low expression of ovary-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Sajwan-Khatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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The Impact of Sex on the Neurocognitive Functions of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101331. [PMID: 34679396 PMCID: PMC8533932 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the impact of sex on the neurocognitive function of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Ninety-four participants with idiopathic PD and 167 age-matched healthy individuals as normal controls (NCs) were recruited and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. Sex differences were found in NCs, but not in patients with PD. Among male participants, patients with PD showed worse performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) (p < 0.001) test and Symbol Search (SS) (p < 0.001) than NCs. Among female participants, patients with PD showed worse performance on the category score of the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (p < 0.001), SS (p < 0.001), and pentagon copying (p < 0.001) than NCs. After controlling for the effects of age and years of education, Hoehn and Yahr stage was found to predict the performance of the Color Trails Test part A (βA = 0.241, pA = 0.036), Stroop Color and Word Test (β = -0.245, p = 0.036), and DSS (β = -0.258, p = 0.035) in men with PD. These results indicate the differential effect of sex on the neurocognitive function among healthy aging and PD populations. The disappearance of sex differences, which is present in healthy aging, in patients with PD suggests a gradual loss of the neuroprotective effect of estrogen after the initiation of the neurodegenerative process. This study also found mental flexibility and visuospatial function to be the susceptible cognitive domains in women with PD, while the disease severity could predict the working memory and processing speed in men with PD.
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Repurposing sex steroids and related drugs as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:37-54. [PMID: 29649433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which a greater prevalence and incidence is described in men. This suggests a protective effect of sex hormones in the brain. Therefore, steroids and drugs to treat endocrine conditions could have additional application for PD. Here, we review the protective effect of sex hormones, particularly estrogens, progesterone, androgens and dehydroepiandrosterone, in animal models of PD and also in human studies. Data also support that drugs affecting estrogen neurotransmission such as selective estrogen receptor modulators or affecting steroid metabolism with 5α-reductase inhibitors could be repositioned for treatment of PD. Sex steroids are also modulator of neurotransmission, thus they could repurposed to treat PD motor symptoms and to modulate the response to PD medication. No drug is yet available to limit PD progression. PD is a complex disease implicating multiple pathological processes and a therapeutic strategy using drugs with several mechanisms of action, such as sex steroids and endocrine drugs are interesting repositioning options for symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying activity for PD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada.
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Dyskinesias and levodopa therapy: why wait? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1119-1130. [PMID: 29428995 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the years there has been a longstanding discussion on whether levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease should be started in early vs. later stages, in order to prevent or delay motor complications such as fluctuations and dyskinesias. This controversial topic has been extensively debated for decades, and the prevailing view today is that levodopa should not be postponed. However, there is still fear associated with its use in early stages, especially in younger patients, who are more prone to develop dyskinesias. Even though dyskinesias are linked to levodopa use in Parkinson's disease, it has been shown that starting with a different medication (such as dopamine agonists) will not significantly delay their onset once levodopa is introduced. Since levodopa provides better symptomatic control, and other drugs may be associated with notable side effects, it is our view that there is insufficient evidence to justify levodopa-sparing strategies. The physician should try to assess each patient individually, taking into account motor and non-motor demands, as well as risk factors for potential complications, finding the optimum treatment strategy for each one. The following article provides an historical narrative perspective, as well as a literature review of those intrinsic and modifiable risk factors that have been associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesias, which should be taken into consideration when choosing the therapeutic strategy in individual Parkinson's disease patients.
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Ahn S, Song TJ, Park SU, Jeon S, Kim J, Oh JY, Jang J, Hong S, Song MA, Shin HS, Jung YR, Park HJ. Effects of a combination treatment of KD5040 and L-dopa in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:220. [PMID: 28424060 PMCID: PMC5395961 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the dopamine precursor L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) remains the gold standard pharmacological therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), long-term treatment with this drug has been known to result in several adverse effects, including l-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Recently, our group reported that KD5040, a modified herbal remedy, had neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of PD. Thus, the present study investigated whether KD5040 would have synergistic effects with l-dopa and antidyskinetic effects caused by l-dopa as well. Methods The effects of KD5040 and l-dopa on motor function, expression levels of substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK) in the basal ganglia, and glutamate content in the motor cortex were assessed using behavioral assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analyses, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In addition, the antidyskinetic effects of KD5040 on pathological movements triggered by l-dopa were investigated by testing abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and measuring the activations of FosB, cAMP-dependent phosphor protein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein in the striatum. Results KD5040 synergistically improved the motor function when low-dose l-dopa (LL) was co-administered. In addition, it significantly reversed MPTP-induced lowering of SP, improved ENK levels in the basal ganglia, and ameliorated abnormal reduction in glutamate content in the motor cortex. Furthermore, KD5040 significantly lowered AIMs and controlled abnormal levels of striatal FosB, pDARPP-32, pERK, and pCREB induced by high-dose l-dopa. Conclusions KD5040 lowered the effective dose of l-dopa and alleviated LID. These findings suggest that KD5040 may be used as an adjunct therapy to enhance the efficacy of l-dopa and alleviate its adverse effects in patients with PD.
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Ookubo M, Sadamatsu M, Yoshimura A, Suzuki S, Kato N, Kojima H, Yamada N, Kanai H. Aberrant Monoaminergic System in Thyroid Hormone Receptor-β Deficient Mice as a Model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv004. [PMID: 25612897 PMCID: PMC4540106 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone receptors are divided into 2 functional types: TRα and TRβ. Thyroid hormone receptors play pivotal roles in the developing brain, and disruption of thyroid hormone receptors can produce permanent behavioral abnormality in animal models and humans. METHODS Here we examined behavioralchanges, regional monoamine metabolism, and expression of epigenetic modulatory proteins, including acetylated histone H3 and histone deacetylase, in the developing brain of TRα-disrupted (TRα (0/0) ) and TRβ-deficient (TRβ (-/-) ) mice. Tissue concentrations of dopamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and their metabolites in the mesocorticolimbic pathway were measured. RESULTS TRβ (-/-) mice, a model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, showed significantly high exploratory activity and reduced habituation, whereas TRα (0/0) mice showed normal exploratory activity. The biochemical profiles of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine showed significantly low dopamine metabolic rates in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens and overall low 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolic rates in TRβ (-/-) mice, but not in TRα (0/0) mice. Furthermore, the expression of acetylated histone H3 was low in the dorsal raphe of TRβ (-/-) mice, and histone deacetylase 2/3 proteins were widely increased in the mesolimbic system. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TRβ deficiency causes dysfunction of the monoaminergic system, accompanied by epigenetic disruption during the brain maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hirohiko Kanai
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan (Drs Ookubo, Yoshimura, Yamada, and Kanai); Department of Psychiatry, Minakuchi Hospital, Shiga, Japan (Dr Ookubo); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Human Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Aich, Japan (Dr Sadamatsu); Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Suzuki); Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kato); Department of Molecular Genetics in Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan (Dr. Kojima); Department of Psychiatry, Japanese Red Cross Society Nagahama Hospital, Shiga, Japan (Dr. Kanai).
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Lundin JI, Ton TG, LaCroix AZ, Longstreth W, Franklin GM, Swanson PD, Smith-Weller T, Racette BA, Checkoway H. Formulations of hormone therapy and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1631-6. [PMID: 25255692 PMCID: PMC4216612 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone therapy (HT) is a class of medications widely prescribed to women in the Western world. Evidence from animal models and in vitro studies suggests that estrogen may protect against nigrostriatal system injury and increase dopamine synthesis, metabolism, and transport. Existing epidemiologic research indicates a possible reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with HT use. The objective of this study was to evaluate PD risk associated with specific HT formulations. Neurologist-confirmed cases and age-matched controls were identified from Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Washington State. Final analysis included 137 female cases and 227 controls. Hormone therapy use was ascertained from the GHC pharmacy database, further classified as conjugated estrogens, esterified estrogens, and progestin. Ever use of HT formulation demonstrated a suggested elevated risk with esterified estrogen use (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-9.8), and no risk associated with conjugated estrogen use (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.6-1.3). Restricting this analysis to prescriptions that included progestin further elevated the risk associated with esterified estrogen use (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.1-22.9); again, no risk was associated with conjugated estrogen use (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.6-5.0). The findings from this study suggest an increase in PD risk associated with esterified estrogen use combined with progestin, and no risk associated with conjugated estrogen with progestin. These findings could have important implications for choice of HT in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Lundin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thanh G.N. Ton
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrea Z. LaCroix
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W.T. Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gary M. Franklin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phillip D. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Terri Smith-Weller
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brad A. Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Smith KM, Dahodwala N. Sex differences in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2014; 259:44-56. [PMID: 24681088 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), chorea, tics, and Tourette's syndrome (TS) display sex differences in disease susceptibility, disease pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. PD is more common in males than in females. Epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to endogenous and exogenous estrogen contributes to these sex differences. There is extensive evidence that estrogen prevents dopaminergic neuron depletion induced by neurotoxins in PD animal models and therefore is neuroprotective. Estrogen may also decrease the efficacy of other neuroprotective substances such as caffeine in females but not males. Sex chromosomes can exert effects independent of sex steroid hormones on the development and maintenance of the dopamine system. As a result of hormone, chromosome and other unknown effects, there are sexual dimorphisms in the basal ganglia, and at the molecular levels in dopaminergic neurons that may lead to distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis in males and females. In this review, we summarize the evidence that estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators are neuroprotective in PD and discuss potential mechanisms of action. We also briefly review how sex differences in basal ganglia function and dopaminergic pathways may impact HD, chorea, and tics/Tourette's syndrome. Further understanding of these sex differences may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Smith
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, 330 S. 9th St, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Nabila Dahodwala
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, 330 S. 9th St, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Kim HG, Hong J, Huh Y, Park C, Hwang DS, Choi JH, Oh MS. Cyperi Rhizoma inhibits the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced reduction in nigrostriatal dopaminergenic neurons in estrogen-deprived mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:322-328. [PMID: 23639362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyperi Rhizoma has commonly been used for the treatment of gynecological and neuropsychiatric disorders in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the estrogenic properties and neuroprotective effects of Cyperi Rhizoma under estrogen-deprived condition in female mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the estrogen-like effect of Cyperi Rhizoma extract (CRE), we measured luciferase expression after transfection of a promoter construct containing an estrogen response element (ERE) and treatment of CRE. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of CRE, we measured striatal dopamine, movement ability, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, and apoptosis-related protein expression levels after treatment of CRE either with or without 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in ovariectomized female mice. RESULTS CRE significantly induced the luciferase expression driven by an ERE in PC12 cells, a dopaminergic cell line, in a dose-dependent manner. In mice, MPTP significantly decreased the levels of dopamine in the striatum and behavior performance; in contrast, both CRE and 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) recovered these parameters to normal levels. CRE and EB treatment also recovered TH immunopositive fibers and cells, respectively, from MPTP toxicity. Additionally, MPTP significantly down-regulated Bcl-2 expression in the mitochondria of dopaminergic cells in the SN, followed by an increase in Bax expression, cytochrome C translocation to the cytosol, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, whereas these were inhibited by CRE or EB treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that CRE has estrogen-like and neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in estrogen-deprived mice treated with MPTP-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Lee JM, Hwang DS, Kim HG, Lee CH, Oh MS. Dangguijakyak-san protects dopamine neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity under postmenopausal conditions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:883-888. [PMID: 22178176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dangguijakyak-san protects dopamine neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity under postmenopausal conditions. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dangguijakyak-san (DJS), a famous traditional herbal formula, has long been used to treat gynecological disorders, including postmenopausal symptoms. This study evaluated the effects and mechanism of DJS on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in a postmenopausal mouse model induced by ovariectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three weeks after ovariectomy, C57bl/6 female mice were divided randomly into (1) control, (2) MPTP (30 mg/kg/day, i.p., 5 days), (3) MPTP+estrogen (50 μg/kg/day, i.p., 5 days), and (4) MPTP+DJS (50 mg/kg/day, p.o., 5 days) groups. We investigated the behavioral recovery and dopamine neuron protection of DJS using the pole test and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. We also explored the mechanism by assessing the protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS DJS treatment restored the movement behavior impaired by MPTP, showing a similar or better effect than estrogen. DJS protected TH-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the nigrostriatal region from MPTP toxicity. In addition, DJS inhibited the Bcl-2 decrease and Bax increase in mitochondria, cytochrome c release to the cytosol, and caspase-3 activation induced by MPTP. CONCLUSIONS DJS showed behavior recovery and dopamine neuron protection against MPTP-induced toxicity via anti-apoptotic activities in ovariectomized female mice. These results suggest that DJS treatment is effective for postmenopausal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Oriental Gynecology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Antzoulatos E, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, Wood RI. MPTP Neurotoxicity and Testosterone Induce Dendritic Remodeling of Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons in the C57Bl/6 Mouse. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:138471. [PMID: 21765998 PMCID: PMC3134993 DOI: 10.4061/2011/138471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nigrostriatal damage is increased in males relative to females. While estrogen is neuroprotective in females, less is known about potential protective effects of testosterone in males. We determined if castration enhances neuronal injury to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Castrates or sham-castrated mice were sacrificed 1 week following injection of MPTP (4 × 20 mg/kg) or saline (n = 11-12/group). The right striatum was immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The left hemisphere was stained by Golgi Cox to quantify neuronal morphology in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the dorsolateral striatum. MPTP reduced TH, but there was no effect of castration and no interaction. For MSN dendritic morphology, MPTP decreased the highest branch order and increased spine density on 2nd-order dendrites. Castrated males had shorter 5th-order dendrites. However, there was no interaction between gonadal status and MPTP. Thus, castration and MPTP exert nonoverlapping effects on MSN morphology with castration acting on distal dendrites and MPTP acting proximally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Antzoulatos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Madison JL, Wegrzynowicz M, Aschner M, Bowman AB. Gender and manganese exposure interactions on mouse striatal neuron morphology. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:896-906. [PMID: 21641932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in sensitivity and toxicokinetics of multiple metals have been identified in humans. A recent study suggested that young girls performed worse on intellectual exams than young boys exposed to manganese (Mn) in the environment. Animal studies have shown that Mn exposure causes differential effects on behavior in male compared to female mice. We hypothesized that in response to Mn exposure striatal Mn accumulation and/or striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) morphology show gender-dependent effects. We evaluated the contribution of gender to neuropathology by examining striatal MSN morphology in male and female mice exposed to Mn. We found that gender played a significant role in alterations of striatal MSN morphology in mice exposed to Mn. Gender-dependent changes were strongest when striatal Mn levels were elevated 24h following the final Mn exposure. Nevertheless, gender-dependent alterations in neuron morphology were still present 3 weeks after the final Mn exposure. Gender differences in neuron morphology were not due to differential striatal Mn accumulation between genders. We conclude that although gender does not affect striatal Mn accumulation, MSN morphology is differentially sensitive to elevated Mn levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Madison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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Cordellini MF, Piazzetta G, Pinto KC, Delattre AM, Matheussi F, Carolino ROG, Szawka RE, Anselmo-Franci JA, Ferraz AC. Effect of Different Doses of Estrogen on the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System in Two 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Lesion Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:955-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Male/Female differences in neuroprotection and neuromodulation of brain dopamine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:35. [PMID: 22654803 PMCID: PMC3356083 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a sex difference in Parkinson's disease (PD) is observed as related to several variables, including susceptibility of the disease, age at onset, and symptoms. These differences between men and women represent a significant characteristic of PD, which suggest that estrogens may exert beneficial effects against the development and the progression of the disease. This paper reviews the neuroprotective and neuromodulator effects of 17β-estradiol and progesterone as compared to androgens in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system of both female and male rodents. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model of PD and methamphetamine toxicity faithfully reproduce the sex differences of PD in that endogenous estrogen levels appear to influence the vulnerability to toxins targeting the NSDA system. Exogenous 17β-estradiol and/or progesterone treatments show neuroprotective properties against NSDA toxins while androgens fail to induce any beneficial effect. Sex steroid treatments show male and female differences in their neuroprotective action against methamphetamine toxicity. NSDA structure and function, as well as the distribution of estrogen receptors, show sex differences and may influence the susceptibility to the toxins and the response to sex steroids. Genomic and non-genomic actions of 17β-estradiol converge to promote survival factors and the presence of both estrogen receptors α and β are critical to 17β-estradiol neuroprotective action against MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
| | - Dean E. Dluzen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and PharmacyRootstown, OH, USA
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thérèse Di Paolo, Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2. e-mail:
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Kuroiwa H, Yokoyama H, Kimoto H, Kato H, Araki T. Biochemical alterations of the striatum in an MPTP-treated mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:177-83. [PMID: 20431930 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biochemical alterations of the striatum of mice subjected to seven experimental schedules with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) treatment. The mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline) four times a day at 2-hr intervals showed severe and persistent depletions of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum, as compared with those (1) treated with MPTP (15 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) once a day for 14 consecutive days; (2)MPTP (30 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) twice a day for 5 consecutive days; (3) MPTP (10 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) four times a day at 1-hr intervals for 2 consecutive days; (4) MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) once a day for 4 consecutive days; (5) MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) twice a day for 2 consecutive days; (6) MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline, i.p.) twice a day for 4 consecutive days. In our Western blot analysis, furthermore, the mice that received MPTP (20 mg/kg in saline) four times a day at 2-hr intervals showed a severe decrease of the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels and a significant increase of the striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. These results demonstrate that the model with acute MPTP treatment can cause severe neuronal damage in the mouse striatum, as compared to the model with continuous treatment with MPTP. Thus our findings may support the validity of acute MPTP treatment model for unraveling in the neurodegenerative processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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18
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Ookubo M, Yokoyama H, Kato H, Araki T. Gender differences on MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 311:62-8. [PMID: 19631714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gender difference in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we investigated the time-dependent alterations of dopamine and its metabolites, striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein and midbrain TH protein and motor function in male and female mice 5h and 1, 3 and 7 days after four administrations of MPTP (20mg/kg) at 2-h intervals. The present study showed that the decrease of dopamine, DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and HVA (homovanillic acid) content in female mice was more pronounced than that in male animals 1, 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. Our Western blot analysis study also demonstrated that the decrease of both striatal and midbrain TH protein levels in female mice was more pronounced than that in male animals from 1 to 7 days after MPTP treatment. As compared to male mice, in contrast, the increase of striatal GFAP protein levels in female mice was observed from 5h to 7 days after MPTP treatment. Furthermore, the present study showed that motor deficits were found in both male and female mice 1 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. In the present study, moreover, the decrease of striatal DAT protein levels in female mice was more pronounced than that in male animals 1, 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. These results demonstrate that our administrations of MPTP at 2-h intervals can cause more severe damage in female mice as compared with male animals. The gender difference may be due to the decrease of DAT expression caused by MPTP. Thus our findings provide further valuable information for the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ookubo
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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19
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Litteljohn D, Mangano E, Shukla N, Hayley S. Interferon-gamma deficiency modifies the motor and co-morbid behavioral pathology and neurochemical changes provoked by the pesticide paraquat. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1894-906. [PMID: 19782123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to nigrostriatal pathology and corresponding motor disturbances, Parkinson's disease (PD) is often characterized by co-morbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, most notably anxiety and depression. Separate lines of evidence indicate that inflammatory processes associated with microglial activation and cytokine release may be fundamental to the progression of both PD and its co-morbid psychiatric pathology. Accordingly, we assessed the contribution of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), to a range of PD-like pathology provoked by the ecologically relevant herbicide and dopamine (DA) toxin, paraquat. To this end, paraquat provoked overt motor impairment (reduced home-cage activity and impaired vertical climbing) and signs of anxiety-like behavior (reduced open field exploration) in wild-type but not IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Correspondingly, paraquat promoted somewhat divergent variations in neurochemical activity among wild-type and IFN-gamma null mice at brain sites important for both motor (striatum) and co-morbid affective pathologies (dorsal hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and locus coeruleus). Specifically, the herbicide provoked a dosing regimen-dependent reduction in striatal DA levels that was prevented by IFN-gamma deficiency. In addition, the herbicide influenced serotonergic and noradrenergic activity within the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex; and elevated noradrenergic activity within the locus coeruleus. Although genetic ablation of IFN-gamma had relatively few effects on monoamine variations within the locus coeruleus and prefrontal cortex, loss of the pro-inflammatory cytokine did normalize the paraquat-induced noradrenergic alterations within the hippocampus. These findings further elucidate the functional implications of paraquat intoxication and suggest an important role for IFN-gamma in the striatal and motor pathology, as well as the co-morbid behavioral and hippocampal changes induced by paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Litteljohn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Life Sciences Research Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
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Luchtman DW, Shao D, Song C. Behavior, neurotransmitters and inflammation in three regimens of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Chronic Administration with Rotenone does not Enhance MPTP Neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:142-57. [PMID: 19410597 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sex difference in Parkinson's disease, with a higher susceptibility in men, suggests a modulatory effect of sex steroids in the brain. Numerous studies highlight that sex steroids have neuroprotective properties against various brain injuries. This paper reviews the protective effects of sex hormones, particularly estradiol, progesterone and androgens, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model of Parkinson's disease as compared to methamphetamine toxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying beneficial actions of sex steroids on the brain have been investigated showing steroid, dose, timing and duration specificities and presently focus is on the dopamine signaling pathways, the next frontier. Both genomic and non-genomic actions of estrogen converge to promote survival factors and show sex differences. Neuroprotection by estrogen involves activation of signaling molecules such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Interaction with growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1, also contributes to protective actions of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Lisman JE, Coyle JT, Green RW, Javitt DC, Benes FM, Heckers S, Grace AA. Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2008; 16:e43-71. [PMID: 18395805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many risk genes interact synergistically to produce schizophrenia and many neurotransmitter interactions have been implicated. We have developed a circuit-based framework for understanding gene and neurotransmitter interactions. NMDAR hypofunction has been implicated in schizophrenia because NMDAR antagonists reproduce symptoms of the disease. One action of antagonists is to reduce the excitation of fast-spiking interneurons, resulting in disinhibition of pyramidal cells. Overactive pyramidal cells, notably those in the hippocampus, can drive a hyperdopaminergic state that produces psychosis. Additional aspects of interneuron function can be understood in this framework, as follows. (i) In animal models, NMDAR antagonists reduce parvalbumin and GAD67, as found in schizophrenia. These changes produce further disinhibition and can be viewed as the aberrant response of a homeostatic system having a faulty activity sensor (the NMDAR). (ii) Disinhibition decreases the power of gamma oscillation and might thereby produce negative and cognitive symptoms. (iii) Nicotine enhances the output of interneurons, and might thereby contribute to its therapeutic effect in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Lisman
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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