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Substituted Aryl Benzylamines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237166. [PMID: 34885749 PMCID: PMC8659031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is expressed at high levels in testes and seminal vesicles; it is also present in prostate tissue and involved in gonadal and non-gonadal testosterone biosynthesis. The enzyme is membrane-bound, and a crystal structure is not yet available. Selective aryl benzylamine-based inhibitors were designed and synthesised as potential agents for prostate cancer therapeutics through structure-based design, using a previously built homology model with docking studies. Potent, selective, low nanomolar IC50 17β-HSD3 inhibitors were discovered using N-(2-([2-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenylamino]methyl)phenyl)acetamide (1). The most potent compounds have IC50 values of approximately 75 nM. Compound 29, N-[2-(1-Acetylpiperidin-4-ylamino)benzyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]acetamide, has an IC50 of 76 nM, while compound 30, N-(2-(1-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-phenylamino]ethyl)phenyl)acetamide, has an IC50 of 74 nM. Racemic C-allyl derivative 26 (IC50 of 520 nM) was easily formed from 1 in good yield and, to determine binding directionality, its enantiomers were separated by chiral chromatography. Absolute configuration was determined using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Only the S-(+)-enantiomer (32) was active with an IC50 of 370 nM. Binding directionality was predictable through our in silico docking studies, giving confidence to our model. Importantly, all novel inhibitors are selective over the type 2 isozyme of 17β-HSD2 and show <20% inhibition when tested at 10 µM. Lead compounds from this series are worthy of further optimisation and development as inhibitors of testosterone production by 17β-HSD3 and as inhibitors of prostate cancer cell growth.
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Bailey HV, Mahon MF, Vicker N, Potter BVL. Rapid and Efficient Microwave-Assisted Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1113-1122. [PMID: 33194530 PMCID: PMC7643340 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A microwave-based methodology facilitates reaction of 2-aminophenylketones with cyclic ketones to form a quinoline scaffold. Syntheses of amido- and amino-linked 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 inhibitors with a benzophenone-linked motif were pursued using 2-aminobenzophenone as building block. Two amido-linked targets were achieved in modest yield, but when using microwave-assisted reductive amination for the amino-linked counterparts an unexpected product was observed. X-ray crystallography revealed it as a quinoline derivative, leading to optimisation of a simple and efficient modification of Friedländer methodology. Using reagents and acetic acid catalyst in organic solvent the unassisted reaction proceeds only over several days and in very poor yield. However, by employing neat acetic acid as both solvent and acid catalyst with microwave irradiation at 160 °C quinoline synthesis is achieved in 5 minutes in excellent yield. This has advantages over the previously reported high temperatures or strong acids required, not least given the green credentials of acetic acid, and examples using diverse ketones illustrate applicability. Additionally, he unassisted reaction proceeds effectively at room temperature, albeit much more slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V. Bailey
- Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Pharmacy & PharmacologyUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Nigel Vicker
- Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Pharmacy & PharmacologyUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug DiscoveryDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
- Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Pharmacy & PharmacologyUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
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Zhan X, Liao X, Luo X, Zhu Y, Feng S, Yu C, Lu J, Shen C, Wang H. Comparative Metabolomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Regulation Mechanism Underlying MeJA-Induced Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Cutleaf Groundcherry ( Physalis angulata L.) Hairy Roots. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6336-6347. [PMID: 29874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cutleaf groundcherry ( Physalis angulata L.) is an annual plant with a number of medicinal ingredients. However, studies about the secondary metabolism of P. angulata are very limited. An integrated metabolome and proteome approach was used to reveal the variations in the metabolism associated with bioactive compounds under methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Application of MeJA to the hairy roots could significantly increase the accumulation of most active ingredients. A targeted approach confirmed the variations in physalins D and H between MeJA treatment and the controls. Increases in the levels of a number of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis related enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and 3β-hydroxysterioid dehydrogenase might provide a potential explanation for the MeJA-induced active ingredient synthesis. Our results may contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulation mechanism underlying the MeJA-induced active compound accumulation in P. angulata.
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Ning X, Yang Y, Deng H, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Su Z, Fu Y, Xiang Q, Zhang S. Development of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 as a target in hormone-dependent prostate cancer therapy. Steroids 2017; 121:10-16. [PMID: 28267564 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is expressed almost exclusively in the testes and specifically converts the weak androgenic androstenedione to active testosterone (T) in the presence of NADPH. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that 17β-HSD3 is over-expressed in hormone-dependent prostate cancer. T, which interacts with the androgen receptor (AR), eventually stimulates the growth of prostate cancer cells. Defects in T synthesis or action impair the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and cause the autosomal recessive disorder male pseudohermaphroditism. Affected individuals are often born with female-appearing external genitalia and are reared as females. Since 17β-HSD3 plays a central role in T production, it has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target to reduce the circulating level of androgens and to suppress androgen-sensitive tumor proliferation. In recent decades, improvements have been made in the development of 17β-HSD3 inhibitors. Herein, we give an overview of the main structure and function of human 17β-HSD3 and summarize steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors of 17β-HSD3, which can be a potential target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ning
- Institute of Materia Medica and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- Sinopharm Group Guangdong Medi-world Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Foshan 528200, PR China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Synthesis of a dansyl-labeled inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 for optical imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2179-83. [PMID: 27025340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is a therapeutic target in the management of androgen-sensitive diseases such as prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. In this Letter, we designed and synthesized the first fluorescent inhibitor of this enzyme by combining a fluorogenic dansyl moiety to the chemical structure of a known inhibitor of 17β-HSD3. The synthesized compound 3 is a potent fluorogenic compound (λex=348 nm and λ em=498 nm). It crosses the cell membrane, keeps its fluorescent properties and is distributed inside the LNCaP cells overexpressing 17β-HSD3, where it inhibits the transformation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione into the androgen testosterone (IC50=262 nM).
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Armandari I, Hamid AR, Verhaegh G, Schalken J. Intratumoral steroidogenesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a target for therapy. Prostate Int 2014; 2:105-13. [PMID: 25325021 PMCID: PMC4186953 DOI: 10.12954/pi.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in a low androgen environment, arising from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is a major problem in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the progression of PCa to CRPC during ADT, one of them is so called persistent intratumoral steroidogenesis. The existence of intratumoral steroidogenesis was hinted based on the residual levels of intraprostatic testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) after ADT. Accumulating evidence has shown that the intraprostatic androgen levels after ADT are sufficient to induce cancer progression. Several studies now have demonstrated that PCa cells are able to produce T and DHT from different androgen precursors, such as cholesterol and the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Furthermore, up-regulation of genes encoding key steroidogenic enzymes in PCa cells seems to be an indicator for active intratumoral steroidogenesis in CRPC cells. Currently, several drugs are being developed targeting those steroidogenic enzymes, some of which are now in clinical trials or are being used as standard care for CRPC patients. In the future, novel agents that target steroidogenesis may add to the arsenal of drugs for CRPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Armandari
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agus Rizal Hamid
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Urology, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gerald Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in adult males in the USA. Recent advances have revealed that the fatal form of this cancer, known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), remains hormonally driven despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. CRPC arises as the tumor undergoes adaptation to low levels of androgens by either synthesizing its own androgens (intratumoral androgens) or altering the androgen receptor (AR). This article reviews the major routes to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis in CRPC cells and examines the enzyme targets and progress in the development of isoform-specific inhibitors that could block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Because redundancy exists in these pathways, it is likely that inhibition of a single pathway will lead to upregulation of another so that drug resistance would be anticipated. Drugs that target multiple pathways or bifunctional agents that block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and antagonize the AR offer the most promise. Optimal use of enzyme inhibitors or AR antagonists to ensure maximal benefits to CRPC patients will also require application of precision molecular medicine to determine whether a tumor in a particular patient will be responsive to these treatments either alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Perelman School of MedicineCenter of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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Djigoué GB, Kenmogne LC, Roy J, Poirier D. Synthesis of 3-spiromorpholinone androsterone derivatives as inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6360-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Day JM, Foster PA, Tutill HJ, Schmidlin F, Sharland CM, Hargrave JD, Vicker N, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. STX2171, a 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 inhibitor, is efficacious in vivo in a novel hormone-dependent prostate cancer model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:53-64. [PMID: 23132791 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) catalyse the 17-position reduction/oxidation of steroids. 17β-HSD type 3 (17β-HSD3) catalyses the reduction of the weakly androgenic androstenedione (adione) to testosterone, suggesting that specific inhibitors of 17β-HSD3 may have a role in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. STX2171 is a novel selective non-steroidal 17β-HSD3 inhibitor with an IC(50) of ∼200 nM in a whole-cell assay. It inhibits adione-stimulated proliferation of 17β-HSD3-expressing androgen receptor-positive LNCaP(HSD3) prostate cancer cells in vitro. An androgen-stimulated LNCaP(HSD3) xenograft proof-of-concept model was developed to study the efficacies of STX2171 and a more established 17β-HSD3 inhibitor, STX1383 (SCH-451659, Schering-Plough), in vivo. Castrated male MF-1 mice were inoculated s.c. with 1×10(7) cells 24 h after an initial daily dose of testosterone propionate (TP) or vehicle. After 4 weeks, tumours had not developed in vehicle-dosed mice, but were present in 50% of those mice given TP. One week after switching the stimulus to adione, mice were dosed additionally with the vehicle or inhibitor for a further 4 weeks. Both TP and adione efficiently stimulated tumour growth and increased plasma testosterone levels; however, in the presence of either 17β-HSD3 inhibitor, adione-dependent tumour growth was significantly inhibited and plasma testosterone levels reduced. Mouse body weights were unaffected. Both inhibitors also significantly lowered plasma testosterone levels in intact mice. In conclusion, STX2171 and STX1383 significantly lower plasma testosterone levels and inhibit androgen-dependent tumour growth in vivo, indicating that 17β-HSD3 inhibitors may have application in the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Day
- Oncology Drug Discovery and Women's Health Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College London, UK
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Rotinen M, Villar J, Encío I. Regulation of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in cancer: regulating steroid receptor at pre-receptor stage. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:461-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang F, Priester S, Onori P, Venter J, Renzi A, Franchitto A, Munshi MK, Wise C, Dostal DE, Marzioni M, Saccomanno S, Ueno Y, Gaudio E, Glaser S. Castration inhibits biliary proliferation induced by bile duct obstruction: novel role for the autocrine trophic effect of testosterone. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G981-91. [PMID: 21903763 PMCID: PMC3233786 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00061.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased cholangiocyte growth is critical for the maintenance of biliary mass during liver injury by bile duct ligation (BDL). Circulating levels of testosterone decline following castration and during cholestasis. Cholangiocytes secrete sex hormones sustaining cholangiocyte growth by autocrine mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that testosterone is an autocrine trophic factor stimulating biliary growth. The expression of androgen receptor (AR) was determined in liver sections, male cholangiocytes, and cholangiocyte cultures [normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte cultures (NRICC)]. Normal or BDL (immediately after surgery) rats were treated with testosterone or antitestosterone antibody or underwent surgical castration (followed by administration of testosterone) for 1 wk. We evaluated testosterone serum levels; intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) in liver sections of female and male rats following the administration of testosterone; and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels and bile secretion. We evaluated the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3, the enzyme regulating testosterone synthesis) in cholangiocytes. We evaluated the effect of testosterone on the proliferation of NRICC in the absence/presence of flutamide (AR antagonist) and antitestosterone antibody and the expression of 17β-HSD3. Proliferation of NRICC was evaluated following stable knock down of 17β-HSD3. We found that cholangiocytes and NRICC expressed AR. Testosterone serum levels decreased in castrated rats (prevented by the administration of testosterone) and rats receiving antitestosterone antibody. Castration decreased IBDM and secretin-stimulated cAMP levels and ductal secretion of BDL rats. Testosterone increased 17β-HSD3 expression and proliferation in NRICC that was blocked by flutamide and antitestosterone antibody. Knock down of 17β-HSD3 blocks the proliferation of NRICC. Drug targeting of 17β-HSD3 may be important for managing cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and ,6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China;
| | - Sally Priester
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and ,3Research & Education, Scott & White,
| | - Paolo Onori
- 7Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila;
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and ,10Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome; Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci, Rome;
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- 10Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome; Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci, Rome; ,11Institute of Food and Radiation Safety, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamruzzaman Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and ,11Institute of Food and Radiation Safety, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Candace Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and
| | - David E. Dostal
- 2Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, ,5Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
| | - Marco Marzioni
- 8Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy,
| | - Stefania Saccomanno
- 8Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy,
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- 9Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Graduate University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 10Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome; Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci, Rome;
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Division of 1Gastroenterology and ,4Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, and ,5Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
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Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Henn C, Möller G, Klein T, Negri M, Oster A, Spadaro A, Werth R, Wetzel M, Xu K, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW, Adamski J. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) as therapeutic targets: protein structures, functions, and recent progress in inhibitor development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:66-82. [PMID: 21193039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) are oxidoreductases, which play a key role in estrogen and androgen steroid metabolism by catalyzing final steps of the steroid biosynthesis. Up to now, 14 different subtypes have been identified in mammals, which catalyze NAD(P)H or NAD(P)(+) dependent reductions/oxidations at the 17-position of the steroid. Depending on their reductive or oxidative activities, they modulate the intracellular concentration of inactive and active steroids. As the genomic mechanism of steroid action involves binding to a steroid nuclear receptor, 17β-HSDs act like pre-receptor molecular switches. 17β-HSDs are thus key enzymes implicated in the different functions of the reproductive tissues in both males and females. The crucial role of estrogens and androgens in the genesis and development of hormone dependent diseases is well recognized. Considering the pivotal role of 17β-HSDs in steroid hormone modulation and their substrate specificity, these proteins are promising therapeutic targets for diseases like breast cancer, endometriosis, osteoporosis, and prostate cancer. The selective inhibition of the concerned enzymes might provide an effective treatment and a good alternative to the existing endocrine therapies. Herein, we give an overview of functional and structural aspects for the different 17β-HSDs. We focus on steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors recently published for each subtype and report on existing animal models for the different 17β-HSDs and the respective diseases. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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