1
|
Barbagallo F, Bosoni D, Perone V, Cucinella L, Dealberti D, Cannarella R, Calogero AE, Nappi RE. Gene-environment interaction in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1423898. [PMID: 39268244 PMCID: PMC11390525 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1423898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a common cause of amenorrhea and chronic anovulation in adolescent girls and young women, diagnosed after excluding other organic causes. It is commonly associated with calorie restriction, excessive physical exercise, and psychosocial stress. These stressors alter the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leading to a chronic condition of hypoestrogenism and significant health consequences. Recent evidence has highlighted a genetic predisposition to FHA that could explain interindividual variability in stress response. Indeed, not all women experience FHA in response to stress. Rare variants in genes associated with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism have been identified in women with FHA, suggesting that these mutations may contribute to an increased susceptibility of women to the trigger of stress exposure. FHA appears today as a complex disease resulting from the combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes. Furthermore, the genetic background of FHA allows for the hypothesis of a male counterpart. Despite the paucity of data, preliminary findings indicate that an equivalent condition of FHA exists in men, warranting further investigation. This narrative review aims to summarize the recent genetic evidence contributing to the pathophysiology of FHA and to raise awareness on a possible male counterpart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - David Bosoni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valeria Perone
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Cucinella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Dealberti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella E Nappi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rey RA, Bergadá I, Ballerini MG, Braslavsky D, Chiesa A, Freire A, Grinspon RP, Keselman A, Arcari A. Diagnosing and treating anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in pediatric patients. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38112850 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism, or the failure to secrete hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and/or to release hormones from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), can be congenital or acquired. When more than one pituitary hormone axis is impaired, the condition is known as combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). The deficiency may be primarily due to a hypothalamic or to a pituitary disorder, or concomitantly both, and has a negative impact on target organ function. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in the pediatric age. Congenital hypopituitarism is generally due to genetic disorders and requires early medical attention. Exposure to toxicants or intrauterine infections should also be considered as potential etiologies. The molecular mechanisms underlying the fetal development of the hypothalamus and the pituitary are well characterized, and variants in the genes involved therein may explain the pathophysiology of congenital hypopituitarism: mutations in the genes expressed in the earliest stages are usually associated with syndromic forms whereas variants in genes involved in later stages of pituitary development result in non-syndromic forms with more specific hormone deficiencies. Tumors or lesions of the (peri)sellar region, cranial radiation therapy, traumatic brain injury and, more rarely, other inflammatory or infectious lesions represent the etiologies of acquired hypopituitarism. Hormone replacement is the general strategy, with critical periods of postnatal life requiring specific attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina.
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Ballerini
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Débora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Chiesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Analía Freire
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Andrea Arcari
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang M, Luo J, Dai L, Feng M, Cao X, Zhang J, Wan Y, Yang X, Wang Y. Foxp2 deficiency impairs reproduction by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in zebrafish†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:908-923. [PMID: 38288660 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
FOXP2 was initially characterized as a transcription factor linked to speech and language disorders. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that Foxp2 is enriched in the gonadotrope cluster of the pituitary gland and colocalized with the hormones LHB and FSHB in chickens and mice, implying that FOXP2 might be associated with reproduction in vertebrates. Herein, we investigated the roles of foxp2 in reproduction in a Foxp2-deficient zebrafish model. The results indicated that the loss of Foxp2 inhibits courtship behavior in adult male zebrafish. Notably, Foxp2 deficiency disrupts gonad development, leading to retardation of follicle development and a decrease in oocytes in females at the full-growth stage, among other phenotypes. The transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) also revealed that differentially expressed genes clustered into the estrogen signaling and ovarian steroidogenesis-related signaling pathways. In addition, we found that Foxp2 deficiency could modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, especially the regulation of lhb and fshb expression, in zebrafish. In contrast, the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin, a specific LH agonist, partially rescues Foxp2-impaired reproduction in zebrafish, suggesting that Foxp2 plays an important role in the regulation of reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in zebrafish. Thus, our findings reveal a new role for Foxp2 in the regulation of reproduction in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juanjuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meilan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Axiak CJ, Pleven A, Attard R, Borg Carbott F, Ebejer JP, Brincat I, Cassar K, Gruppetta M, Vassallo J, Bezzina Wettinger S, Farrugia R. High Population Frequency of GNRHR p.Q106R in Malta: An Evaluation of Fertility and Hormone Profiles in Heterozygotes. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvad172. [PMID: 38196663 PMCID: PMC10775685 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor variant GNRHR p.Q106R (rs104893836) in homozygosity, compound heterozygosity, or single heterozygosity is often reported as the causative variant in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) patients with GnRH deficiency. Genotyping of a Maltese newborn cord-blood collection yielded a minor allele frequency (MAF) 10 times higher (MAF = 0.029; n = 493) than that of the global population (MAF = 0.003). Objective To determine whether GNRHR p.Q106R in heterozygosity influences profiles of endogenous hormones belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the onset of puberty and fertility in adult men (n = 739) and women (n = 239). Design Setting and Participants Analysis of questionnaire data relating to puberty and fertility, genotyping of the GNRHR p.Q106R variant, and hormone profiling of a highly phenotyped Maltese adult cohort from the Maltese Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. Main Outcome and Results Out of 978 adults, 43 GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes (26 men and 17 women) were identified. Hormone levels and fertility for all heterozygotes are within normal parameters except for TSH, which was lower in men 50 years or older. Conclusion Hormone data and baseline fertility characteristics of GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes are comparable to those of homozygous wild-type individuals who have no reproductive problems. The heterozygous genotype alone does not impair the levels of investigated gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones or affect fertility. GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes who exhibit IHH characteristics must have at least another variant, probably in a different IHH gene, that drives pathogenicity. We also conclude that GNRHR p.Q106R is likely a founder variant due to its overrepresentation and prevalence in the island population of Malta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton John Axiak
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Adrian Pleven
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Clinical Chemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Ritienne Attard
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Francesca Borg Carbott
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Jean-Paul Ebejer
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Ian Brincat
- Clinical Chemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Karen Cassar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Mark Gruppetta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Josanne Vassallo
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Stephanie Bezzina Wettinger
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Rosienne Farrugia
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zabihi MR, Norouzkhani N, Karkhah S, Akhoondian M. Identification of a valuable gene network for the diagnosis and treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia: in-silico analyses - experimental research. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5941-5951. [PMID: 38098601 PMCID: PMC10718319 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is an etiology of infertility in men. NOA may have various classifications; however, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be regarded as a class of NOA associated with genetic factors. Former studies have shown that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) plays an essential role in NOA incidence, but few studies have been performed on the NOA-related ncRNA interaction network. In the current study, genes, NOA-related microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) were found by bioinformatics methods to offer a new perspective on NOA treatment. Methods The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR)-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was extracted by searching in 'string-database'. GO, KEGG, and Enrichr databases were used to identify pathways, molecular function, and biological processing. Four databases, including TargetScan, mirDIP, miRmap, and miRWalk, were used to extract miRNAs. At last, the circ2GO, circBase, and literature were used to identify circRNAs and their genes. Results The current study identified the four proteins associated with the GnRHR signaling; eight shared miRNAs that affect the expression of found proteins and 25 circRNAs and their origin genes that regulate the miRNAs' function. Conclusion The two miRNAs, hsa-miR-134-3p and hsa-miR-513C-3p, the three genes, VCAN, NFATC3, and PRDM5, and their associated circRNAs can perform as a valuable gene network in the diagnosis and treatment of NOA pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zabihi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran
| | - Narges Norouzkhani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | - Samad Karkhah
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center
| | - Mohammad Akhoondian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Cellular and The Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Science, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torrini F, Scarano S, Palladino P, Minunni M. Advances and perspectives in the analytical technology for small peptide hormones analysis: A glimpse to gonadorelin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115312. [PMID: 36858006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, we have witnessed an important evolution of bioanalytical approaches moving from conventional lab bench instrumentation to simpler, easy-to-use techniques to deliver analytical responses on-site, with reduced analysis times and costs. In this frame, affinity reagents production has also jointly advanced from natural receptors to biomimetic, abiotic receptors, animal-free produced. Among biomimetic ones, aptamers, and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) play a leading role. Herein, our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution of conventional and innovative analytical approaches based on chromatography, immunochemistry, and affinity sensing referred to as peptide hormones. Indeed, the analysis of peptide hormones represents a current challenge for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and anti-doping analysis. Specifically, as a paradigmatic example, we report the case of gonadorelin, a neuropeptide that in recent years has drawn a lot of attention as a therapeutic drug misused in doping practices during sports competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moeller JS, Bever SR, Finn SL, Phumsatitpong C, Browne MF, Kriegsfeld LJ. Circadian Regulation of Hormonal Timing and the Pathophysiology of Circadian Dysregulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4185-4214. [PMID: 36073751 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, daily patterns of behavior and physiology that are essential for optimal health and disease prevention. Disruptions to circadian timing are associated with a host of maladies, including metabolic disease and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and mental health disturbances. The circadian timing system is hierarchically organized, with a master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks throughout the CNS and periphery. The SCN receives light information via a direct retinal pathway, synchronizing the master clock to environmental time. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are ubiquitous, with rhythms generated by interlocking, autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loops. At the level of the SCN, tight cellular coupling maintains rhythms even in the absence of environmental input. The SCN, in turn, communicates timing information via the autonomic nervous system and hormonal signaling. This signaling couples individual cellular oscillators at the tissue level in extra-SCN brain loci and the periphery and synchronizes subordinate clocks to external time. In the modern world, circadian disruption is widespread due to limited exposure to sunlight during the day, exposure to artificial light at night, and widespread use of light-emitting electronic devices, likely contributing to an increase in the prevalence, and the progression, of a host of disease states. The present overview focuses on the circadian control of endocrine secretions, the significance of rhythms within key endocrine axes for typical, homeostatic functioning, and implications for health and disease when dysregulated. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-30, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Moeller
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Savannah R Bever
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samantha L Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Madison F Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Tao YX. Targeting trafficking as a therapeutic avenue for misfolded GPCRs leading to endocrine diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:934685. [PMID: 36093106 PMCID: PMC9452723 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.934685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are plasma membrane proteins associated with an array of functions. Mutations in these receptors lead to a number of genetic diseases, including diseases involving the endocrine system. A particular subset of loss-of-function mutant GPCRs are misfolded receptors unable to traffic to their site of function (i.e. the cell surface plasma membrane). Endocrine disorders in humans caused by GPCR misfolding include, among others, hypo- and hyper-gonadotropic hypogonadism, morbid obesity, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, congenital hypothyroidism, and familial glucocorticoid resistance. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches have been employed to restore function of some misfolded GPCRs linked to endocrine disfunction. The most promising approach is by employing pharmacological chaperones or pharmacoperones, which assist abnormally and incompletely folded proteins to refold correctly and adopt a more stable configuration to pass the scrutiny of the cell's quality control system, thereby correcting misrouting. This review covers the most important aspects that regulate folding and traffic of newly synthesized proteins, as well as the experimental approaches targeted to overcome protein misfolding, with special focus on GPCRs involved in endocrine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), National University of Mexico and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre,
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), National University of Mexico and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), National University of Mexico and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Howard SR. Interpretation of reproductive hormones before, during and after the pubertal transition-Identifying health and disordered puberty. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 95:702-715. [PMID: 34368982 PMCID: PMC9291332 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a process of transition from childhood to adult reproductive capacity, governed by the reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis after a long period of dormancy in mid-childhood. As such, the reproductive hormones are in a state of flux during the adolescent years, and interpretation of both the onset of healthy, concordant puberty and the differentiation of precocious, delayed or disordered puberty, can be challenging. This review is focused on the description of the endocrine axes in healthy puberty and the markers of disorders of puberty that can aid diagnosis and management for patients with these conditions. It will cover the hypothalamic, pituitary and gonadal hormone systems, the dynamic changes that occur during puberty, conditions leading to precocious, delayed or absent puberty and other syndromes with disordered puberty, and the biochemical diagnosis of these different disorders of puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R. Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hao M, Nie M, Yu BQ, Gao YJ, Wang X, Ma WL, Huang QB, Zhang R, Mao JF, Wu XY. Gonadotropin treatment for male partial congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in Chinese patients. Asian J Androl 2021; 22:390-395. [PMID: 31464203 PMCID: PMC7406096 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_88_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (PCHH) is caused by an insufficiency in, but not a complete lack of, gonadotropin secretion. This leads to reduced testosterone production, mild testicular enlargement, and partial pubertal development. No studies have shown the productivity of spermatogenesis in patients with PCHH. We compared the outcomes of gonadotropin-induced spermatogenesis between patients with PCHH and those with complete congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CCHH). This retrospective study included 587 patients with CHH who were treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China) from January 2008 to September 2016. A total of 465 cases were excluded from data analysis for testosterone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment, cryptorchidism, poor compliance, or incomplete medical data. We defined male patients with PCHH as those with a testicular volume of ≥4 ml and patients with a testicular volume of <4 ml as CCHH. A total of 122 compliant, noncryptorchid patients with PCHH or CCHH received combined human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin and were monitored for 24 months. Testicular size, serum luteinizing hormone levels, follicle-stimulating hormone levels, serum total testosterone levels, and sperm count were recorded at each visit. After gonadotropin therapy, patients with PCHH had a higher spermatogenesis rate (92.3%) than did patients with CCHH (74.7%). During 24-month combined gonadotropin treatment, the PCHH group took significantly less time to begin producing sperm compared with the CCHH group (median time: 11.7 vs 17.8 months, P < 0.05). In conclusion, after combined gonadotropin treatment, patients with PCHH have a higher spermatogenesis success rate and sperm concentrations and require shorter treatment periods for sperm production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Min Nie
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bing-Qing Yu
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yin-Jie Gao
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Wang
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wan-Lu Ma
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qi-Bin Huang
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Mao
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue-Yan Wu
- NHC Key laboratory of Endocrinolog, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Skrapits K, Sárvári M, Farkas I, Göcz B, Takács S, Rumpler É, Váczi V, Vastagh C, Rácz G, Matolcsy A, Solymosi N, Póliska S, Tóth B, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Culler MD, Allet C, Cotellessa L, Prévot V, Giacobini P, Hrabovszky E. The cryptic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system of human basal ganglia. eLife 2021; 10:67714. [PMID: 34128468 PMCID: PMC8245125 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human reproduction is controlled by ~2000 hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of additional ~150,000–200,000 GnRH-synthesizing cells in the human basal ganglia and basal forebrain. Nearly all extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons expressed the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Similarly, hypothalamic GnRH neurons were also cholinergic both in embryonic and adult human brains. Whole-transcriptome analysis of cholinergic interneurons and medium spiny projection neurons laser-microdissected from the human putamen showed selective expression of GNRH1 and GNRHR1 autoreceptors in the cholinergic cell population and uncovered the detailed transcriptome profile and molecular connectome of these two cell types. Higher-order non-reproductive functions regulated by GnRH under physiological conditions in the human basal ganglia and basal forebrain require clarification. The role and changes of GnRH/GnRHR1 signaling in neurodegenerative disorders affecting cholinergic neurocircuitries, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, need to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Váczi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Cecile Allet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Ludovica Cotellessa
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Lin W, Li X, Zhang L, Wang K, Cui X, Tang S, Fang G, Tan Y, Wang X, Chen C, Yang C, Tang H. A case report of congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by novel mutation of GNRHR gene. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24007. [PMID: 33592857 PMCID: PMC7870162 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE This study aimed to investigate the genetic mutation characteristics of congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) through the clinical features and genetic analysis of 2 patients with IHH in 1 pedigree. PATIENT CONCERNS A 23-year-old girl presented with primary amenorrhea, sparse pubic hair, lack of breast development, and delayed sexual development. DIAGNOSES Combined with the clinical characteristics, auxiliary examinations, and molecular genetic analysis, the patient was diagnosed as IHH. INTERVENTIONS Whole exome and Sanger sequencing were performed to validate the mutation in family members. OUTCOMES A novel homozygous missense mutation c.521A > G (p.Q174R) in the GNRHR gene was identified in the 2 affected sisters. Familial segregation showed that the homozygous variant was inherited from their parents respectively and the eldest sister was the carrier without correlative symptom. LESSONS We reported a novel GNRHR mutation in a pedigree with congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Glutamine at amino acid position 174 was highly conserved among various species. The molecular structure of GNRHR protein showed that p.Q174R mutation brought in a new stable hydrogen bond between position 174 and 215, may impede conformational mobility of the TMD4 and TMD5. It suggests that the missense mutation c.521A > G related to congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was probably a causative factor for both sisters. Through high-throughput sequencing and experimental verification, we had basically determined the patient's pathogenic mutation and inheritance, which could better guide doctors for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
| | | | - Kai Wang
- CheerLand Precision Biomed Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Guangguang Fang
- Shenzhen Dapeng New District Maternity & Child Health Hospital Department of Gynecology
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Shenzhen Dapeng New District Maternity & Child Health Hospital Department of Gynecology
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuelai Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Huiru Tang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shalev D, Melamed P. The role of the hypothalamus and pituitary epigenomes in central activation of the reproductive axis at puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111031. [PMID: 32956708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is programmed through a multifactorial gene network which works to activate the pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and subsequently elevate circulating levels of the pituitary gonadotropins that stimulate gonadal activity. Although this developmental transition normally occurs at a limited age-range in individuals of the same genetic background and environment, pubertal onset can occur prematurely or be delayed following changes in ambient conditions, or due to genetic variations or mutations, many of which have remained elusive due to their location in distal regulatory elements. Growing evidence is pointing to a pivotal role for the epigenome in regulating key genes in the reproductive hypothalamus and pituitary at this time, which might mediate some of the plasticity of pubertal timing. This review will address epigenetic mechanisms which have been demonstrated in the KNDy neurons that increase the output of pulsatile GnRH, and those involved in activation of the GnRH gene and its receptor, and describes how GnRH utilizes epigenetic mechanisms to stimulate transcription of the pituitary gonadotropin genes in the context of the chromatin landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dor Shalev
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Philippa Melamed
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Use of exogenous gonadotropins for ovulation induction in anovulatory women: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2020; 113:66-70. [PMID: 32033726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This document reviews gonadotropin treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory women and outlines the recommended pretreatment evaluation, indications, treatment regimens, and complications of gonadotropin treatment. It replaces the document with a similar name, last published in 2008 (Fertil Steril 2008;90:S7-12).
Collapse
|
15
|
Howard SR, Dunkel L. Delayed Puberty-Phenotypic Diversity, Molecular Genetic Mechanisms, and Recent Discoveries. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1285-1317. [PMID: 31220230 PMCID: PMC6736054 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in this field over the last two decades, but it remains in large part a fascinating and mysterious conundrum. The phenotype of delayed puberty is associated with adult health risks and common etiologies, and there is evidence for polygenic control of pubertal timing in the general population, sex-specificity, and epigenetic modulation. Moreover, much has been learned from comprehension of monogenic and digenic etiologies of pubertal delay and associated disorders and, in recent years, knowledge of oligogenic inheritance in conditions of GnRH deficiency. Recently there have been several novel discoveries in the field of self-limited delayed puberty, encompassing exciting developments linking this condition to both GnRH neuronal biology and metabolism and body mass. These data together highlight the fascinating heterogeneity of disorders underlying this phenotype and point to areas of future research where impactful developments can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Modulation of proteostasis and protein trafficking: a therapeutic avenue for misfolded G protein-coupled receptors causing disease in humans. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:39-52. [PMID: 33523195 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis refers to the process whereby the cell maintains in equilibrium the protein content of different compartments. This system consists of a highly interconnected network intended to efficiently regulate the synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation of newly synthesized proteins. Molecular chaperones are key players of the proteostasis network. These proteins assist in the assembly and folding processes of newly synthesized proteins in a concerted manner to achieve a three-dimensional structure compatible with export from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cell compartments. Pharmacologic interventions intended to modulate the proteostasis network and tackle the devastating effects of conformational diseases caused by protein misfolding are under development. These include small molecules called pharmacoperones, which are highly specific toward the target protein serving as a molecular framework to cause misfolded mutant proteins to fold and adopt a stable conformation suitable for passing the scrutiny of the quality control system and reach its correct location within the cell. Here, we review the main components of the proteostasis network and how pharmacoperones may be employed to correct misfolding of two G protein-coupled receptors, the vasopressin 2 receptor and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, whose mutations lead to X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans respectively.
Collapse
|
17
|
Manilall A, Stander BA, Madziva MT, Millar RP, Flanagan CA. Glu 2.53(90) of the GnRH receptor is part of the conserved G protein-coupled receptor structure and does not form a salt-bridge with Lys 3.32(121). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 481:53-61. [PMID: 30476558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
GnRH receptor mutations, Glu2.53(90)Lys and Glu2.53(90)Asp, cause congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The Glu2.53(90) side-chain has been proposed to form an intramolecular salt-bridge with Lys3.32(121), but conserved intramolecular interaction networks in G protein-coupled receptor crystal structures predict that it interacts with Ser3.35(124) and Trp6.48(280). We investigated interhelical interactions of Glu2.53(90) that stabilise GnRH receptor folding using functional analyses and computational modelling of mutant receptors. The Glu2.53(90)Asp mutant was non-functional, but mutants with hydrophobic amino acids or Arg substituted for Glu2.53(90) were functional, excluding a salt-bridge interaction. The Glu2.53(90)Arg and Trp6.48(280)Arg mutants had decreased affinity for GnRH. Models showed that congenital Glu2.53(90)Lys and Glu2.53(90)Asp mutations disrupt interactions with Ser3.35(124) and Trp6.48(280) respectively, whereas the Glu2.53(90)Arg and Trp6.48(280)Arg mutations preserve intramolecular contacts, but increase distance between the transmembrane helices. Our results show that disruption of interhelical contacts that are conserved in G protein-coupled receptors accounts for the effects of some disease-associated GnRH receptor mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashmeetha Manilall
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - B Andre Stander
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T Madziva
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Colleen A Flanagan
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Delayed pubertal onset has many etiologies, but on average two-thirds of patients presenting with late puberty have self-limited (or constitutional) delayed puberty. Self-limited delayed puberty often has a strong familial basis. Segregation analyses from previous studies show complex models of inheritance, most commonly autosomal dominant, but also including autosomal recessive, bilineal, and X-linked. Sporadic cases are also observed. Despite this, the neuroendocrine mechanisms and genetic regulation remain unclear in the majority of patients with self-limited delayed puberty. Only rarely have mutations in genes known to cause aberrations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis been identified in cases of delayed puberty, and the majority of these are in relatives of patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), for example in the FGFR1 and GNRHR genes. Using next generation sequencing in a large family with isolated self-limited delayed puberty, a pathogenic mutation in the CHH gene HS6ST1 was found as the likely cause for this phenotype. Additionally, a study comparing the frequency of mutations in genes that cause GnRH deficiency between probands with CHH and probands with isolated self-limited delayed puberty identified that a significantly higher proportion of mutations with a greater degree of oligogenicity were seen in the CHH group. Mutations in the gene IGSF10 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of familial late puberty in a large Finnish cohort. IGSF10 disruption represents a fetal origin of delayed puberty, with dysregulation of GnRH neuronal migration during embryonic development presenting for the first time in adolescence as late puberty. Some patients with self-limited delayed puberty have distinct constitutional features of growth and puberty. Deleterious variants in FTO have been found in families with delayed puberty with extremely low BMI and maturational delay in growth in early childhood. Recent exciting evidence highlights the importance of epigenetic up-regulation of GnRH transcription by a network of miRNAs and transcription factors, including EAP1, during puberty. Whilst a fascinating heterogeneity of genetic defects have been shown to result in delayed and disordered puberty, and many are yet to be discovered, genetic testing may become a realistic diagnostic tool for the differentiation of conditions of delayed puberty.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang W, Guo DY, Tao YX. Therapeutic strategies for diseases caused by loss-of-function mutations in G protein-coupled receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 161:181-210. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
The genetic control of pubertal timing has been a field of active investigation for the last decade, but remains a fascinating and mysterious conundrum. Self-limited delayed puberty (DP), also known as constitutional delay of growth and puberty, represents the extreme end of normal pubertal timing, and is the commonest cause of DP in both boys and girls. Familial self-limited DP has a clear genetic basis. It is a highly heritable condition, which often segregates in an autosomal dominant pattern (with or without complete penetrance) in the majority of families. However, the underlying neuroendocrine pathophysiology and genetic regulation has been largely unknown. Very recently novel gene discoveries from next generation sequencing studies have provided insights into the genetic mutations that lead to familial DP. Further understanding has come from sequencing genes known to cause GnRH deficiency, next generation sequencing studies in patients with early puberty, and from large-scale genome wide association studies in the general population. Results of these studies suggest that the genetic basis of DP is likely to be highly heterogeneous. Abnormalities of GnRH neuronal development, function, and its downstream pathways, metabolic and energy homeostatic derangements, and transcriptional regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may all lead to DP. This variety of different pathogenic mechanisms affecting the release of the puberty 'brake' may take place in several age windows between fetal life and puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang R, Linpeng S, Li Z, Cao Y, Tan H, Liang D, Wu L. Deficiency in GnRH receptor trafficking due to a novel homozygous mutation causes idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in three prepubertal siblings. Gene 2018; 669:42-46. [PMID: 29777911 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is characterized by low levels of gonadotropins and delayed or absent sexual development. Most of the patients are diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood. Determining the diagnosis of IHH in prepubertal patients can be challenging. Making a timely, correct diagnosis has important clinical implications. Here we aimed to identify the genetic cause of IHH in three prepubertal siblings from a Chinese Han family and give appropriate treatment advice. Using whole exome sequencing (WES), we identified a novel homozygous GNRHR mutation (NM_000406; c.364C>T, p.L122F) in two prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism and micropenis. Sanger sequencing showed that their younger asymptomatic sister also had the homozygous GNRHR mutation. This mutation was inherited from the father and the mother. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that in permeabilized cells, expression of the mutant receptor on the cell membrane was significantly lower than that of wild-type. Calcium mobilization assays demonstrated that c.364C>T in the GNRHR gene is a complete loss-of-function mutation that caused IHH. These results may contribute to the genetic diagnosis of the three prepubertal siblings with IHH. According to this diagnosis, timely hormonal treatment can be given for the three prepubertal patients to induce pubertal development, especially for the asymptomatic female.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyuan Linpeng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxi Cao
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hietamäki J, Hero M, Holopainen E, Känsäkoski J, Vaaralahti K, Iivonen AP, Miettinen PJ, Raivio T. GnRH receptor gene mutations in adolescents and young adults presenting with signs of partial gonadotropin deficiency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188750. [PMID: 29182666 PMCID: PMC5705112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic, partial loss-of-function mutations in GNRHR cause a wide spectrum of reproductive phenotypes from constitutional delay of growth and puberty to complete congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We studied the frequency of GNRHR, FGFR1, TAC3, and TACR3 mutations in nine adolescent and young adult females with clinical cues consistent with partial gonadotropin deficiency (stalled puberty, unexplained secondary amenorrhea), and describe phenotypic features and molecular genetic findings of monozygotic twin brothers with stalled puberty. Two girls out of nine (22%, 95%CI 6–55%) carried biallelic mutations in GNRHR. The girl with compound heterozygous c.317A>G p.(Gln106Arg) and c.924_926delCTT p.(Phe309del) GNRHR mutations displayed incomplete puberty and clinical signs of hypoestrogenism. The patient carrying a homozygous c.785G>A p.(Arg262Gln) mutation presented with signs of hypoestrogenism and unexplained secondary amenorrhea. None of the patients exhibited mutations in FGFR1, TAC3, or TACR3. The twin brothers, compound heterozygous for GNRHR mutations c.317A>G p.(Gln106Arg) and c.785G>A p.(Arg262Gln), presented with stalled puberty and were discordant for weight, and the heavier of them had lower testosterone levels. These results suggest that genetic testing of the GNRHR gene should be offered to adolescent females with low-normal gonadotropins and unexplained stalled puberty or menstrual dysfunction. In male patients with partial gonadotropin deficiency, excess adipose tissue may suppress hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hietamäki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (JH); (TR)
| | - Matti Hero
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Holopainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi J. Miettinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (JH); (TR)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonçalves CI, Aragüés JM, Bastos M, Barros L, Vicente N, Carvalho D, Lemos MC. GNRHR biallelic and digenic mutations in patients with normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:360-366. [PMID: 28611058 PMCID: PMC5527354 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nCHH) is a rare disorder characterised by lack of pubertal development and infertility, due to deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and, unlike Kallmann syndrome, is associated with a normal sense of smell. Mutations in the GNRHR gene cause autosomal recessive nCHH. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GNRHR mutations in a group of 40 patients with nCHH. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 40 unrelated patients with nCHH. METHODS Patients were screened for mutations in the GNRHR gene by DNA sequencing. RESULTS GNRHR mutations were identified in five of 40 patients studied. Four patients had biallelic mutations (including a novel frameshift deletion p.Phe313Metfs*3, in two families) in agreement with autosomal recessive inheritance. One patient had a heterozygous GNRHR mutation associated with a heterozygous PROKR2 mutation, thus suggesting a possible role of synergistic heterozygosity in the pathogenesis of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study further expands the spectrum of known genetic defects associated with nCHH. Although GNRHR mutations are usually biallelic and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, the presence of a monoallelic mutation in a patient should raise the possibility of a digenic/oligogenic cause of nCHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina I Gonçalves
- CICS-UBIHealth Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José M Aragüés
- Serviço de EndocrinologiaDiabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Bastos
- Serviço de EndocrinologiaDiabetes e Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barros
- Serviço de EndocrinologiaDiabetes e Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vicente
- Serviço de EndocrinologiaDiabetes e Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Serviço de EndocrinologiaDiabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de São João e Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel C Lemos
- CICS-UBIHealth Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lima Amato LG, Latronico AC, Gontijo Silveira LF. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Congenital Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:283-303. [PMID: 28476224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a clinically and genetically heterogenous disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis, secretion, or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a key hypothalamic decapeptide that orchestrates the reproductive axis. Several modes of inheritance have been identified. A growing list of causative genes has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of syndromic and nonsyndromic IHH, largely contributing for better understanding the complex neuroendocrine control of reproduction. This article summarizes the great advances of molecular genetics of IHH and pointed up the heterogeneity and complexity of the genetic basis of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Guimaraes Lima Amato
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Leticia Ferreira Gontijo Silveira
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Risk factors for a suboptimal response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger during in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:637-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Villanueva C, Argente J. Pathology or normal variant: what constitutes a delay in puberty? Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:213-21. [PMID: 25011467 DOI: 10.1159/000362600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a complex maturation process that begins during fetal life and persists until the acquisition of reproduction function. The fundamental event that activates puberty occurs in the hypothalamus. A complex neuron network stimulates GnRH secretion, which stimulates pituitary gonadotropin secretion and then gonadal steroid secretion. Pubertal delay is defined as the presentation of clinical signs of puberty 2-2.5 SD later than in the normal population. Three major groups of etiopathogeneses are described: (1) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, (2) hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and (3) constitutional delay of puberty (CDP) - the most common cause of delayed puberty in boys. The differential diagnosis between CDP and isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism remains difficult. Mechanisms of pubertal timing are now better understood and genetic or epigenetic causes can explain some pubertal delays. However, there are still unexplained mechanisms. Treatment of delayed puberty is necessary to ensure full pubertal development for the adolescent and in case of hypogonadism, to restore fertility. Finally, precocious diagnosis of hypogonadism is primordial but can be difficult during childhood and in cases of partial hypogonadism. The study of genetic pubertal diseases or of different animal models could help to discover new diagnostic or therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Villanueva
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gülekli B, Göde F, Sertkaya Z, Işık AZ. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triggering is effective, even at a low dose, for final oocyte maturation in ART cycles: Case series. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2015; 16:35-40. [PMID: 25788848 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2015.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist for final oocyte maturation in females undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (ART) cycles. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine females undergoing ovarian stimulation in a GnRH antagonist protocol who received triptorelin 0.1 mg to trigger final oocyte maturation were included. Treatment outcomes of these patients were compared with those of controls, matched for age and oocyte number (n=14), who received 0.2 mg triptorelin at the same time. The luteal phase was supported with vaginal micronized progesterone and oral estradiol hemihydrate 2 mg twice daily. RESULTS The mean (±) numbers of retrieved, metaphase II, and fertilized oocytes were 15.66±7.82, 14±7.28, and 10.11±5.86, respectively. The implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were 46.1% and 71.4%, respectively. Of the pregnancies, 2 were live births, 1 was a preterm birth (twins), 2 are on-going, and 2 ended as miscarriages. No case of OHSS was encountered. On comparison of the results of these patients (fresh cycles; n=7) with those of matched controls, there were no significant differences in terms of retrieved mature oocytes, implantation rates, or clinical pregnancy rates (p>0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that low-dose GnRH agonist triggering has similar efficacy as standard doses in terms of retrieved mature oocytes and clinical pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Gülekli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Göde
- Irenbe in Vitro Fertilization Centre, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Simonneaux V, Bahougne T. A Multi-Oscillatory Circadian System Times Female Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:157. [PMID: 26539161 PMCID: PMC4611855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythms in female reproduction are critical to insure that timing of ovulation coincides with oocyte maturation and optimal sexual arousal. This fine tuning of female reproduction involves both the estradiol feedback as an indicator of oocyte maturation, and the master circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) as an indicator of the time of the day. Herein, we are providing an overview of the state of knowledge regarding the differential inhibitory and stimulatory effects of estradiol at different stages of the reproductive axis, and the mechanisms through which the two main neurotransmitters of the SCN, arginine vasopressin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, convey daily time cues to the reproductive axis. In addition, we will report the most recent findings on the putative functions of peripheral clocks located throughout the reproductive axis [kisspeptin (Kp) neurons, gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, gonadotropic cells, the ovary, and the uterus]. This review will point to the critical position of the Kp neurons of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, which integrate both the stimulatory estradiol signal, and the daily arginine vasopressinergic signal, while displaying a circadian clock. Finally, given the critical role of the light/dark cycle in the synchronization of female reproduction, we will discuss the impact of circadian disruptions observed during shift-work conditions on female reproductive performance and fertility in both animal model and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS (UPR 3212), Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Valérie Simonneaux, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS (UPR 3212), 5 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67084, France,
| | - Thibault Bahougne
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS (UPR 3212), Strasbourg, France
- Service d’Endocrinologie et Diabète, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Forni PE, Wray S. GnRH, anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--where are we? Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:165-77. [PMID: 25306902 PMCID: PMC4703044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate the nasal placode and migrate into the brain during prenatal development. Once within the brain, these cells become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, essential for reproductive function. Disruption of this system causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). HH associated with anosmia is clinically defined as Kallman syndrome (KS). Recent work examining the developing nasal region has shed new light on cellular composition, cell interactions and molecular cues responsible for the development of this system in different species. This review discusses some developmental aspects, animal models and current advancements in our understanding of pathologies affecting GnRH. In addition we discuss how development of neural crest derivatives such as the glia of the olfactory system and craniofacial structures control GnRH development and reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beneduzzi D, Trarbach EB, Min L, Jorge AAL, Garmes HM, Renk AC, Fichna M, Fichna P, Arantes KA, Costa EMF, Zhang A, Adeola O, Wen J, Carroll RS, Mendonça BB, Kaiser UB, Latronico AC, Silveira LFG. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mutations in patients with a wide spectrum of pubertal delay. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:838-846.e2. [PMID: 25016926 PMCID: PMC4149947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the GNRHR in patients with normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). DESIGN Molecular analysis and in vitro experiments correlated with phenotype. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) A total of 110 individuals with normosmic IHH (74 male patients) and 50 with CDGP. INTERVENTION(S) GNRHR coding region was amplified and sequenced. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Novel variants were submitted to in vitro analysis. Frequency of mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation were analyzed. Microsatellite markers flanking GNRHR were examined in patients carrying the same mutation to investigate a possible founder effect. RESULT(S) Eleven IHH patients (10%) carried biallelic GNRHR mutations. In vitro analysis of novel variants (p.Y283H and p.V134G) demonstrated complete inactivation. The founder effect study revealed that Brazilian patients carrying the p.R139H mutation shared the same haplotype. Phenotypic spectrum in patients with GNRHR mutations varied from complete GnRH deficiency to partial and reversible IHH, with a relatively good genotype-phenotype correlation. One boy with CDGP was heterozygous for the p.Q106R variant, which was not considered to be pathogenic. CONCLUSION(S) GNRHR mutations are a frequent cause of congenital normosmic IHH and should be the first candidate gene for genetic screening in this condition, especially in autosomal recessive familial cases. The founder effect study suggested that the p.R139H mutation arises from a common ancestor in the Brazilian population. Finally, mutations in GNRHR do not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of CDGP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Beneduzzi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ericka B Trarbach
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/LIM 25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/LIM 25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heraldo M Garmes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Fichna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Fichna
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karina A Arantes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética/LIM 25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine M F Costa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oluwaseun Adeola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Junping Wen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Berenice B Mendonça
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia F G Silveira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jin JM, Yang WX. Molecular regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis in males. Gene 2014; 551:15-25. [PMID: 25168889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) plays vital roles in reproduction and steroid hormone production in both sexes. The focus of this review is upon gene structures, receptor structures and the signaling pathways of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The hormones' functions in reproduction as well as consequences resulting from mutations are also summarized. Specific characteristics of hormones such as the pulsatile secretions of GnRH are also covered. The different regulators of the HPG axis are introduced including kisspeptin, activin, inhibin, follistatin, androgens and estrogen. This review includes not only their basic information, but also their unique function in the HPG axis. Here we view the HPG axis as a whole, so relations between ligands and receptors are well described crossing different levels of the HPG axis. Hormone interactions and transformations are also considered. The major information of this article is depicted in three figures summarizing the current discoveries on the HPG axis. This article systematically introduces the basic knowledge of the HPG axis and provides information of the current advances relating to reproductive hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Jin
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen DN, Ma YT, Liu H, Zhou QY, Li JD. Functional rescue of Kallmann syndrome-associated prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) mutants deficient in trafficking. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15518-26. [PMID: 24753254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the G protein-coupled prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) are known to cause Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism manifesting with delayed puberty and infertility. Some of the mutant receptors are not routed to the cell surface; instead, they are trapped in the cellular secretory pathway. The cell-permeant agonists/antagonists have been used to rescue some membrane receptors that are not targeted onto the cell membrane. Here, we chose three disease-associated mutations (W178S, G234D, and P290S), which all resulted in retention of PKR2 intracellularly. We show that a small molecule PKR2 antagonist (A457) dramatically increased cell surface expression and rescued the function of P290S PKR2, but had no effect on W178S and G234D PKR2. Furthermore, we also tested chemical chaperone glycerol on the cell surface expression and function of PKR2 mutants. Treatment with 10% glycerol significantly increased the cell surface expression and signaling of P290S and W178S PKR2. These data demonstrate that some Kallmann syndrome-associated, intracellularly retained mutant PKR2 receptors can be functionally rescued, suggesting a potential treatment strategy for patients bearing such mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Na Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China, the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Yan-Tao Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Huadie Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jia-Da Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China, the Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China, and
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Joseph NT, Tello JA, Bedecarrats GY, Millar RP. Reproductive neuropeptides: prevalence of GnRH and KNDy neural signalling components in a model avian, gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:134-43. [PMID: 23756151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diverse external and internal environmental factors are integrated in the hypothalamus to regulate the reproductive system. This is mediated through the pulsatile secretion of GnRH into the portal system to stimulate pituitary gonadotrophin secretion, which in turn regulates gonadal function. A single subpopulation of neurones termed 'KNDy neurones' located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus co-localise kisspeptin (Kiss), neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (Dyn) and are responsive to negative feedback effects of sex steroids. The co-ordinated secretion from KNDy neurones appears to modulate the pulsatile release of GnRH, acting as a proximate pacemaker. This review briefly describes the neuropeptidergic control of reproduction in the avian class, highlighting the status of reproductive neuropeptide signalling systems homologous to those found in mammalian genomes. Genes encoding the GnRH system are complete in the chicken with similar roles to the mammalian counterparts, whereas genes encoding Kiss signalling components appear missing in the avian lineage, indicating a differing set of hypothalamic signals controlling avian reproduction. Gene sequences encoding both NKB and Dyn signalling components are present in the chicken genome, but expression analysis and functional studies remain to be completed. The focus of this article is to describe the avian complement of neuropeptidergic reproductive hormones and provide insights into the putative mechanisms that regulate reproduction in birds. These postulations highlight differences in reproductive strategies of birds in terms of gonadal steroid feedback systems, integration of metabolic signals and seasonality. Also included are propositions of KNDy neuropeptide gene silencing and plasticity in utilisation of these neuropeptides during avian evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerine T Joseph
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tello JA, Kohout T, Pineda R, Maki RA, Scott Struthers R, Millar RP. Reproductive physiology of a humanized GnRH receptor mouse model: application in evaluation of human-specific analogs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E67-77. [PMID: 23632635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00624.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human GnRH receptor (GNRHR1) has a specific set of properties with physiological and pharmacological influences not appropriately modeled in laboratory animals or cell-based systems. To address this deficiency, we have generated human GNRHR1 knock-in mice and described their reproductive phenotype. Measurement of pituitary GNRHR1 transcripts from homozygous human GNRHR1 knock-in (ki/ki) mice revealed a severe reduction (7- to 8-fold) compared with the mouse Gnrhr1 in wild-type mice. ¹²⁵I-GnRH binding assays on pituitary membrane fractions corroborated reduced human GNRHR1 protein expression in ki/ki mice, as occurs with transfection of human GNRHR1 in cell lines. Female homozygous knock-in mice displayed normal pubertal onset, indicating that a large reduction in GNRHR1 expression is sufficient for this process. However, ki/ki females exhibited periods of prolonged estrous and/or metestrous and reduced fertility. No impairment was found in reproductive maturity or adult fertility in male ki/ki mice. Interestingly, the serum LH response to GnRH challenge was reduced in both knock-in males and females, indicating a reduced GNRHR1 signaling capacity. Small molecules targeting human GPCRs usually have poor activities at homologous rodent receptors, thus limiting their use in preclinical development. Therefore, we tested a human-specific GnRH1 antagonist, NBI-42902, in our mouse model and demonstrated abrogation of a GnRH1-induced serum LH rise in ki/ki mice and an absence of effect in littermates expressing the wild-type murine receptor. This novel model provides the opportunity to study the human receptor in vivo and for screening the activity of human-specific GnRH analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Tello
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brioude F, Bouligand J, Francou B, Fagart J, Roussel R, Viengchareun S, Combettes L, Brailly-Tabard S, Lombès M, Young J, Guiochon-Mantel A. Two families with normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and biallelic mutations in KISS1R (KISS1 receptor): clinical evaluation and molecular characterization of a novel mutation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53896. [PMID: 23349759 PMCID: PMC3548821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context KISS1R mutations have been reported in few patients with normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nCHH) (OMIM #146110). Objective To describe in detail nCHH patients with biallelic KISS1R mutations belonging to 2 unrelated families, and to functionally characterize a novel KISS1R mutation. Results An original mutant, p.Tyr313His, was found in the homozygous state in 3 affected kindred (2 females and 1 male) from a consanguineous Portuguese family. This mutation, located in the seventh transmembrane domain, affects a highly conserved amino acid, perturbs the conformation of the transmembrane segment, and impairs MAP kinase signaling and intracellular calcium release. In the second family, a French Caucasian male patient with nCHH was found to carry two recurrent mutations in the compound heterozygous state (p.Leu102Pro/Stop399Arg). In this man, pulsatile GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) administration restored pulsatile LH (Luteinizing Hormone) secretion and testicular hormone secretion. Later, long-term combined gonadotropin therapy induced spermatogenesis, enabling 3 successive pregnancies that resulted in 2 miscarriages and the birth of a healthy boy. Conclusion We show that a novel loss-of-function mutation (p.Tyr313His) in the KISS1R gene can cause familial nCHH, revealing the crucial role of this amino acid in KISS1R function. The observed restoration of gonadotropin secretion by exogenous GnRH administration further supports, in humans, the hypothalamic origin of the gonadotropin deficiency in this genetic form of nCHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Brioude
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Francou
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Université Paris–Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie Diabétologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Combettes
- Faculté des Sciences, INSERM UMR-S757, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Brailly-Tabard
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JY); (AGM)
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail: (JY); (AGM)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kummer NE, Feinn RS, Griffin DW, Nulsen JC, Benadiva CA, Engmann LL. Predicting successful induction of oocyte maturation after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger. Hum Reprod 2012; 28:152-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
37
|
Gürbüz F, Kotan LD, Mengen E, Şıklar Z, Berberoğlu M, Dökmetaş S, Kılıçlı MF, Güven A, Kirel B, Saka N, Poyrazoğlu Ş, Cesur Y, Doğan M, Özen S, Özbek MN, Demirbilek H, Kekil MB, Temiz F, Önenli Mungan N, Yüksel B, Topaloğlu AK. Distribution of gene mutations associated with familial normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2012; 4:121-6. [PMID: 22766261 PMCID: PMC3459159 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH) is characterized by failure of initiation or maintenance of puberty due to insufficient gonadotropin release, which is not associated with anosmia/hyposmia. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of causative mutations in a hereditary form of nIHH. METHODS In this prospective collaborative study, 22 families with more than one affected individual (i.e. multiplex families) with nIHH were recruited and screened for genes known or suspected to be strong candidates for nIHH. RESULTS Mutations were identified in five genes (GNRHR, TACR3, TAC3, KISS1R, and KISS1) in 77% of families with autosomal recessively inherited nIHH. GNRHR and TACR3 mutations were the most common two causative mutations occurring with about equal frequency. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in these five genes account for about three quarters of the causative mutations in nIHH families with more than one affected individual. This frequency is significantly greater than the previously reported rates in all inclusive (familial plus sporadic) cohorts. GNRHR and TACR3 should be the first two genes to be screened for diagnostic purposes. Identification of causative mutations in the remaining families will shed light on the regulation of puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gürbüz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - L. Damla Kotan
- Çukurova University Institute of Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Şıklar
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sebila Dökmetaş
- Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kılıçlı
- Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ayla Güven
- Göztepe Educational and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Birgül Kirel
- Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nurçin Saka
- İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükran Poyrazoğlu
- İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Cesur
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Doğan
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Van, Turkey
| | - Samim Özen
- Mersin Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Özbek
- Diyarbakır Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Diyarbakır Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - M. Burcu Kekil
- Çukurova University Institute of Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Temiz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Önenli Mungan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yüksel
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Kemal Topaloğlu
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
,
Çukurova University Institute of Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Adana, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence :growth Phone : +90 322 338 70 83 E-mail :
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tello JA, Newton CL, Bouligand J, Guiochon-Mantel A, Millar RP, Young J. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to GnRH receptor mutations in three brothers reveal sites affecting conformation and coupling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38456. [PMID: 22679506 PMCID: PMC3367945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is characterized by low gonadotropins and failure to progress normally through puberty. Mutations in the gene encoding the GnRH receptor (GNRHR1) result in CHH when present as compound heterozygous or homozygous inactivating mutations. This study identifies and characterizes the properties of two novel GNRHR1 mutations in a family in which three brothers display normosmic CHH while their sister was unaffected. Molecular analysis in the proband and the affected brothers revealed two novel non-synonymous missense GNRHR1 mutations, present in a compound heterozygous state, whereas their unaffected parents possessed only one inactivating mutation, demonstrating the autosomal recessive transmission in this kindred and excluding X-linked inheritance equivocally suggested by the initial pedigree analysis. The first mutation at c.845 C>G introduces an Arg substitution for the conserved Pro 282 in transmembrane domain (TMD) 6. The Pro282Arg mutant is unable to bind radiolabeled GnRH analogue. As this conserved residue is important in receptor conformation, it is likely that the mutation perturbs the binding pocket and affects trafficking to the cell surface. The second mutation at c.968 A>G introduces a Cys substitution for Tyr 323 in the functionally crucial N/DPxxY motif in TMD 7. The Tyr323Cys mutant has an increased GnRH binding affinity but reduced receptor expression at the plasma membrane and impaired G protein-coupling. Inositol phosphate accumulation assays demonstrated absent and impaired Gαq/11 signal transduction by Pro282Arg and Tyr323Cys mutants, respectively. Pretreatment with the membrane permeant GnRHR antagonist NBI-42902, which rescues cell surface expression of many GNRHR1 mutants, significantly increased the levels of radioligand binding and intracellular signaling of the Tyr323Cys mutant but not Pro282Arg. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that both mutants are present on the cell membrane albeit at low levels. Together these molecular deficiencies of the two novel GNRHR1 mutations lead to the CHH phenotype when present as a compound heterozygote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Tello
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Newton
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerome Bouligand
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail: (RPM); (JY)
| | - Jacques Young
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud UMR-S693, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U693, IFR93, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail: (RPM); (JY)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schang AL, Quérat B, Simon V, Garrel G, Bleux C, Counis R, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Laverrière JN. Mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific and regulated activity of the Gnrhr promoter in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:162. [PMID: 23248618 PMCID: PMC3521148 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) plays a central role in the development and maintenance of reproductive function in mammals. Following stimulation by GnRH originating from the hypothalamus, GnRHR triggers multiple signaling events that ultimately stimulate the synthesis and the periodic release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing-stimulating hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) which, in turn, regulate gonadal functions including steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. The concentration of GnRHR at the cell surface is essential for the amplitude and the specificity of gonadotrope responsiveness. The number of GnRHR is submitted to strong regulatory control during pituitary development, estrous cycle, pregnancy, lactation, or after gonadectomy. These modulations take place, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. To analyze this facet of the reproductive function, the 5' regulatory sequences of the gene encoding the GnRHR have been isolated and characterized through in vitro and in vivo approaches. This review summarizes results obtained with the mouse, rat, human, and ovine promoters either by transient transfection assays or by means of transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Noël Laverrière
- *Correspondence: Jean-Noël Laverrière, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC CNRS 4413, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7007, 4 rue MA Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Beate K, Joseph N, Nicolas DR, Wolfram K. Genetics of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: role of GnRH receptor and other genes. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:147893. [PMID: 22229029 PMCID: PMC3249753 DOI: 10.1155/2012/147893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key player in normal puberty and sexual development and function. Genetic causes of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) have been identified during the recent years affecting the synthesis, secretion, or action of GnRH. Developmental defects of GnRH neurons and the olfactory bulb are associated with hyposmia, rarely associated with the clinical phenotypes of synkinesia, cleft palate, ear anomalies, or choanal atresia, and may be due to mutations of KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8, PROKR2/PROK2, or CHD7. Impaired GnRH secretion in normosmic patients with IHH may be caused by deficient hypothalamic GPR54/KISS1, TACR3/TAC3, and leptinR/leptin signalling or mutations within the GNRH1 gene itself. Normosmic IHH is predominantly caused by inactivating mutations in the pituitary GnRH receptor inducing GnRH resistance, while mutations of the β-subunits of LH or FSH are very rare. Inheritance of GnRH deficiency may be oligogenic, explaining variable phenotypes. Future research should identify additional genes involved in the complex network of normal and disturbed puberty and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karges Beate
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- *Karges Beate:
| | - Neulen Joseph
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - de Roux Nicolas
- INSERM U676, Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Karges Wolfram
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chan YM. A needle in a haystack: mutations in GNRH1 as a rare cause of isolated GnRH deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 346:51-6. [PMID: 21722705 PMCID: PMC3771665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
GNRH1, the human gene that gives rise to GnRH, has long been an obvious candidate gene for idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, particularly because the hpg mouse, a mouse model of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, carries a deletion that disrupts Gnrh1. In 2009, 25 years after the sequence of human GNRH1 was initially determined, two groups independently reported homozygous frameshift mutations in GNRH1 in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In two additional families, heterozygous GNRH1 mutations segregated with reproductive disorders. In the first family, the mutation occurred alone in five female subjects with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, whereas in the second it co-existed with a mutation in NR0B1/DAX1 in two female subjects with delayed puberty. While hemizygous mutations the X-linked NR0B1 are a well-known cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and adrenal hypoplasia in male patients, heterozygous female carriers are generally asymptomatic. Thus, mutations in GNRH1 have been associated with both mild and severe forms of GnRH deficiency, and may work in combination with other gene mutations to produce GnRH-deficient phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ming Chan
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| |
Collapse
|