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Cozma D, Siatra P, Bornstein SR, Steenblock C. Sensitivity of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis in Metabolic Diseases. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:65-77. [PMID: 38171373 DOI: 10.1055/a-2201-6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are prevalent in modern society and have reached pandemic proportions. Metabolic diseases have systemic effects on the body and can lead to changes in the neuroendocrine stress axis, the critical regulator of the body's stress response. These changes may be attributed to rising insulin levels and the release of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue, which affect hormone production by the neuroendocrine stress axis. Chronic stress due to inflammation may exacerbate these effects. The increased sensitivity of the neuroendocrine stress axis may be responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome, providing a possible explanation for the high prevalence of severe comorbidities such as heart disease and stroke associated with metabolic disease. In this review, we address current knowledge of the neuroendocrine stress axis in response to metabolic disease and discuss its role in developing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cozma
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Panagiota Siatra
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Higgs JA, Quinn AP, Seely KD, Richards Z, Mortensen SP, Crandall CS, Brooks AE. Pathophysiological Link between Insulin Resistance and Adrenal Incidentalomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084340. [PMID: 35457158 PMCID: PMC9032410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas are incidentally discovered adrenal masses greater than one centimeter in diameter. An association between insulin resistance and adrenal incidentalomas has been established. However, the pathophysiological link between these two conditions remains incompletely characterized. This review examines the literature on the interrelationship between insulin resistance and adrenal masses, their subtypes, and related pathophysiology. Some studies show that functional and non-functional adrenal masses elicit systemic insulin resistance, whereas others conclude the inverse. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and the anabolic effects on adrenal gland tissue, which have insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors, offer possible pathophysiological links. Conversely, autonomous adrenal cortisol secretion generates visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Further investigation into the mechanisms and timing of these two pathologies as they relate to one another is needed and could be valuable in the prevention, detection, and treatment of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Higgs
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Alyssa P. Quinn
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Kevin D. Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeke Richards
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Shad P. Mortensen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Cody S. Crandall
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (J.A.H.); (A.P.Q.); (Z.R.); (S.P.M.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Amanda E. Brooks
- Department of Research and Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA;
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Grob F, Clark J, Zacharin M. Severe Fibrous Dysplasia in McCune-Albright Syndrome: A Need for Continuous Surveillance. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:402-408. [PMID: 33264775 DOI: 10.1159/000511752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare condition, in which GNAS mutations affect multiple organs. Fibrous dysplasia (FD), affecting only one or multiple skeletal territories, may severely affect craniofacial structures. Concomitant occurrence of acromegaly aggravates skull deformity, leading to eye, ear, and posterior cranial fossa compromise. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old man diagnosed with MAS at the age of 3 developed almost all known complications of the syndrome. The craniofacial component of his polyostotic FD increased over time, aggravated by difficult to control acromegaly. Acute onset of severe headache and neurologic compromise, caused by subarachnoid haemorrhage, caused his demise. Post-mortem examination revealed a meningeal artery aneurysm caused by disruption of the intracranial vasculature by severe bone disease. Adrenal histology revealed nodular hyperplasia without clinical evidence of hypercortisolism. DISCUSSION The post-mortem findings described aid understanding of the multiorgan involvement of MAS, providing new insights into possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the systemic effects of GNAS mutations, and highlight a need for systematic surveillance for cerebrovascular changes in craniofacial FD that may be amenable to intervention to avoid catastrophic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Grob
- Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
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Jarzembowski JA. New Prognostic Indicators in Pediatric Adrenal Tumors: Neuroblastoma and Adrenal Cortical Tumors, Can We Predict When These Will Behave Badly? Surg Pathol Clin 2020; 13:625-641. [PMID: 33183724 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric adrenal tumors are unique entities with specific diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic challenges. The adrenal medulla gives rise to peripheral neuroblastic tumors (pNTs), pathologically defined by their architecture, stromal content, degree of differentiation, and mitotic-karyorrhectic index. Successful risk stratification of pNTs uses patient age, stage, tumor histology, and molecular/genetic aberrations. The adrenal cortex gives rise to adrenocortical tumors (ACTs), which present diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Histologic features that signify poor prognosis in adults can be meaningless in children, who have superior outcomes. The key clinical, pathologic, and molecular findings of pediatric ACTs have yet to be completely identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Jarzembowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Kar A, Wierman ME, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K. Update on in-vivo preclinical research models in adrenocortical carcinoma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:170-176. [PMID: 32304391 PMCID: PMC8103733 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances on development of in vivo preclinical models of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has been achieved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of adrenocortical tumorigenesis over the last decade, and recent comprehensive profiling analysis of ACC tumors identified several genetic and molecular drivers of this disease. Therapeutic breakthroughs, however, have been limited because of the lack of preclinical models recapitulating the molecular features and heterogeneity of the tumors. Recent publications on genetically engineered mouse models and development of patient-derived ACC xenografts in both nude mice and humanized mice now provide researchers with novel tools to explore therapeutic targets in the context of heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment in human ACC. SUMMARY We review current in-vivo models of ACC and discuss potential therapeutic opportunities that have emerged from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora
| | - Margaret E. Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Tan HX, Yang SL, Li MQ, Wang HY. Autophagy suppression of trophoblast cells induces pregnancy loss by activating decidual NK cytotoxicity and inhibiting trophoblast invasion. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:73. [PMID: 32398034 PMCID: PMC7218578 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crosstalk between trophoblast cells and decidual NK cells plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. Recent studies reported that autophagy can induce immune tolerance at the maternal fetal interface, while the mechanism remains unclear. METHODS Autophagy levels in the villi of normal and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) patients were detected by transmission electron microscopy. After co-cultured with trophoblast cells pretreated with 3-MA or rapamycin, NK cells were collected and the expression of killer receptors was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The invasiveness of trophoblasts was tested by Cell invasion assay. RESULTS Compared with elective pregnancy termination patients, the level of autophagy in the villi of RSA patients was significantly decreased. Inducing the autophagy level in trophoblast cells with rapamycin could significantly inhibit the cytotoxicity of NK cells in the co-culture system, and supplement of IGF-2 could rectify this effect. Meanwhile, autophagy suppression of trophoblasts reduced the level of Paternally Expressed Gene 10 (PEG10), leading to the impairment of trophoblast cell invasion. In addition, NK cells educated by autophagy-inhibited trophoblasts further decreased the proliferation and invasiveness of trophoblasts. In pregnant mice model, injection with 3-MA promoted the cytotoxicity of uterine NK cells, and increased the embryo absorption rate. CONCLUSION Autophagy suppression of trophoblasts increase the cytotoxicity of NK cells and damage the trophoblasts invasion possibly by targeting IGF-2 and PEG10, respectively, which ultimately leads to miscarriage. Video Abstarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Tan
- Department of Gynecology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shen Yang Road 128, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Liang Yang
- Department of Gynecology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shen Yang Road 128, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Pingliang Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shen Yang Road 128, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
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Liang R, Weigand I, Lippert J, Kircher S, Altieri B, Steinhauer S, Hantel C, Rost S, Rosenwald A, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M, Sbiera S, Ronchi CL. Targeted Gene Expression Profile Reveals CDK4 as Therapeutic Target for Selected Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:219. [PMID: 32373071 PMCID: PMC7176906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are aggressive tumors with a heterogeneous prognosis and limited therapeutic options for advanced stages. This study aims to identify novel drug targets for a personalized treatment in ACC. RNA was isolated from 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ACC samples. We evaluated gene expression of 84 known cancer drug targets by reverse transcriptase quantitative real time-PCR and calculated fold change using 5 normal adrenal glands as reference (overexpression by fold change >2.0). The most promising candidate cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was investigated at protein level in 104 ACC samples and tested by in vitro experiments in two ACC cell lines (NCI-H295R and MUC1). The most frequently overexpressed genes were TOP2A (100% of cases, median fold change = 16.5), IGF2 (95%, fold change = 52.9), CDK1 (80%, fold change = 6.7), CDK4 (62%, fold change = 2.6), PLK4 (60%, fold change = 2.8), and PLK1 (52%, fold change = 2.3). CDK4 was chosen for functional validation, as it is actionable by approved CDK4/6-inhibitors (e.g., palbociclib). Nuclear immunostaining of CDK4 significantly correlated with mRNA expression (R = 0.52, P < 0.005). We exposed both NCI-H295R and MUC1 cell lines to palbociclib and found a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of cell viability, which was more pronounced in the NCI-H295R cells in line with higher CDK4 expression. Furthermore, we tested palbociclib in combination with insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin receptor inhibitor linsitinib showing an additive effect. In conclusion, we demonstrate that RNA profiling is useful to discover potential drug targets and that CDK4/6 inhibitors are promising candidates for treatment of selected patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunde Liang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Lippert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonja Steinhauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Rost
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L. Ronchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Cristina L. Ronchi ;
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8
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Pereira SS, Monteiro MP, Costa MM, Moreira Â, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Jarak I, Pignatelli D. IGF2 role in adrenocortical carcinoma biology. Endocrine 2019; 66:326-337. [PMID: 31378849 PMCID: PMC6838304 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical outcomes of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) could be improved by using novel treatment targets based on the recent advances of tumor biology knowledge. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protein expression is usually 8-80 fold higher in ACC when compared to normal adrenal glands (N-AG) or adrenocortical adenomas (ACA), despite the fact that the biological features of high vs. low IGF2 expressing ACC have not yet been well characterized. Our goal was to understand the IGF2 role in ACC biology by focusing in several cancer hallmarks, including cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and metabolism. METHODS IGF2 immunohistochemistry expression was evaluated in ACC (n = 13), non-functioning adrenocortical adenoma (ACAn) (n = 14), and N-AG (n = 9). The effects of IGF2 (50, 100 ng/mL) in cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and metabolism, as well as in MAPK/ERK and mTOR pathways activation and N-cadherin expression, were evaluated in the ACC human cell line H295R. RESULTS IGF2 expression was increased in ACC compared to ACAn and N-AG. Exposure to 100 ng/mL of IGF2 increased H295R cell proliferation and viability. mTOR inhibition reverted IGF2 triggered cell proliferation and viability while MEK/MAPK/ERK inhibition only reverted IGF2 effects on cell proliferation. IGF2 at a 50 ng/mL concentration increased the glycolytic flux and decreased glutamine consumption. CONCLUSIONS IGF2 is an excellent marker to differentiate ACC from ACAn. In addition, IGF2 was demonstrated to influence adrenocortical cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, and viability, but not the cell invasion. These data support that different IGF2 concentrations in ACC can be responsible for different biological behaviors of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M Costa
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Moreira
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Biology and Genetics of Reproduction, Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Duarte Pignatelli
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital S.João, Porto, Portugal.
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De Martino MC, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Dogan F, Janssen JAMJL, Hofste Op Bruinink D, Pivonello C, Waaijers AM, Colao A, de Krijger RR, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. IGF and mTOR pathway expression and in vitro effects of linsitinib and mTOR inhibitors in adrenocortical cancer. Endocrine 2019; 64:673-684. [PMID: 30838516 PMCID: PMC6551351 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IGF and mTOR-pathways are considered as potential targets for therapy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). This study aims to describe the IGF pathway in ACC and to explore the response to the combined treatment with the IGF1R/IR inhibitor linsitinib, and mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) in in vitro models of ACC. METHODS The protein expression level of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 17 human ACCs and the mRNA expression level of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IR isoforms A and B, IGF2R, IGF-Binding-Proteins[IGFBP]-1, 2, 3 and 6 was evaluated by RT-qPCR in 12 samples. In H295R and HAC15 ACC cell lines the combined effects of linsitinib and sirolimus or everolimus on cell survival were evaluated. RESULTS A high protein expression of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was observed in 82, 65 and 100% of samples, respectively. A high relative expression of IGF2 mRNA was found in the majority of samples. The mRNA levels of the IRA were higher than that of IRB and IGF1R in the majority of samples (75%). Linsitinib inhibits cell growth in the H295R and HAC15 cell lines and, combined with sirolimus or everolimus, linsitinib showed a significant additive effect. CONCLUSIONS In addition to IGF2 and IGF1R, ACC express IGF2R, IRA and several IGFBPs, suggesting that the interplay between the different components of the IGF pathway in ACC could be more complex than previously considered. The addition of mTOR inhibitors to linsitinib may have stronger antiproliferative effects than linsitinib alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davine Hofste Op Bruinink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Marlijn Waaijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Departments of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sydney GI, Ioakim KJ, Paschou SA. Insulin resistance and adrenal incidentalomas: A bidirectional relationship. Maturitas 2018; 121:1-6. [PMID: 30704559 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An adrenal incidentaloma (AI) is an adrenal mass incidentally found via a radiological modality, independent of an endocrinological investigation. In this review, we aimed to investigate the possible reasons behind the increased frequency in AI detection, especially in ageing populations. The pathophysiological effects of insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia and various anabolic pathways are analyzed. In addition, we review data from studies indicating an increased incidence of adrenal adenomas and carcinomas in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The establishment of obesity as a global epidemic, with a higher prevalence in the female than in the male population, coincide with data regarding AIs and the conditions may share a pathophysiological basis. Furthermore, we discuss the bidirectional association of AIs with obesity, insulin resistance and T2DM, especially in patients with autonomous cortisol secretion. Lastly, as per the definition of an AI, we touch upon the evolution of radiological imaging as another possible cause of the rise in prevalence of AIs, especially concerning the greater use and precision of computed tomography (CT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy I Sydney
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Stavroula A Paschou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, "Aghia Sophia" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Lotfi CFP, Kremer JL, dos Santos Passaia B, Cavalcante IP. The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e473s. [PMID: 30208164 PMCID: PMC6113920 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e473s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key knowledge regarding the development, growth, and growth disorders of the adrenal cortex from a molecular perspective. The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions: the cortex and the medulla. During embryological development and transition to the adult adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex acquires three different structural and functional zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling and molecules involved during adrenal cortex zonation. Equally significant is the knowledge obtained regarding the action of peptide factors involved in the maintenance of zonation of the adrenal cortex, such as peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin processing, adrenocorticotropin and N-terminal proopiomelanocortin. Findings regarding the development, maintenance and growth of the adrenal cortex and the molecular factors involved has improved the scientific understanding of disorders that affect adrenal cortex growth. Hypoplasia, hyperplasia and adrenocortical tumors, including adult and pediatric adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, are described together with findings regarding molecular and pathway alterations. Comprehensive genomic analyses of adrenocortical tumors have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as methylation alterations and the involvement of miRNAs. These findings provide a new perspective on the diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis of adrenocortical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Jean Lucas Kremer
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Barbara dos Santos Passaia
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isadora Pontes Cavalcante
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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12
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Tsatsoulis A. The Role of Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinism on the Rising Trend of Thyroid and Adrenal Nodular Disease in the Current Environment. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7030037. [PMID: 29495350 PMCID: PMC5867563 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid follicular cells, as well as adrenocortical cells, are endowed by an intrinsic heterogeneity regarding their growth potential, in response to various stimuli. This heterogeneity appears to constitute the underlying cause for the focal cell hyperplasia and eventually the formation of thyroid and adrenal nodules, under the influence of growth stimulatory factors. Among the main stimulatory factors are the pituitary tropic hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulate the growth and function of their respective target cells, and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system, that, through its mitogenic effects, can stimulate the proliferation of these cells. The predominance of one or the other of these growth stimulatory factors appears to determine the natural history of thyroid and adrenal nodular disease. Thus, iodine deficiency was, in the past, the main pathogenic factor responsible, through a transient rise in TSH secretion, for the endemic nodular goiter with the characteristic colloid thyroid nodules among the inhabitants in iodine deficient areas. The correction of iodine deficiency was followed by the elimination of endemic colloid goiter and the emergence of thyroid autoimmunity. The recent epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS), or insulin resistance syndrome, has been associated with the re-emergence of nodular thyroid disease. A parallel rise in the incidence of benign, nonfunctional adrenocortical tumors, known as adrenal incidentalomas, has also been reported in association with the manifestations of the MS. It is likely that the compensatory to insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia may be responsible for the rising trend of thyroid and adrenal nodular disease in the current environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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13
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Costa R, Carneiro BA, Tavora F, Pai SG, Kaplan JB, Chae YK, Chandra S, Kopp PA, Giles FJ. The challenge of developmental therapeutics for adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46734-46749. [PMID: 27102148 PMCID: PMC5216833 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with an estimated incidence of only 0.7 new cases per million per year. Approximately 30-70% of the patients present with advanced disease with very poor prognosis and without effective therapeutic options. In the recent years, unprecedented progresses in cancer biology and genomics have fostered the development of numerous targeted therapies for various malignancies. Immunotherapy has also transformed the treatment landscape of malignancies such as melanoma, among others. However, these advances have not brought meaningful benefits for patients with ACC. Extensive genomic analyses of ACC have revealed numerous signal transduction pathway aberrations (e.g., insulin growth factor receptor and Wnt/β-catenin pathways) that play a central role in pathophysiology. These molecular alterations have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug development. This manuscript summarizes recent discoveries in ACC biology, reviews the results of early clinical studies with targeted therapies, and provides the rationale for emerging treatment strategies such as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Costa
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabio Tavora
- Department of Pathology, Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Sachin G Pai
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason B Kaplan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Kwang Chae
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter A Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Role of Scaffold Protein Proline-, Glutamic Acid-, and Leucine-Rich Protein 1 (PELP1) in the Modulation of Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Growth. Cells 2017; 6:cells6040042. [PMID: 29112114 PMCID: PMC5755500 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PELP1 acts as an estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator that exerts an essential role in the ER's functions. ER coregulators have a critical role in the progression and response to hormonal treatment of estrogen-dependent tumors. We previously demonstrated that, in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), ERα is upregulated and that estradiol activates the IGF-II/IGF1R signaling pathways defining the role of this functional cross-talk in H295R ACC cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine if PELP1 is expressed in ACC and may play a role in promoting the interaction between ERα and IGF1R allowing the activation of pathways important for ACC cell growth. The expression of PELP1 was detected by Western blot analysis in ACC tissues and in H295R cells. H295R cell proliferation decrease was assessed by A3-(4,5-Dimethylthiaoly)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and [3H] thymidine incorporation. PELP1 is expressed in ACC tissues and in H295R cells. Moreover, treatment of H295R with E2 or IGF-II induced a multiprotein complex formation consisting of PELP1, IGF1R, ERα, and Src that is involved in ERK1/2 rapid activation. PELP1/ER/IGF1R/c-Src complex identification as part of E2- and IGF-II-dependent signaling in ACC suggests PELP1 is a novel and more efficient potential target to reduce ACC growth.
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15
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Angelousi A, Dimitriadis GK, Zografos G, Nölting S, Kaltsas G, Grossman A. Molecular targeted therapies in adrenal, pituitary and parathyroid malignancies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R239-R259. [PMID: 28400402 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumourigenesis is a relatively common event in endocrine tissues. Currently, specific guidelines have been developed for common malignant endocrine tumours, which also incorporate advances in molecular targeted therapies (MTT), as in thyroid cancer and in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine malignancies. However, there is little information regarding the role and efficacy of MTT in the relatively rare malignant endocrine tumours mainly involving the adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, pituitary, and parathyroid glands. Due to the rarity of these tumours and the lack of prospective studies, current guidelines are mostly based on retrospective data derived from surgical, locoregional and ablative therapies, and studies with systemic chemotherapy. In addition, in many of these malignancies the prognosis remains poor with individual patients responding differently to currently available treatments, necessitating the development of new personalised therapeutic strategies. Recently, major advances in the molecular understanding of endocrine tumours based on genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptome analysis have emerged, resulting in new insights into their pathogenesis and molecular pathology. This in turn has led to the use of novel MTTs in increasing numbers of patients. In this review, we aim to present currently existing and evolving data using MTT in the treatment of adrenal, pituitary and malignant parathyroid tumours, and explore the current utility and effectiveness of such therapies and their future evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Department of PathophysiologySector of Endocrinology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Division of Translational and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, UK
| | - Georgios Zografos
- Third Department of SurgeryAthens General Hospital "Georgios Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Internal Medicine IICampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of PathophysiologySector of Endocrinology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Translational and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, UK
- Department of EndocrinologyOxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley Grossman
- Department of EndocrinologyOxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Muscogiuri G, De Martino MC, Negri M, Pivonello C, Simeoli C, Orio F, Pivonello R, Colao A. Adrenal Mass: Insight Into Pathogenesis and a Common Link With Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1527-1532. [PMID: 28368448 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal mass (AM) is a common incidental finding detected during radiological investigations with an estimated incidence of 4%. Subjects with AM do not show any physical signs of adrenal hormonal excess, although they are often insulin resistant. Interestingly, apparently nonfunctioning AMs are often associated with a high prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear whether AM develops from a primary IR and compensatory hyperinsulinemia or whether IR is only secondary to the slight cortisol hypersecretion by AM. Further, the degree of IR has been directly reported to correlate to the size of AM, thus allowing one to hypothesize that compensatory hyperinsulinemia to IR could be mitogenic on the adrenal cortex acting through the activation of insulin and insulinlike growth factor 1 receptors. Thus, the aim of the present article is to review the current evidence on the link between AM and compensatory hyperinsulinemia to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Pivonello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Orio
- Department of Sports Science and Wellness, "Parthenope" University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present an update on the management of and future directions in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). RECENT FINDINGS ACC is a rare malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery remains the mainstay treatment for localized disease, but it is often not feasible in more advanced cases. There is an ongoing controversy about the routine use of adjuvant treatments after surgery. Hormonal overproduction can complicate the management and worsen the prognosis of the disease. Systemic therapy with multiple cytotoxic drugs is often combined with the adrenolytic agent mitotane. Genomic analyses of ACC revealed numerous signal transduction pathway aberrations (insulin-like growth factor 2 overexpression, TP53 mutations and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation), but so far, there has been no clinically meaningful breakthrough in targeting these genes. Immunotherapy offers hope for altering the orthodox management of cancer, and its role in ACC is being explored in multiple ongoing trials. SUMMARY Surgery by experienced team is the key treatment for localized ACC, whereas currently used chemotherapy has limited efficacy in advanced ACC. The improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ACC has not been translated into effective therapy. The development of new therapies requires collaborative effort to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeena Varghese
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer, but one that carries a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and unresponsiveness to conventional chemotherapeutic strategies. Over the past 12 years, there has been renewed interest in developing new therapies for this cancer, including identifying key signaling nodes responsible for cell proliferation. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy have generally been disappointing, although the identification of exceptional responders may lead to the identification of targeted therapies that may produce responses in subsets of patients. Agents targeted to the Wnt signaling pathway, a known player in adrenal carcinogenesis, have been developed, although they have not yet been used specifically for adrenal cancer. There is current excitement about inhibitors of acetyl-coA cholesterol acetyl transferase 1, an enzyme required for intracellular cholesterol handling, although trials are still underway. Tools to target other proteins such as Steroidogenic Factor 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin have been developed and are moving towards clinical application. SUMMARY Progress is being made in the fight against adrenocortical carcinoma with the identification of new therapeutic targets and new means by which to attack them. Continued improvement in the prognosis for patients with adrenal cancer is expected as this research continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Konda
- aDivision of OncologybDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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19
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Basham KJ, Hung HA, Lerario AM, Hammer GD. Mouse models of adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:82-97. [PMID: 26678830 PMCID: PMC4720156 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of the organogenesis, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis of the adrenal cortex has been the subject of intense study for many decades. Specifically, characterization of tumor predisposition syndromes with adrenocortical manifestations and molecular profiling of sporadic adrenocortical tumors have led to the discovery of key molecular pathways that promote pathological adrenal growth. However, given the observational nature of such studies, several important questions regarding the molecular pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors have remained. This review will summarize naturally occurring and genetically engineered mouse models that have provided novel tools to explore the molecular and cellular underpinnings of adrenocortical tumors. New paradigms of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression that have emerged from this work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Holly A Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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20
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Galac S. Cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and their relevance for human medicine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:34-9. [PMID: 26123587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in pet dogs are an attractive animal model for their human counterparts. Adrenal morphology and function are similar in dogs and humans, and adrenocortical tumours have comparable clinical and pathological characteristics. Their relatively high incidence in pet dogs represents a potential source of adrenocortical tumour tissue to facilitate research. The molecular characteristics of canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours suggest that they will be useful for the study of angiogenesis, the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, and the role of Steroidogenic Factor-1 in adrenal tumourigenesis. Pet dogs with spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours may also be useful in clinical testing of new drugs and in investigating the molecular background of adrenocortical tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Leccia F, Batisse-Lignier M, Sahut-Barnola I, Val P, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A. Mouse Models Recapitulating Human Adrenocortical Tumors: What Is Lacking? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 27471492 PMCID: PMC4945639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortex tumors are divided into benign forms, such as primary hyperplasias and adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and malignant forms or adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). Primary hyperplasias are rare causes of adrenocorticotropin hormone-independent hypercortisolism. ACAs are the most common type of adrenal gland tumors and they are rarely "functional," i.e., producing steroids. When functional, adenomas result in endocrine disorders, such as Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) or Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism). By contrast, ACCs are extremely rare but highly aggressive tumors that may also lead to hypersecreting syndromes. Genetic analyses of patients with sporadic or familial forms of adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) led to the identification of potentially causative genes, most of them being involved in protein kinase A (PKA), Wnt/β-catenin, and P53 signaling pathways. Development of mouse models is a crucial step to firmly establish the functional significance of candidate genes, to dissect mechanisms leading to tumors and endocrine disorders, and in fine to provide in vivo tools for therapeutic screens. In this article, we will provide an overview on the existing mouse models (xenografted and genetically engineered) of ACTs by focusing on the role of PKA and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in this context. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of models that have been developed heretofore and we will point out necessary improvements in the development of next generation mouse models of adrenal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Leccia
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, School of Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Pierre Val
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Antoine Martinez
- UMR6293, GReD, INSERM U1103, CNRS, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Antoine Martinez,
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22
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Altieri B, Tirabassi G, Della Casa S, Ronchi CL, Balercia G, Orio F, Pontecorvi A, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Adrenocortical tumors and insulin resistance: What is the first step? Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2785-94. [PMID: 26637955 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the onset of adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) are still largely unknown. Recently, more attention has been paid to the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system on general tumor development and progression. Increased levels of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2 are associated with tumor cell growth and increased risk of cancer promotion and progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia may play a role in adrenal tumor growth through the activation of insulin and IGF-1 receptors. Interestingly, apparently non-functioning ACTs are often associated with a high prevalence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear if ACT develops from a primary insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia or if insulin resistance is only secondary to the slight cortisol hypersecretion by ACT. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence regarding the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and adrenocortical tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Altieri
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Tirabassi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Casa
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Orio
- Department of Sports Science and Wellness, Parthenope University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fertility Techniques Structure, University Hospital S. Giovanni Di Dio E Ruggi D'aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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23
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Nielsen HM, How-Kit A, Guerin C, Castinetti F, Vollan HKM, De Micco C, Daunay A, Taieb D, Van Loo P, Besse C, Kristensen VN, Hansen LL, Barlier A, Sebag F, Tost J. Copy number variations alter methylation and parallel IGF2 overexpression in adrenal tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:953-67. [PMID: 26400872 PMCID: PMC4621769 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a hallmark of adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas. Previous studies investigating the IGF2/H19 locus have mainly focused on a single molecular level such as genomic alterations or altered DNA methylation levels and the causal changes underlying IGF2 overexpression are still not fully established. In the current study, we analyzed 62 tumors of the adrenal gland from patients with Conn's adenoma (CA, n=12), pheochromocytomas (PCC, n=10), adrenocortical benign tumors (ACBT, n=20), and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC, n=20). Gene expression, somatic copy number variation of chr11p15.5, and DNA methylation status of three differential methylated regions of the IGF2/H19 locus including the H19 imprinting control region were integratively analyzed. IGF2 overexpression was found in 85% of the ACCs and 100% of the PCCs compared to 23% observed in CAs and ACBTs. Copy number aberrations of chr11p15.5 were abundant in both PCCs and ACCs but while PCCs retained a diploid state, ACCs were frequently tetraploid (7/19). Loss of either a single allele or loss of two alleles of the same parental origin in tetraploid samples resulted in a uniparental disomy-like genotype. These copy number changes correlated with hypermethylation of the H19 ICR suggesting that the lost alleles were the unmethylated maternal alleles. Our data provide conclusive evidence that loss of the maternal allele correlates with IGF2 overexpression in adrenal tumors and that hypermethylation of the H19 ICR is a consequence thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Myrtue Nielsen
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty
| | - Alexandre How-Kit
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Carole Guerin
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Hans Kristian Moen Vollan
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty
| | - Catherine De Micco
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Antoine Daunay
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - David Taieb
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty
| | - Celine Besse
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty
| | - Lise Lotte Hansen
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Frederic Sebag
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Functional GenomicsFondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, FranceInstitute of BiomedicineAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkEndocrine and Metabolic Surgery DepartmentAP-HM La Conception, Marseille, FranceDepartment of EndocrinologyAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceDepartment of GeneticsInstitute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDivision of SurgeryTransplantation and Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayThe K G Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer ResearchInstitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayPathology DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceNuclear Endocrine Imaging and Treatment DepartmentAP-HM La Timone, Marseille, FranceCancer Research UKLondon Research Institute, London, UKDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumGenotyping FacilitiesCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, FranceDepartment of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen)University of Oslo, Ahus, Lokerod, NorwayLaboratory of Molecular BiologyAP-HM La Conception and CRN2M, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, FranceLaboratory for Epigenetics and EnvironmentCentre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
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Kool MMJ, Galac S, van der Helm N, Corradini S, Kooistra HS, Mol JA. Insulin-like growth factor--phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signaling in canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:214-24. [PMID: 25619516 PMCID: PMC4858057 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercortisolism is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, caused by a cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumor (AT) in approximately 15% of cases. In adrenocortical carcinomas of humans, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway by insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling represents a promising therapeutic target. Objectives To investigate the involvement of PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of ATs in dogs and to identify pathway components that may hold promise as future therapeutic targets or as prognostic markers. Animals Analyses were performed on 36 canine cortisol‐secreting ATs (11 adenomas and 25 carcinomas) and 15 normal adrenal glands of dogs. Methods mRNA expression analysis was performed for PI3K target genes, PI3K inhibitor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), IGFs, IGF receptors, IGF binding proteins and epidermal growth factor receptors. Mutation analysis was performed on genes encoding PTEN and PI3K catalytic subunit (PIK3CA). Results Target gene expression indicated PI3K activation in carcinomas, but not in adenomas. No amino acid‐changing mutations were detected in PTEN or PIK3CA and no significant alterations in IGF‐II or IGFR1 expression were detected. In carcinomas, ERBB2 expression tended to be higher than in normal adrenal glands, and higher expression of inhibitor of differentiation 1 and 2 (ID1 and ID2) was detected in carcinomas with recurrence within 2.5 years after adrenalectomy. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on these results, ERBB2 might be a promising therapeutic target in ATs in dogs, whereas ID1 and 2 might be valuable as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M J Kool
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This comparative review highlights animal models of adrenocortical neoplasia useful either for mechanistic studies or translational research. Three model species-mouse, ferret, and dog-are detailed. The relevance of each of these models to spontaneous and inherited adrenocortical tumors in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - David B Wilson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Advances in genomics accelerated greatly progress in the study of the genetics adrenocortical tumors. Bilateral nodular hyperplasias causing Cushing's syndrome are frequently caused by germline alterations leading to cAMP/PKA pathway activation (micronodular) and ARMC5 inactivation (macronodular). Somatic mutations of β-catenin and PRKACA are observed in non secreting or cortisol producing adenomas, respectively. Alterations of the β-catenin (CTNN1B, ZNFR3) or TP53 pathways are found in carcinomas. Mutations in cancers are more common in aggressive tumors and correlate with transcriptome or methylation profiles. Identification of these alterations helps to refine the molecular classification of these tumors and to develop molecular diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Espiard
- Cochin Institut, INSERM U1016, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Cochin Institut, CNRS UMR8104, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Paris Descartes University, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Cochin Institut, INSERM U1016, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Cochin Institut, CNRS UMR8104, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Paris Descartes University, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; Endocrinology Department, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 Rue du Fg-St-Jacques, Paris F-75014, France.
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Wanis KN, Kanthan R. Diagnostic and prognostic features in adrenocortical carcinoma: a single institution case series and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:117. [PMID: 25889798 PMCID: PMC4384320 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer, with an incidence in the literature of 0.5 to 2 cases per million population per year. Adult adrenocortical carcinoma has a poor prognosis, underscoring the importance of identifying diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods We searched our laboratory database for all cases in the past 15 years with a diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma. The original slides were then reviewed for their histopathological features. A representative paraffin block was subjected to further immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, inhibin, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), p53, and Β-catenin. These slides were scored by the study pathologist who was blinded to all clinicopathological data. In addition, a comprehensive review of the relevant English literature in the past 15 years was conducted. Results Eight cases were identified, including two adrenal sarcomatoid carcinomas. Seven of the eight cases had a disrupted reticulin network. Six of the eight tumors had >10% Ki-67 expression. Five of the eight tumors had >10% p53 expression. Positive inhibin immunohistochemical staining was seen in three of the eight tumors, and positive SF-1 staining was seen in five of the seven stained tumors. Abnormal Β-catenin intracellular accumulation was noted in four of the eight tumors. The two tumors in our series with sarcomatoid histology did not stain positively for SF-1 or inhibin. Conclusions Eight cases of adrenocortical carcinoma, including two with sarcomatoid features are presented. The two sarcomatoid adrenocortical carcinomas in our series did not stain for SF-1 which suggests a possible de novo pathway of tumorigenesis for this rare variant. The reticulin staining method was a useful tool for rapid differentiation of adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas. Diffuse p53 staining showed a trend for positive correlation with increased Ki-67 expression. Inhibin staining was inconsistently expressed in our cases of adrenocortical carcinoma. In conclusion, as adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare disease, we recommend future multicenter studies with appropriate sample sizes to further evaluate the efficacy of these diagnostic and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerollos N Wanis
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. .,Royal University Hospital, Room 2868G-Wing, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W8, Canada.
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Igaz P, Igaz I, Nagy Z, Nyírő G, Szabó PM, Falus A, Patócs A, Rácz K. MicroRNAs in adrenal tumors: relevance for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:417-428. [PMID: 25297921 PMCID: PMC11114066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the relevance of microRNAs in both adrenocortical and adrenomedullary (pheochromocytomas) tumors. Significantly differentially expressed microRNAs have been described among benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors and different forms of pheochromocytomas that might affect different pathogenic pathways. MicroRNAs can be exploited as markers of malignancy or disease recurrence. Besides tissue microRNAs, novel data show that microRNAs are released in body fluids, and blood-borne microRNAs can be envisaged as minimally invasive markers of malignancy or prognosis. MicroRNAs might even serve as treatment targets that could expand the rather-limited therapeutic repertoire in the field of adrenal tumors. In this review, we present a critical synopsis of the recent observations made in the field of adrenal tumor-associated microRNAs regarding their pathogenic, diagnostic, and potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ivan Igaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Szent Imre Teaching Hospital, Tétényi str. 12-16, 1115, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyírő
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter M Szabó
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Falus
- Department of Genetics Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad sq. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
- "Lendület-2013" Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi str. 46, 1088, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Abstract
Pathologists are highly skilled at the evaluation of adrenal neoplasms. Occasional adrenocortical tumors can be diagnostically challenging and supplementary tools can assist in these cases. Histologic and molecular studies support a model that includes 2 broad classes of adrenocortical carcinoma with distinct somatic genetic alterations and clinical outcomes. Pathologists should endeavor to grade adrenocortical carcinomas to assign each case into one of these 2 classes. Mitotic grading by mitotic counting and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry represent the most practicable and informative methods currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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30
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Mermejo LM, Leal LF, Colli LM, Fragoso MCBV, Latronico AC, Tone LG, Scrideli CA, Tucci S, Martinelli CE, Yunes JA, Mastellaro MJ, Seidinger AL, Brandalise SR, Moreira AC, Ramalho LN, Antonini SR, Castro M. Altered expression of noncanonical Wnt pathway genes in paediatric and adult adrenocortical tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:503-10. [PMID: 24717047 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) and calcium-dependent (Wnt/Ca) noncanonical Wnt pathways in adrenocortical tumours (ACTs) is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the gene expression of Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca pathways and its association with TP53 p.R337H and CTNNB1 mutations in paediatric and adult ACTs and to correlate these findings with clinical outcome. PATIENTS Expression of noncanonical Wnt-related genes was evaluated in 91 ACTs (66 children and 25 adults) by qPCR and the expression of beta-catenin, P53 and protein effectors of Wnt/Ca (NFAT) and Wnt/PCP (JNK) by immunohistochemistry. TP53 and CTNNB1 genes were sequenced. RESULTS TP53 p.R337H mutation frequency was higher in children (86% vs 28%), while CTNNB1 mutation was higher in adults (32% vs 6%). Mortality was higher in adults harbouring TP53 p.R337H and in children with CTNNB1 mutations. Overexpression of WNT5A, Wnt/Ca ligand, was observed in children and adults. Overexpression of MAPK8 and underexpression of PRICKLE, Wnt/PCP mediators, were observed in paediatric but not in adult cases. Cytoplasmic/nuclear beta-catenin and P53 accumulation was observed in the majority of paediatric and adult ACTs as well as NFAT and JNK. Overexpression of MAPK8 and underexpression of PRICKLE were associated with mortality in children, while overexpression of WNT5A and underexpression of PRICKLE were associated with mortality in adults. CONCLUSIONS In our study, TP53 p.R337H and CTNNB1 mutations correlated with poor prognosis in adults and children, respectively. We demonstrate, for the first time, the activation of Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca noncanonical pathway genes, and their association with poor outcome in children and adults, suggesting their putative involvement in ACTs aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Mermejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Guillaud-Bataille M, Ragazzon B, de Reyniès A, Chevalier C, Francillard I, Barreau O, Steunou V, Guillemot J, Tissier F, Rizk-Rabin M, René-Corail F, Ghuzlan AA, Assié G, Bertagna X, Baudin E, Le Bouc Y, Bertherat J, Clauser E. IGF2 promotes growth of adrenocortical carcinoma cells, but its overexpression does not modify phenotypic and molecular features of adrenocortical carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103744. [PMID: 25089899 PMCID: PMC4121173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) overexpression is an important molecular marker of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), which is a rare but devastating endocrine cancer. It is not clear whether IGF2 overexpression modifies the biology and growth of this cancer, thus more studies are required before IGF2 can be considered as a major therapeutic target. We compared the phenotypical, clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of ACC with or without the overexpression of IGF2, to address these issues. We also carried out a similar analysis in an ACC cell line (H295R) in which IGF2 expression was knocked down with si- or shRNA. We found no significant differences in the clinical, biological and molecular (transcriptomic) traits between IGF2-high and IGF2-low ACC. The absence of IGF2 overexpression had little influence on the activation of tyrosine kinase pathways both in tumors and in H295 cells that express low levels of IGF2. In IGF2-low tumors, other growth factors (FGF9, PDGFA) are more expressed than in IGF2-high tumors, suggesting that they play a compensatory role in tumor progression. In addition, IGF2 knock-down in H295R cells substantially impaired growth (>50% inhibition), blocked cells in G1 phase, and promoted apoptosis (>2-fold). Finally, analysis of the 11p15 locus showed a paternal uniparental disomy in both IGF2-high and IGF2-low tumors, but low IGF2 expression could be explained in most IGF2-low ACC by an additional epigenetic modification at the 11p15 locus. Altogether, these observations confirm the active role of IGF2 in adrenocortical tumor growth, but also suggest that other growth promoting pathways may be involved in a subset of ACC with low IGF2 expression, which creates opportunities for the use of other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Claire Chevalier
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Francillard
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Barreau
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Steunou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Johann Guillemot
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fernande René-Corail
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bertagna
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eric Baudin
- Département d'Imagerie Médicale, Médecine nucléaire, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eric Clauser
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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32
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Patel D, Ellis R, Howard B, Boufraqech M, Gara SK, Zhang L, Quezado MM, Nilubol N, Kebebew E. Analysis of IGF and IGFBP as Prognostic Serum Biomarkers for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3541-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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33
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare endocrine tumor with a poor prognosis. These tumors can be diagnostically challenging, and diagnostic algorithms and criteria continue to be suggested. Myxoid and oncocytic variants are important to recognize to not confuse with other tumors. In addition, the diagnostic criteria are different for oncocytic adrenal carcinomas than conventional carcinomas. Adrenocortical carcinomas usually occur in adults, but can also occur in children. In children these tumors are diagnostically challenging as the histologic features of malignancy seen in an adult tumor may not be associated with aggressive disease in a child. Adrenocortical carcinomas occur with increased frequency in Beckwith-Wiedemann and Li-Fraumeni syndromes, but most occur sporadically. Gene expression profiling by transcriptome analysis can discriminate adrenocortical carcinomas from adenomas and divide carcinomas into prognostic groups. The increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors may provide increasing treatment targets for this aggressive tumor.
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34
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Lefebvre H, Prévost G, Louiset E. Autocrine/paracrine regulatory mechanisms in adrenocortical neoplasms responsible for primary adrenal hypercorticism. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:R115-38. [PMID: 23956298 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of autocrine/paracrine bioactive signals are able to modulate corticosteroid secretion in the human adrenal gland. These regulatory factors, released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by diverse cell types comprising chromaffin cells, nerve terminals, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, and adipocytes, include neuropeptides, biogenic amines, and cytokines. A growing body of evidence now suggests that paracrine mechanisms may also play an important role in the physiopathology of adrenocortical hyperplasias and tumors responsible for primary adrenal steroid excess. These intra-adrenal regulatory systems, although globally involving the same actors as those observed in the normal gland, display alterations at different levels, which reinforce the capacity of paracrine factors to stimulate the activity of adrenocortical cells. The main modifications in the adrenal local control systems reported by now include hyperplasia of cells producing the paracrine factors and abnormal expression of the latter and their receptors. Because steroid-secreting adrenal neoplasms are independent of the classical endocrine regulatory factors angiotensin II and ACTH, which are respectively suppressed by hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism, these lesions have long been considered as autonomous tissues. However, the presence of stimulatory substances within the neoplastic tissues suggests that steroid hypersecretion is driven by autocrine/paracrine loops that should be regarded as promising targets for pharmacological treatments of primary adrenal disorders. This new potential therapeutic approach may constitute an alternative to surgical removal of the lesions that is classically recommended in order to cure steroid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 982, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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