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Lin QR, Jia LQ, Lei M, Gao D, Zhang N, Sha L, Liu XH, Liu YD. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: An update since 2010. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107054. [PMID: 38181858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized as a well-known chronic metabolic syndrome, with its associated complications pose a substantial and escalating health and healthcare challenge on a global scale. Current strategies addressing diabetes are mainly symptomatic and there are fewer available curative pharmaceuticals for diabetic complications. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel pharmacological targets and agents. The impaired mitochondria have been associated with the etiology of diabetes and its complications, and the intervention of mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive breakthrough point for the treatments of diabetes and its complications. Natural products (NPs), with multicenter characteristics, multi-pharmacological activities and lower toxicity, have been caught attentions as the modulators of mitochondrial functions in the therapeutical filed of diabetes and its complications. This review mainly summarizes the recent progresses on the potential of 39 NPs and 2 plant-extracted mixtures to improve mitochondrial dysfunction against diabetes and its complications. It is expected that this work may be useful to accelerate the development of innovative drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming therapeutics in diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru Lin
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Lian-Qun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Lei Sha
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xu-Han Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, China.
| | - Yu-Dan Liu
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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Ren G, Jiao P, Yan Y, Ma X, Qin G. Baicalin Exerts a Protective Effect in Diabetic Nephropathy by Repressing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Through the SphK1/S1P/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1193-1205. [PMID: 37131503 PMCID: PMC10149099 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s407177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Baicalin (BA) shows renal protection against DN through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. However, the molecular mechanism by which BA exerts the therapeutic effects on DN remains to be investigated. Methods The db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-induced HK-2 cells were used as the in vivo and in vitro model of DN, respectively. The effects of BA were assessed by detecting the related blood and urine biochemical parameters, kidney histopathology, inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative stress indicators, and apoptosis. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay, respectively. Related protein levels were measured by an immunoblotting method. Results In db/db model mice, BA reduced serum glucose concentration, decreased blood lipid levels, ameliorated kidney functions, and decreased histopathological changes in kidney tissues. BA also alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation in db/db mice. In addition, BA blocked the activation of sphingosine kinases type 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P)/NF-κB pathway in db/db mice. In HK-2 cells, BA hindered HG-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, while overexpression of SphK1 or S1P could reverse these effects. BA alleviated HG-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in HK-2 cells through the S1P/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, BA blocked the NF-κB signaling by diminishing p65 nuclear translocation via the SphK1/S1P pathway. Conclusion Our study strongly suggests that BA protects against DN via ameliorating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis through the SphK1/S1P/NF-κB pathway. This study provides a novel insight into the therapeutic effects of BA in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yushan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaojun Ma; Guijun Qin, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0371-66295052, Email ;
| | - Guijun Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Jia C, Ren C, Zhao X, Zhang X. Niaoduqing alleviates podocyte injury in high glucose model via regulating multiple targets and AGE/RAGE pathway: Network pharmacology and experimental validation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1047184. [PMID: 36923354 PMCID: PMC10009170 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1047184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of present study was to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Niaoduqing granules on the treatment of podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN) via network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: Active ingredients and related targets of Niaoduqing, as well as related genes of podocyte injury, proteinuria and DN, were obtained from public databases. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms. High glucose (HG) -induced MPC5 cell injury model was treated with the major core active ingredients of Niaoduqing and used to validate the predicted targets and signaling pathways. Results: Totally, 16 potential therapeutic targets were identified by intersecting the targets of Niaoduqing and disease, in which 7 of them were considered as the core targets via PPI network analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that AGE-RAGE signaling pathway was identified as the most crucial signaling pathway. The results of in vitro experiments revealed that the treatment of Niaoduqing active ingredients significantly protected MPC5 cells from HG-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Niaoduqing could significantly attenuate the HG-induced activation of AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, whereas inhibited the over-expression of VEGF-A, ICAM-1, PTGS-2 and ACE in HG-induced MPC5 cells. Conclusion: Niaoduqing might protect against podocyte injury in DN through regulating the activity of AGE/RAGE pathway and expression of multiple genes. Further clinical and animal experimental studies are necessary to confirm present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhong Ren
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xutao Zhao
- Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zhang,
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The ubiquitination of CKIP-1 mediated by Src aggravates diabetic renal fibrosis (original article). Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Karami A, Fakhri S, Kooshki L, Khan H. Polydatin: Pharmacological Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, Biological Activities, and Health Benefits. Molecules 2022; 27:6474. [PMID: 36235012 PMCID: PMC9572446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydatin is a natural potent stilbenoid polyphenol and a resveratrol derivative with improved bioavailability. Polydatin possesses potential biological activities predominantly through the modulation of pivotal signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Various imperative biological activities have been suggested for polydatin towards promising therapeutic effects, including anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, as well as health-promoting roles on the renal system, the respiratory system, rheumatoid diseases, the skeletal system, and women's health. In the present study, the therapeutic targets, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and health benefits of polydatin are reviewed to provide new insights to researchers. The need to develop further clinical trials and novel delivery systems of polydatin is also considered to reveal new insights to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karami
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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Luo J, Chen S, Wang L, Zhao X, Piao C. Pharmacological effects of polydatin in the treatment of metabolic diseases: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154161. [PMID: 35636169 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic diseases (MDs), a series of chronic disorders, severely decreases the quality of life for patients but also cause a heavy economic burden. Emerging evidence suggests that Polydatin (PD), an important glucoside of resveratrol, is widely distributed in many plants and has shown good therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. PURPOSE To review the PD discovered before 2021 and their potential to treat metabolic diseases. The activities against diabetes, Obesity, atherosclerosis, NAFLD, NASH, hyperlipidemia, and gout with special emphasis on pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, possible roles in current medicine, and future perspectives are discussed. METHODS A comprehensive search of published literature was conducted to locate original publications pertaining to polydatin and MDs through the end of 2021 using MEDLINE, Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, Scholar, and CNKI databases. The main inquiry used was for the presence of the following keywords in various combinations in the abstracts: 'Polydatin', 'Metabolic diseases', 'Pharmacology', 'Toxicology', 'Pharmacokinetics', 'Diabetes', 'Obesity', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', 'Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis', 'Hyperlipidemia', and 'Gout'. RESULTS The search yielded 987 articles, of which 33 articles were included in this review. Studies have revealed that PD can promote insulin secretion, alleviate insulin resistance, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, reduce liver lipid deposition, inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and decrease uric acid deposition in preclinical experiments. The underlying mechanisms of PD in treatment MDs may be attributed to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including. NF-κB, AGEs/RAGE, MAPK/ERK, AMPK/LDLR, IRS1/PI3K/AKT, LKB1/AMPK, PPARβ-NO, SIRT1-PGC-1α-SOD2, PKC, etc., The pharmacokinetic profiles of PD provide valuable information on therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the available reports and evidence which support the use of PD as a potential candidate in the treatment of MDs and provides an overview of the modulatory effects of PD in metabolic diseases and cell signaling pathways, which may have important implications in its future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Luo
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chunli Piao
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Ueda N. A Rheostat of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate as a Determinant of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074010. [PMID: 35409370 PMCID: PMC9000186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate sphingolipid metabolism, including enzymes that generate ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and a ROS-antioxidant rheostat determines the metabolism of ceramide-S1P. ROS induce ceramide production by activating ceramide-producing enzymes, leading to apoptosis, while they inhibit S1P production, which promotes survival by suppressing sphingosine kinases (SphKs). A ceramide-S1P rheostat regulates ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic/anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis, survival, cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Ceramide inhibits the mitochondrial respiration chain and induces ceramide channel formation and the closure of voltage-dependent anion channels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, altered Bcl-2 family protein expression, ROS generation and disturbed calcium homeostasis. This activates ceramide-induced signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis. These events are mitigated by S1P/S1P receptors (S1PRs) that restore mitochondrial function and activate signaling pathways. SphK1 promotes survival and cell proliferation and inhibits inflammation, while SphK2 has the opposite effect. However, both SphK1 and SphK2 promote fibrosis. Thus, a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat modulates oxidant-induced kidney injury by affecting mitochondrial function, ROS production, Bcl-2 family proteins, calcium homeostasis and their downstream signaling pathways. This review will summarize the current evidence for a role of interaction between ROS-antioxidants and ceramide-SphKs/S1P and of a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat in the regulation of oxidative stress-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan 924-8588, Japan
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Polydatin Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9947191. [PMID: 35075382 PMCID: PMC8783728 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9947191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used in the treatment of solid tumors, but its application is greatly limited due to its nephrotoxicity; thus, there is still no effective medicine for the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (Cis-AKI). We previously identified that polydatin (PD) exerts nephroprotective effects by antioxidative stress in AKI models. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress-induced molecular events overlap with the process of ferroptosis and that there are common molecular targets, such as glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation. Nevertheless, whether the nephroprotective effect of PD is related to anti-ferroptosis remains unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effect of PD on ferroptosis was observed in both cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells (20 μM) in vitro and a Cis-AKI mouse model (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in vivo, characterized by the reversion of excessive intracellular free iron accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and GSH depletion, and an increase in glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4) activity. Remarkably, PD dose-dependently alleviated cell death induced by the system Xc− inhibitor erastin (10 μM), and the effect of the 40 μM dose of PD was more obvious than that of ferrostatin-1 (1 μM) and deferoxamine (DFO, 100 μM), classical ferroptosis inhibitors. Our results provide insight into nephroprotection with PD in Cis-AKI by inhibiting ferroptosis via maintenance of the system Xc−-GSH-GPx4 axis and iron metabolism.
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Polydatin Alleviates Diabetes-Induced Hyposalivation through Anti-Glycation Activity in db/db Mouse. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010051. [PMID: 35056946 PMCID: PMC8777620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydatin (resveratrol-3-O-β-mono-D-glucoside) is a polyphenol that can be easily accessed from peanuts, grapes, and red wine, and is known to have antiglycation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Diabetes mellitus is a very common disease, and diabetic complications are very common complications. The dry mouth symptom is one of the most common oral complaints in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is thought to promote hyposalivation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the improvement effect of polydatin on diabetes-induced hyposalivation in db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes. We examined salivary flow rate, TUNEL assay, PAS staining, and immunohistochemical staining for AGEs, RAGE, HMGB1, 8-OHdG, and AQP5 to evaluate the efficacy of polydatin in the submandibular salivary gland. Diabetic db/db mice had a decreased salivary flow rate and salivary gland weight. The salivary gland of the vehicle-treated db/db mice showed an increased apoptotic cell injury. The AGEs were highly accumulated, and its receptor, RAGE expression was also enhanced. Expressions of HMGB1, an oxidative cell damage marker, and 8-OHdG, an oxidative DNA damage marker, increased greatly. However, polydatin ameliorated this hypofunction of the salivary gland and inhibited diabetes-related salivary cell injury. Furthermore, polydatin improved mucin accumulation, which is used as a damage marker for salivary gland acinar cells, and decreased expression of water channel AQP5 was improved by polydatin. In conclusion, polydatin has a potent protective effect on diabetes-related salivary gland hypofunction through its antioxidant and anti-glycation activities, and its AQP5 upregulation. This result suggests the possibility of the use of polydatin as a therapeutic drug to improve hyposalivation caused by diabetes.
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Ye P, Wu H, Jiang Y, Xiao X, Song D, Xu N, Ma X, Zeng J, Guo Y. Old dog, new tricks: Polydatin as a multitarget agent for current diseases. Phytother Res 2021; 36:214-230. [PMID: 34936712 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polydatin (PD) is a natural single-crystal product that is primarily extracted from the traditional plant Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Early research showed that PD exhibited a variety of biological activities. PD has attracted increasing research interest since 2014, but no review comprehensively summarized the new findings. A great gap between its biological activities and drug development remains. It is necessary to summarize new findings on the pharmacological effects of PD on current diseases. We propose that PD will most likely be used in cardiac and cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion-related diseases and atherosclerosis in the future. The present work classified these new findings according to diseases and summarized the main effects of PD via specific mechanisms of action. In summary, we found that PD played a therapeutic role in a variety of diseases, primarily via five mechanisms: antioxidative effects, antiinflammatory effects, regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, maintenance of mitochondrial function, and lipid regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Mastrocola R, Dal Bello F, Cento AS, Gaens K, Collotta D, Aragno M, Medana C, Collino M, Wouters K, Schalkwijk CG. Altered hepatic sphingolipid metabolism in insulin resistant mice: Role of advanced glycation endproducts. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:425-435. [PMID: 33905864 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High plasma levels of the sphingolipid intermediates ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are suggested to be involved in the development of insulin resistance (IR). Recent evidence indicates that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) can alter the sphingolipids metabolism equilibrium. Since enzymes responsible for sphingolipid rheostat maintenance are highly expressed in liver, we thus investigated whether AGEs accumulation can affect hepatic sphingolipids metabolism in insulin resistant mice. Two different models of IR were examined: genetically diabetic LeptrDb-/- (DbDb) and diet-induced insulin resistant C57Bl/6J mice fed a 60% trans-fat diet (HFD). In addition, a group of HFD mice was supplemented with the anti-AGEs compound pyridoxamine. AGEs were evaluated in the liver by western blotting. Cer and S1P were measured by UHPLC-MS/MS. The expression of RAGE and of enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism were assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. HepG2 cells were used to study the effect of the major AGE Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML)-albumin on sphingolipid metabolism and the role of the receptor of AGEs (RAGE). High levels of AGEs and RAGE were detected in the liver of both DbDb and HFD mice in comparison to controls. The expression of enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism was altered in both models, accompanied by increased levels of Cer and S1P. Specifically, ceramide synthase 5 and sphingosine kinase 1 were increased, while neutral ceramidase was reduced. Pyridoxamine supplementation to HFD mice diminished hepatic AGEs and prevented alterations of sphingolipid metabolism and the development of IR. CML administration to HepG2 cells evoked alterations similar to those observed in vivo, that were in part mediated by the binding to RAGE. The present study shows a direct involvement of AGEs in alterations of sphingolipid metabolism associated to the development of IR. The modulation of sphingolipids metabolism through the prevention of AGEs accumulation by pyridoxamine may reduce the development of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mastrocola
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy; Dept. of Internal Medicine, MUMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht (CARIM), the Netherlands.
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia S Cento
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Katrien Gaens
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, MUMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht (CARIM), the Netherlands
| | - Debora Collotta
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Collino
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, MUMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht (CARIM), the Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, MUMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht (CARIM), the Netherlands
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Zhao M, Yu Y, Wang R, Chang M, Ma S, Qu H, Zhang Y. Mechanisms and Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Medicines in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:619201. [PMID: 33854427 PMCID: PMC8039908 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the current treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited, it is necessary to seek more effective and safer treatment methods, such as Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs). In order to clarify the modern theoretical basis and molecular mechanisms of CHMs, we reviewed the knowledge based on publications in peer-reviewed English-language journals, focusing on the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy-mediated and antifibrotic effects of CHMs commonly used in kidney disease. We also discussed recently published clinical trials and meta-analyses in this field. Based on recent studies regarding the mechanisms of kidney disease in vivo and in vitro, CHMs have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy-mediated, and antifibrotic effects. Several well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses demonstrated that the use of CHMs as an adjuvant to conventional medicines may benefit patients with CKD. Unknown active ingredients, low quality and small sample sizes of some clinical trials, and the safety of CHMs have restricted the development of CHMs. CHMs is a potential method in the treatment of CKD. Further study on the mechanism and well-conducted RCTs are urgently needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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SNHG15 knockdown inhibits diabetic nephropathy progression in pediatric patients by regulating the miR-141/ICAM-1 axis in vitro. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227697. [PMID: 33506255 PMCID: PMC7871034 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are confirmed to be involved in modulating diabetic nephropathy (DN). The present study is aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) on pediatric DN. Human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs) were exposed to high glucose (HG) to produce an in vitro model. The results showed that SNHG15 was remarkably up-regulated in pediatric DN tissues and HG-induced HGMCs. Functional experiments indicated that both silencing of SNHG15 and overexpression of miR-141 elevated the cell viability, and suppressed the inflammation in HG-induced HGMCs. SNHG15 was identified to be a lncRNA that could bind to miR-141, and ICAM-1 was a downstream target gene of miR-141. Both the low expression of miR-141 and high expression of ICAM-1 reversed the inhibiting effect of SNHG15 knockdown on inflammatory response, and the promoting effect on cell viability. To conclude, our study revealed that silencing of SNHG15 ameliorated the malignant behaviors of pediatric DN via modulating the miR-141/ICAM-1 axis in vitro.
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14
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Abd El-Hameed AM. Polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:1599-1607. [PMID: 33520856 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In various developed countries, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the principal cause of end-stage kidney disease and a main reason of injury and mortality in individuals with renal morbidity worldwide. Polydatin (POL) has been evaluated as a potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and a nephroprotective agent. In spite of this, the possible benefits and protective effects of POL on early diabetic nephropathy are not quite clarified. For the effective clearance from the body besides safe drug delivery, biodegradable nanoparticles have interesting attraction. This work was designed to evaluate the positive effect and possible mechanisms of Polydatin-loaded Chitosan-Nanoparticles (POL-NPs) on early DN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Followed the induction of diabetes, rats classified into four groups, diabetic control and diabetic rats treated daily and orally with; POL, Polydatin-loaded chitosan-Nanoparticles (POL-NPs), plus normal control rats. Our findings showed that diabetic group presented a significant high level of the blood glucose, blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin, renal function related parameters, renal Advanced glycation-end products (AGEs) and lipid peroxidation level compared to normal control rats, while serum albumin level and the activities of renal antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased. Moreover, in the kidney of diabetic rat mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) were up-regulated. Besides, increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18) and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). POL and POL-NPs supplementation were significantly attenuate the above-mention results and returned the normal equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, POL and POL-NPs have antidiabetic effect, suppresses oxidative stress and mitigates renal inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB in diabetic kidney in early progressive DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Abd El-Hameed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Division, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Mostafa F, Abdel-Moneim A, Abdul-Hamid M, Galaly SR, Mohamed HM. Polydatin and polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:135-152. [PMID: 33389430 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is associated with impairment of heart function. The current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PD-CSNPs), polydatin (PD) and metformin (MET) on diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Rats divided into six groups; normal-control, diabetic-control, diabetic + CSNPs (diabetic rats treated with 50 mg/kg blank chitosan nanoparticles), diabetic + PD-CSNPs (diabetic rats treated with PD-CSNPs equivalent to 50 mg/kg of polydatin), diabetic + PD (diabetic rats given 50 mg/kg polydatin), diabetic + MET (diabetic rats given 100 mg/kg metformin), orally and daily for 4 weeks. Treatment of diabetic rats with PD-CSNPs, PD and MET showed a significant reduction in the values of glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin with improvement in heart function biomarkers through decreasing serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase myocardial band activities compared to diabetic control. The treatment agents also suppressed the elevated lipid peroxidation product, increased values of glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, superoxide peroxidase, and catalase activities in the heart of diabetic treated rats. Furthermore, PD-CSNPs, PD and MET decreased heart tissue levels of a pro-inflammatory cytokine; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor-kappa β, upregulation of heart gene expressions; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1. Histological and ultrastructural examinations revealed the ameliorative effect of PD-CSNPs, PD and MET against the harmful of diabetic cardiomyopathy by reducing the cardiac fibers, necrotic cardiac myocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the arrangement of the myofibrils and intercalated discs. In conclusion, the new formula of PD-CSNPs was more effective than PD and MET in amelioration the diabetic cardiomyopathy through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prolonged-release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Mostafa
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem St, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sanaa R Galaly
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Mohamed
- Genetic and Molecular Genetic Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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16
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Lan T, Zhuang L, Li S, Yang G, Xuan Y, Guo J. Polydatin attenuates hepatic stellate cell proliferation and liver fibrosis by suppressing sphingosine kinase 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110586. [PMID: 34321171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) plays critical roles in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver fibrosis. Our previous study found that polydatin ameliorates chronic liver injury and fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress. However, whether polydatin exerts an anti-fibrotic effect on liver fibrosis dependent on SphK1 signaling is unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of polydatin in SphK1, which mediates HSC activation and liver fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice were induced using CCl4 5 μL g-1 i.p. twice a week for 6 weeks and treated with or without polydatin. Human immortalized HSC line (LX-2) was induced using platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or adenovirus-SphK1 and treated with polydatin. Hepatic macrophage filtration, collagen deposition, expression of α-smooth muscle, active caspase-3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells were markedly increased in mice induced by CCl4 for 6 weeks. In contrast, polydatin attenuated collagen synthesis and hepatocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, polydatin exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity against PDGF-BB-induced activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). SphK1 was strongly induced in mice exposed to CCl4, whereas its expression and activity were inhibited by polydatin treatment. Finally, SphK1 overexpression in LX-2 cells promoted proliferation of activated HSCs, which could not be reversed by polydatin treatment. These results demonstrate that polydatin attenuates HSC proliferation and activation through inhibition of SphK1 signaling, contributing to the suppression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lihang Zhuang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengwen Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xuan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of "Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases", Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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17
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Nicholson RJ, Pezzolesi MG, Summers SA. Rotten to the Cortex: Ceramide-Mediated Lipotoxicity in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:622692. [PMID: 33584550 PMCID: PMC7876379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.622692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent and progressive comorbidity of diabetes mellitus that increases one's risk of developing renal failure. Progress toward development of better DKD therapeutics is limited by an incomplete understanding of forces driving and connecting the various features of DKD, which include renal steatosis, fibrosis, and microvascular dysfunction. Herein we review the literature supporting roles for bioactive ceramides as inducers of local and systemic DKD pathology. In rodent models of DKD, renal ceramides are elevated, and genetic and pharmacological ceramide-lowering interventions improve kidney function and ameliorate DKD histopathology. In humans, circulating sphingolipid profiles distinguish human DKD patients from diabetic controls. These studies highlight the potential for ceramide to serve as a central and therapeutically tractable lipid mediator of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J. Nicholson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott A. Summers,
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18
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Yang Y, Gong W, Jin C, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zou Y, Quan S, Huang H. Naringin ameliorates experimental diabetic renal fibrosis by inhibiting the ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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19
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Xu L, Li Y, Dai Y, Peng J. Natural products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology and mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:451-465. [PMID: 29395440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have implied that diabetes mellitus (DM) will become an epidemic accompany with metabolic and endocrine disorders worldwide. Most of DM patients are affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect. Generally, the strategies to treat T2DM are diet control, moderate exercise, hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing agents. Despite the therapeutic benefits for the treatment of T2DM, most of the drugs can produce some undesirable side effects. Considering the pathogenesis of T2DM, natural products (NPs) have become the important resources of bioactive agents for anti-T2DM drug discovery. Recently, more and more natural components have been elucidated to possess anti-T2DM properties, and many efforts have been carried out to elucidate the possible mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to overview the activities and underlying mechanisms of NPs against T2DM. Developments of anti-T2DM agents will be greatly promoted with the increasing comprehensions of NPs for their multiple regulating effects on various targets and signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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20
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Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Sphingolipid signaling in renal fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:230-247. [PMID: 29343457 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, various sphingolipid subspecies have gained increasing attention as important signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and tissue remodeling. These mediators include ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the cerebroside glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and the gangliosides GM3 and Gb3. These lipids have been shown to accumulate in various chronic kidney diseases that typically end in renal fibrosis and ultimately renal failure. This review will summarize the effects and contributions of those enzymes that regulate the generation and interconversion of these lipids, notably the acid sphingomyelinase, the acid sphingomyelinase-like protein SMPDL3B, the sphingosine kinases, the S1P lyase, the glucosylceramide synthase, the GM3 synthase, and the α-galactosidase A, to renal fibrotic diseases. Strategies of manipulating these enzymes for therapeutic purposes and the impact of existing drugs on renal pathologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe- University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Chen Q, Huang J, Gong W, Chen Z, Huang J, Liu P, Huang H. MRTF-A mediated FN and ICAM-1 expression in AGEs-induced rat glomerular mesangial cells via activating STAT5. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:123-133. [PMID: 28712960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed at an accelerated rate under diabetes, play a role in inflammation and fibrosis in mesangial areas in diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the transcriptional modulator that mediates the cellular response to AGEs remains largely obscure. Our goal was to determine whether myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-A, a key protein involved in the transcriptional regulation of smooth muscle cell phenotype, was responsible for the glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) injury by AGEs, and, if so, how MRTF-A promoted mesangial dysfunction initiated by AGEs. In this study, MRTF-A was activated by AGEs in terms of protein expression and nuclear translocation in rat GMCs. MRTF-A overexpression synergistically enhanced the induction of FN and ICAM-1 by AGEs. In contract, depletion of MRTF-A abrogated the pathogenic program triggered by AGEs. Then, by interfering with MRTF-A, STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 nuclear translocation were observed and we screened out STAT5, which was decreased obviously when MRTF-A depleted. Further investigation showed that MRTF-A interacted with STAT5 and promoted its nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity. Therefore, our present findings suggested a role of MRTF-A in AGEs-induced GMCs injury, and further revealed that the underlying molecular mechanism was related to activating the nuclear factor STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiani Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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22
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Huang J, Li J, Chen Z, Li J, Chen Q, Gong W, Liu P, Huang H. Sphingosine kinase 1 mediates diabetic renal fibrosis via NF-κB signaling pathway: involvement of CK2α. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88988-89004. [PMID: 29179493 PMCID: PMC5687663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) plays a pivotal role in regulating diabetic renal fibrotic factors such as fibronectin (FN) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Especially, activation of SphK1 is closely linked to the body inflammatory reaction. Casein kinase 2α subunit (CK2α), a protein kinase related to inflammatory reaction, influences diabetic renal fibrosis and expressions of FN and ICAM-1 via NF-κB pathway. However, the mechanism by which SphK1 mediates diabetic renal fibrosis has not yet fully elucidated. The current study is aimed to investigate if SphK1 mediates diabetic renal fibrotic pathological process via inflammatory pathway and activation of CK2α. The following findings were observed: (1) Expressions of SphK1 were upregulated in kidneys of diabetic mice and rats; (2) Knockdown of SphK1 expression suppressed high glucose (HG)-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and expressions of FN and ICAM-1; (3) Compared with C57 diabetic mice, SphK1-/- diabetic mice exhibited less renal fibrotic lesions, FN accumulation and NF-κB nuclear accumulation in glomeruli of kidneys; (4) SphK1 mediated phosphorylation of CK2α, while CK2α knockdown depressed SphK1-induced activation of NF-κB pathway. This study indicates the essential role of SphK1 in regulating activation of CK2α and diabetic renal fibrotic pathological process via NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou 51000, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou 51000, China
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23
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Wei Y, Gao J, Qin L, Xu Y, Shi H, Qu L, Liu Y, Xu T, Liu T. Curcumin suppresses AGEs induced apoptosis in tubular epithelial cells via protective autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:6052-6058. [PMID: 29285156 PMCID: PMC5740722 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell apoptosis and tubular dysfunction is an important process underlying diabetic nephropathy (DN). Understanding the mechanisms underlying renal tubular epithelial cell survival is important for the prevention of kidney damage associated with glucotoxicity. Curcumin has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-apoptotic properties. However, the roles of curcumin in renal epithelial cells are yet to be defined. The present study investigated advanced glycation or glycoxidation end-product (AGE)-induced toxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells via several complementary assays, including cell viability, cell apoptosis and cell autophagy in the NRK-52E rat kidney tubular epithelial cell line. The extent of apoptosis was significantly increased in the NRK-52E cells following treatment with AGEs. The results also indicated that curcumin reversed this effect by promoting autophagy through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. These conclusions suggested that curcumin exerts a renoprotective effect in the presence of AGEs, at least in part by activating autophagy in NRK-52E cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that curcumin not only exerts renoprotective effects, however may also act as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Qin
- Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yunling Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haoxia Shi
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lingxia Qu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiao Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tunhai Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100102, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China.,Health Cultivation Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Chaoyang 100029, P.R. China
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Liu G, Wang Q, Shi Y, Peng X, Liu H, Peng Y, He L. Resveratrol Attenuates Adriamycin-Induced Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis through C3aR/C5aR- Sphingosine Kinase 1 Pathway. Pharmacology 2017; 100:253-260. [DOI: 10.1159/000479525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) typically presents with nephrotic range proteinuria, which could eventually develop into end-stage renal disease. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol compound, which has been reported to suppress inflammatory response and renal interstitial fibrosis. This study is aimed at evaluating the renoprotective effect of RSV treatment on adriamycin-induced FSGS. Methods: In Balb/c mice, adriamycin nephropathy was induced by adriamycin (10 mg/kg body weight, diluted in normal saline) via a tail vein on day 0. Then the mice were treated with RSV (40 mg/kg body weight) once daily by oral gavage, again starting on the day of adriamycin injection and continued for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the mice were sacrificed; kidneys and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Results: When treated with adriamycin, the expressions of C3aR, C5aR, sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were upregulated, while RSV treatment could inhibit the expressions of C3aR, C5aR, Sphk1, and suPAR, eventually leading to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis conditions. Conclusion: RSV attenuates adriamycin-induced FSGS through C3aR/C5aR-Sphk1 pathway.
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Sphingosine kinase 1 mediates AGEs-induced fibronectin upregulation in diabetic nephropathy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78660-78676. [PMID: 29108256 PMCID: PMC5667989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) signaling pathway mediates fibronectin (FN) upregulation in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) under high glucose (HG) condition. However, the roles of SphK1 in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced DN have not been elucidated. Here we show that AGEs upregulated FN and SphK1 and SphK1 activity. Inhibition of SphK1 signaling attenuated AGEs-induced FN synthesis in GMCs. Inhibition of AGE receptor (RAGE) signaling reduced the upregulation of FN and SphK1 and SphK1 activity in GMCs induced by AGEs. Treatment of aminoguanidine ameliorates the renal injury and fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic mice and attenuated SphK1 expression and activity in diabetic mouse kidneys. The renal injury and fibrosis in diabetic SphK1-/- mice was significantly attenuated than WT mice. Furthermore, AGEs upregulated SphK1 by reducing its degradation and prolonging its half-life. Conclusion: SphK1 mediates AGEs-induced FN synthesis in GMCs and diabetic mice under hyperglycemic condition.
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Dietary Sugars and Endogenous Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts: Emerging Mechanisms of Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040385. [PMID: 28420091 PMCID: PMC5409724 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in metabolic diseases, which occurred in the last three decades in both industrialized and developing countries, has been related to the rise in sugar-added foods and sweetened beverages consumption. An emerging topic in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases related to modern nutrition is the role of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs). AGEs can be ingested with high temperature processed foods, but also endogenously formed as a consequence of a high dietary sugar intake. Animal models of high sugar consumption, in particular fructose, have reported AGE accumulation in different tissues in association with peripheral insulin resistance and lipid metabolism alterations. The in vitro observation that fructose is one of the most rapid and effective glycating agents when compared to other sugars has prompted the investigation of the in vivo fructose-induced glycation. In particular, the widespread employment of fructose as sweetener has been ascribed by many experimental and observational studies for the enhancement of lipogenesis and intracellular lipid deposition. Indeed, diet-derived AGEs have been demonstrated to interfere with many cell functions such as lipid synthesis, inflammation, antioxidant defences, and mitochondrial metabolism. Moreover, emerging evidence also in humans suggest that this impact of dietary AGEs on different signalling pathways can contribute to the onset of organ damage in liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and the brain, affecting not only metabolic control, but global health. Indeed, the most recent reports on the effects of high sugar consumption and diet-derived AGEs on human health reviewed here suggest the need to limit the dietary sources of AGEs, including added sugars, to prevent the development of metabolic diseases and related comorbidities.
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Xu Y, Guo H. Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Progression of Diabetes Mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-8583.000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chiang CK, Wang CC, Lu TF, Huang KH, Sheu ML, Liu SH, Hung KY. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis in Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Glomerular Mesangial Cell Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34167. [PMID: 27665710 PMCID: PMC5035926 DOI: 10.1038/srep34167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-induced mesangial cell death is one of major causes of glomerulus dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are adaptive responses in cells under environmental stress and participate in the renal diseases. The role of ER stress and autophagy in AGEs-induced mesangial cell death is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effect and mechanism of AGEs on glomerular mesangial cells. AGEs dose-dependently decreased mesangial cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. AGEs also induced ER stress signals in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of ER stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid effectively inhibited the activation of eIF2α and CHOP signals and reversed AGEs-induced cell apoptosis. AGEs also activated LC-3 cleavage, increased Atg5 expression, and decreased p62 expression, which indicated the autophagy induction in mesangial cells. Inhibition of autophagy by Atg5 siRNAs transfection aggravated AGEs-induced mesangial cell apoptosis. Moreover, ER stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid significantly reversed AGEs-induced autophagy, but autophagy inhibition did not influence the AGEs-induced ER stress-related signals activation. These results suggest that AGEs induce mesangial cell apoptosis via an ER stress-triggered signaling pathway. Atg5-dependent autophagy plays a protective role. These findings may offer a new strategy against AGEs toxicity in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Integrated Diagnostics &Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fong Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hunt RH. Prostaglandins for peptic ulcer disease. Biomed Pharmacother 1987; 95:230-234. [PMID: 2884391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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