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Baxter RC. Endocrine and cellular physiology and pathology of the insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:414-425. [PMID: 38514815 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP) complex, encoded in humans by IGFALS, has a vital role in regulating the endocrine transport and bioavailability of IGF-1 and IGF-2. Accordingly, ALS has a considerable influence on postnatal growth and metabolism. ALS is a leucine-rich glycoprotein that forms high-affinity ternary complexes with IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 when they are occupied by either IGF-1 or IGF-2. These complexes constitute a stable reservoir of circulating IGFs, blocking the potentially hypoglycaemic activity of unbound IGFs. ALS is primarily synthesized by hepatocytes and its expression is lower in non-hepatic tissues. ALS synthesis is strongly induced by growth hormone and suppressed by IL-1β, thus potentially serving as a marker of growth hormone secretion and/or activity and of inflammation. IGFALS mutations in humans and Igfals deletion in mice cause modest growth retardation and pubertal delay, accompanied by decreased osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis. In hepatocellular carcinoma, IGFALS is described as a tumour suppressor; however, its contribution to other cancers is not well delineated. This Review addresses the endocrine physiology and pathology of ALS, discusses the latest cell and proteomic studies that suggest emerging cellular roles for ALS and outlines its involvement in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
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Bersin TV, Cordova KL, Journey ML, Beckman BR, Lema SC. Food deprivation reduces sensitivity of liver Igf1 synthesis pathways to growth hormone in juvenile gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 346:114404. [PMID: 37940008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (Gh) regulates growth in part by stimulating the liver to synthesize and release insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1), which then promotes somatic growth. However, for fish experiencing food limitation, elevated blood Gh can occur even with low circulating Igf1 and slow growth, suggesting that nutritional stress can alter the sensitivity of liver Igf1 synthesis pathways to Gh. Here, we examined how recent feeding experience affected Gh regulation of liver Igf1 synthesis pathways in juvenile gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus) to illuminate mechanisms underlying the nutritional modulation of Igf1 production. Juvenile gopher rockfish were maintained under conditions of feeding or complete food deprivation (fasting) for 14 d and then treated with recombinant sea bream (Sparus aurata) Gh or saline control. Gh upregulated hepatic igf1 mRNA levels in fed fish but not in fasted fish. The liver of fasted rockfish also showed a lower relative abundance of gene transcripts encoding teleost Gh receptors 1 (ghr1) and 2 (ghr2), as well as reduced protein levels of phosphorylated janus tyrosine kinase 2 (pJak2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pStat5), which function to induce igf1 gene transcription following Gh binding to Gh receptors. Relative hepatic mRNA levels for suppressors of cytokine signaling (Socs) genes socs2, socs3a, and socs3b were also lower in fasted rockfish. Socs2 can suppress Gh activation of Jak2/Stat5, and fasting-related variation in socs expression may reflect modulated inhibitory control of igf1 gene transcription. Fasted rockfish also had elevated liver mRNA abundances for lipolytic hormone-sensitive lipase 1 (hsl1) and Igf binding proteins igfbp1a, -1b and -3a, reduced liver mRNAs encoding igfbp2b and an Igfbp acid labile subunit-like (igfals) gene, and higher transcript abundances for Igf1 receptors igf1ra and igf1rb in skeletal muscle. Together, these findings suggest that food deprivation impacts liver Igf1 responsiveness to Gh via multiple mechanisms that include a downregulation of hepatic Gh receptors, modulation of the intracellular Jak2/Stat5 transduction pathway, and possible shifts in Socs-inhibitory control of igf1 gene transcription, while also demonstrating that these changes occur in concert with shifts in liver Igfbp expression and muscle Gh/Igf1 signaling pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Bersin
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Kasey L Cordova
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Meredith L Journey
- Lynker Technology, 202 Church St SE #536, Leesburg, VA 20175, USA; Under Contract to Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Brian R Beckman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Sean C Lema
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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White CA, Serrat MA. Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in postnatal bone elongation. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:388-393. [PMID: 37246759 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a critical modulator of cell growth and survival, making it a central part of maintaining essentially every biological system in the body. Knowledge of the intricate mechanisms involved in activating IGF-1 signaling is not only key to understanding basic processes of growth and development, but also for addressing diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. This brief review explores how dysregulation of normal IGF-1 signaling can impact growth by examining its role in postnatal bone elongation. IGF-1 actions are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic kidney disease, which results in growth stunting. Conversely, childhood obesity results in growth acceleration, premature growth cessation, and ultimately, diminished bone quality, while systemic IGF-1 levels remain normal. Understanding the role of IGF-1 signaling in normal and dysregulated growth can add to other studies that address how this system regulates chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassaundra A White
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Del Río-Moreno M, Pyatkov M, Sarmento-Cabral A, Mahmood M, Pelke N, Wnek M, Cordoba-Chacon J, Waxman DJ, Puchowicz MA, McGuinness OP, Kineman RD. Direct and systemic actions of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-signaling on hepatic glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, associated with steatosis. Metabolism 2023; 144:155589. [PMID: 37182789 PMCID: PMC10843389 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that growth hormone (GH) protects against the development of steatosis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GH may control steatosis indirectly by altering systemic insulin sensitivity and substrate delivery to the liver and/or by the direct actions of GH on hepatocyte function. APPROACH To better define the hepatocyte-specific role of GH receptor (GHR) signaling on regulating steatosis, we used a mouse model with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd). To prevent the reduction in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and the subsequent increase in GH observed after aHepGHRkd, subsets of aHepGHRkd mice were treated with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) driving hepatocyte-specific expression of IGF1 or a constitutively active form of STAT5b (STAT5bCA). The impact of hepatocyte-specific modulation of GHR, IGF1 and STAT5b on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied across multiple nutritional states and in the context of hyperinsulinemic:euglycemic clamps. RESULTS Chow-fed male aHepGHRkd mice developed steatosis associated with an increase in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) and ketohexokinase (KHK) expression and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) rate, in the post-absorptive state and in response to refeeding after an overnight fast. The aHepGHRkd-associated increase in hepatic KHK, but not GCK and steatosis, was dependent on hepatocyte expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), in re-fed mice. Interestingly, under clamp conditions, aHepGHRkd also increased the rate of DNL and expression of GCK and KHK, but impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, without altering plasma NEFA levels. These effects were normalized with AAV-mediated hepatocyte expression of IGF1 or STAT5bCA. Comparison of the impact of AAV-mediated hepatocyte IGF1 versus STAT5bCA in aHepGHRkd mice across multiple nutritional states, indicated the restorative actions of IGF1 are indirect, by improving systemic insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in the liver transcriptome. In contrast, the actions of STAT5b are due to the combined effects of raising IGF1 and direct alterations in the hepatocyte gene program that may involve suppression of BCL6 and FOXO1 activity. However, the direct and IGF1-dependent actions of STAT5b cannot fully account for enhanced GCK activity and lipogenic gene expression observed after aHepGHRkd, suggesting other GHR-mediated signals are involved. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate hepatocyte GHR-signaling controls hepatic glycolysis, DNL, steatosis and hepatic insulin sensitivity indirectly (via IGF1) and directly (via STAT5b). The relative contribution of these indirect and direct actions of GH on hepatocytes is modified by insulin and nutrient availability. These results improve our understanding of the physiologic actions of GH on regulating adult metabolism to protect against NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maxim Pyatkov
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Wnek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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Bersin TV, Cordova KL, Saenger EK, Journey ML, Beckman BR, Lema SC. Nutritional status affects Igf1 regulation of skeletal muscle myogenesis, myostatin, and myofibrillar protein degradation pathways in gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 573:111951. [PMID: 37169322 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) regulates skeletal muscle growth in fishes by increasing protein synthesis and promoting muscle hypertrophy. When fish experience periods of insufficient food intake, they undergo slower muscle growth or even muscle wasting, and those changes emerge in part from nutritional modulation of Igf1 signaling. Here, we examined how food deprivation (fasting) modulates Igf1 regulation of liver and skeletal muscle gene expression in gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus), a nearshore rockfish of importance for commercial and recreational fisheries in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, to understand how food limitation impacts Igf regulation of muscle growth pathways. Rockfish were either fed or fasted for 14 d, after which a subset of fish from each group was treated with recombinant Igf1 from sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish that were fasted lost body mass and had lower body condition, reduced hepatosomatic index, and lower plasma Igf1 concentrations, as well as a decreased abundance of igf1 gene transcripts in the liver, increased hepatic mRNAs for Igf binding proteins igfbp1a, igfbp1b, and igfbp3a, and decreased mRNA abundances for igfbp2b and a putative Igf acid labile subunit (igfals) gene. In skeletal muscle, fasted fish showed a reduced abundance of intramuscular igf1 mRNAs but elevated gene transcripts encoding Igf1 receptors A (igf1ra) and B (igf1rb), which also showed downregulation by Igf1. Fasting increased skeletal muscle mRNAs for myogenin and myostatin1, as well as ubiquitin ligase F-box only protein 32 (fbxo32) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (murf1) genes involved in muscle atrophy, while concurrently downregulating mRNAs for myoblast determination protein 2 (myod2), myostatin2, and myogenic factors 5 (myf5) and 6 (myf6 encoding Mrf4). Treatment with Igf1 downregulated muscle myostatin1 and fbxo32 under both feeding conditions, but showed feeding-dependent effects on murf1, myf5, and myf6/Mrf4 gene expression indicating that Igf1 effects on muscle growth and atrophy pathways is contingent on recent food consumption experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Bersin
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Kasey L Cordova
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - E Kate Saenger
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Meredith L Journey
- Lynker Technology, 202 Church St SE #536, Leesburg, VA, 20175, USA; Under Contract to Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Brian R Beckman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Sean C Lema
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.
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González Ildefonso P, Nieto Librero AB, Martín Alonso M, Hernández Cerceño ML, García Serrano E, Prieto-Matos P. Normal range for acid-labile subunit in paediatric patients in Spain and its association with age, sex, pubertal stage and other growth factors. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023; 98:329-337. [PMID: 37105787 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The acid-labile subunit (ALS) plays an important role in the endocrine effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on target tissues. Historically, it has attracted limited attention. The aim of our study was to describe the normal range of ALS in healthy children and its association with other growth factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study. We collected data on age, height, body mass index, gestational age, anthropometry at birth and serum levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 in healthy children aged 2-15 years with a normal height. The levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 were measured by ELISA. We fitted GAMLSS normalization models to standardize the variables. RESULTS Samples were collected from 446 children. In prepubertal children, the levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 were positively correlated in both sexes and with age (P < .01). We found significant differences in the levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 and the IGF1/IGFBP3 molar ratio between the sexes and higher levels in pubertal boys (P < .01). We generated normal probability plots for each sex for each of the components of the ternary complex and for the IGF1/IGFBP3 and IGFBP3/ALS molar ratios. In addition, we extracted equations from the models for the calculation of z-scores for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS This study may contribute age- and sex-specific reference values for IGF1, IGFBP3 and ALS levels and IGF1/IGFBP3 and IGFBP3/ALS ratios in Spanish children and suggests an association between age, sex, and pubertal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Belén Nieto Librero
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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González Ildefonso P, Nieto Librero AB, Martín Alonso M, Hernández Cerceño ML, García Serrano E, Prieto-Matos P. Rango normal de subunidad ácido-lábil (ALS) en niños españoles y su relación con la edad, el sexo, el estadio puberal y otros factores de crecimiento. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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Franzoni A, Baldan F, Passon N, Mio C, Driul D, Cogo P, Fogolari F, D'Aurizio F, Damante G. Novel IGFALS mutations with predicted pathogenetic effects by the analysis of AlphaFold structure. Endocrine 2023; 79:292-295. [PMID: 36348166 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) classification, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are gene variations whose impact on the disease risk is not yet known. VUS, therefore, represent an unmet need for genetic counselling. Aim of the study is the use the AlphaFold artificial intelligence algorithm to predict the impact of novel mutations of the IGFALS gene, detected in a subject with short stature and initially classified as VUS according to the ACMG classification. METHODS A short-stature girl and her parents have been investigated. IGFALS mutations have been detected through clinical exome and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The potential presence of co-occurring gene alterations was investigated in the proband by whole exome and CGH array. Structure of the ALS protein (encoded by the IGFALS gene) was evaluated through the AlphaFold artificial intelligence algorithm. RESULTS Two IGFALS variants were found in the proband: c.1349T > C (p.Leu450Pro) and c.1363_1365delCTC (p.Leu455del), both classified as VUS, according to ACMG. Parents' analysis highlighted the in trans position of the two variants. AlphaFold showed that the mutated positions were found the concave side a horseshoe structure of the ALS protein, likely interfering with protein-protein interactions. According to a loss of function (LoF) effect of the two variants, reduced levels of the IGF1 and IGFBP-3 proteins, as well as a growth hormone (GH) excess were detected in the proband's serum. CONCLUSIONS By using the AlphaFold structure we were able to predict two IGFALS gene mutations initially classified as VUS, as potentially pathogenetic. Our proof-of-concept showed a potential application of AlphaFold as tool to a better inform VUS interpretation of genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Franzoni
- SOC Istituto di Genetica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- SOC Istituto di Genetica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Nadia Passon
- SOC Istituto di Genetica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Catia Mio
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Driul
- SOC Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Cogo
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
- SOC Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Fogolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica D'Aurizio
- SOC Istituto di Patologia Clinica Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- SOC Istituto di Genetica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale Udine, Udine, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy.
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Idiopathic Short Stature: What to Expect from Genomic Investigations. ENDOCRINES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Short stature is a common concern for physicians caring for children. In traditional investigations, about 70% of children are healthy, without producing clinical and laboratory findings that justify their growth disorder, being classified as having constitutional short stature or idiopathic short stature (ISS). In such scenarios, the genetic approach has emerged as a great potential method to understand ISS. Over the last 30 years, several genes have been identified as being responsible for isolated short stature, with almost all of them being inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. Most of these defects are in genes related to the growth plate, followed by genes related to the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis and RAS-MAPK pathway. These patients usually do not have a specific phenotype, which hinders the use of a candidate gene approach. Through multigene sequencing analyses, it has been possible to provide an answer for short stature in 10–30% of these cases, with great impacts on treatment and follow-up, allowing the application of the concept of precision medicine in patients with ISS. This review highlights the historic aspects and provides an update on the monogenic causes of idiopathic short stature and suggests what to expect from genomic investigations in this field.
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Macvanin M, Gluvic Z, Radovanovic J, Essack M, Gao X, Isenovic ER. New insights on the cardiovascular effects of IGF-1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142644. [PMID: 36843588 PMCID: PMC9947133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular (CV) disorders are steadily increasing, making them the world's most prevalent health issue. New research highlights the importance of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) for maintaining CV health. METHODS We searched PubMed and MEDLINE for English and non-English articles with English abstracts published between 1957 (when the first report on IGF-1 identification was published) and 2022. The top search terms were: IGF-1, cardiovascular disease, IGF-1 receptors, IGF-1 and microRNAs, therapeutic interventions with IGF-1, IGF-1 and diabetes, IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. The search retrieved original peer-reviewed articles, which were further analyzed, focusing on the role of IGF-1 in pathophysiological conditions. We specifically focused on including the most recent findings published in the past five years. RESULTS IGF-1, an anabolic growth factor, regulates cell division, proliferation, and survival. In addition to its well-known growth-promoting and metabolic effects, there is mounting evidence that IGF-1 plays a specialized role in the complex activities that underpin CV function. IGF-1 promotes cardiac development and improves cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and ejection fraction. Furthermore, IGF-1 mediates many growth hormones (GH) actions. IGF-1 stimulates contractility and tissue remodeling in humans to improve heart function after myocardial infarction. IGF-1 also improves the lipid profile, lowers insulin levels, increases insulin sensitivity, and promotes glucose metabolism. These findings point to the intriguing medicinal potential of IGF-1. Human studies associate low serum levels of free or total IGF-1 with an increased risk of CV and cerebrovascular illness. Extensive human trials are being conducted to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and outcomes of IGF-1-related therapy. DISCUSSION We anticipate the development of novel IGF-1-related therapy with minimal side effects. This review discusses recent findings on the role of IGF-1 in the cardiovascular (CVD) system, including both normal and pathological conditions. We also discuss progress in therapeutic interventions aimed at targeting the IGF axis and provide insights into the epigenetic regulation of IGF-1 mediated by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Macvanin
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Mirjana Macvanin,
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nogueira VC, de Oliveira VDN, Guedes MIF, Smith BJ, da C Freire JE, Gonçalves NGG, de O M Moreira AC, de A Moreira R. UPLC-HDMS E to discover serum biomarkers in adults with type 1 diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1161-1170. [PMID: 36115450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex disease with metabolic and functional changes that can alter an individual's proteome. An LC-MS/MS analytical method, in an HDMSE system, was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in the high abundance protein-depleted serum of T1D patients and healthy controls. Samples were processed in Progenesis QI for Proteomics software. A functional enrichment of the proteins was performed with Gene Ontology and ToppGene, and the interactions were visualized by STRING 11.5. As a result, 139 proteins were identified, 14 of which were downregulated in the serum of patients with T1D compared to controls. Most of the differentially expressed proteins were shown to be involved with the immune system, inflammation, and growth hormone stimulus response, and were associated with the progression of T1D. Differential protein expression data showed for the first-time changes in CPN2 expression levels in the serum of patients with T1D. Our findings indicate that these proteins are targets of interest for future investigations and for validation of protein biomarkers in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C Nogueira
- Department of Education, Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE), Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Valzimeire do N de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Maria I F Guedes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E da C Freire
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Ana C de O M Moreira
- Experimental Biology Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renato de A Moreira
- Experimental Biology Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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12
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Kim H, Fu Y, Hong HJ, Lee SG, Lee DS, Kim HM. Structural basis for assembly and disassembly of the IGF/IGFBP/ALS ternary complex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4434. [PMID: 35907924 PMCID: PMC9338993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have pleiotropic roles in embryonic and postnatal growth and differentiation. Most serum IGFs are bound in a ternary complex with IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and acid-labile subunit (ALS), extending the serum half-life of IGFs and regulating their availability. Here, we report cryo-EM structure of the human IGF1/IGFBP3/ALS ternary complex, revealing the detailed architecture of a parachute-like ternary complex and crucial determinants for their sequential and specific assembly. In vitro biochemical studies show that proteolysis at the central linker domain of IGFBP3 induces release of its C-terminal domain rather than IGF1 release from the ternary complex, yielding an intermediate complex that enhances IGF1 bioavailability. Our results provide mechanistic insight into IGF/IGFBP3/ALS ternary complex assembly and its disassembly upon proteolysis for IGF bioavailability, suggesting a structural basis for human diseases associated with IGF1 and IGFALS gene mutations such as complete ALS deficiency (ACLSD) and IGF1 deficiency. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulates growth and differentiation. Here, authors report the atomic structure of the ternary complex (IGF1/IGF-binding protein3/acid labile subunit) and its assembly/disassembly mechanism for IGF bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Hong
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Dichtel LE, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1812-1824. [PMID: 35172328 PMCID: PMC9202731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obesity have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), representing a spectrum of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), without and with fibrosis. Understanding the etiology of NAFLD is clinically relevant since NAFLD is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, NASH predisposes patients to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH cirrhosis represents the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is appreciated that multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulate metabolic, immune, and hepatic stellate cell function, and alterations in the production and function of GH is associated with obesity and NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, this review will focus on the potential role of GH and IGF1 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Rezende RC, Noronha RM, Keselman A, Quedas EPS, Dantas NCB, Andrade NLM, Bertola DR, Malaquias AC, Jorge AAL. Delayed Puberty Phenotype Observed in Noonan Syndrome Is More Pronounced in Girls than Boys. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 95:51-61. [PMID: 35176743 DOI: 10.1159/000522670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pubertal delay is described as one of the clinical features in Noonan syndrome (NS) and it may be one of the factors causing short adult height in those patients. The present study aimed at characterizing pubertal development in NS and identifying pubertal delay predictors. METHODS We analyzed 133 individuals with a molecular diagnosis of NS and clinical puberty evaluation. We characterized delayed puberty as pubertal onset after 12 years in girls and 13.5 years in boys, according to parameters of the Brazilian population. To investigate its predictors, we correlated the age at onset of puberty with several characteristics and genotype in a multilevel regression model. For comprehending pubertal development in NS, we assessed age and anthropometric measures at each Tanner stage and adult age. RESULTS The mean age at puberty onset for girls was 11.9 ± 1.9 years and for boys, 12.5 ± 1.7 years, significantly later than the Brazilian population (p = 0.025; p < 0.001). Girls (49.1%) presented delayed puberty more frequently than boys (27.9%, p = 0.031). Body mass index standard deviation scores (SDS) and insulin growth factor 1 SDS at puberty onset significantly predicted later puberty entry. Height gain from the onset of puberty to adult height was lower in children with pubertal delay. CONCLUSION Pubertal delay is characteristically found in children with NS, more frequently in females. The low weight of patients with NS could modulate the age of puberty, just as the increase in overweight/obesity in the general population has shown an effect on reducing the age of onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa C Rezende
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Noronha
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediatrica/Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo/Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Keselman
- Division de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Ninos Ricardo Gutierrez, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinologicas 'Dr Cesar Bergada' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisangela P S Quedas
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara C B Dantas
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia L M Andrade
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora R Bertola
- Unidade de Genetica, Instituto da Crianca/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediatrica/Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo/Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)/Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Gender-Related Aspects in Osteoarthritis Development and Progression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052767. [PMID: 35269906 PMCID: PMC8911252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease treated mostly symptomatically before approaching its definitive treatment, joint arthroplasty. The rapidly growing prevalence of OA highlights the urgent need for a more efficient treatment strategy and boosts research into the mechanisms of OA incidence and progression. As a multifactorial disease, many aspects have been investigated as contributors to OA onset and progression. Differences in gender appear to play a role in the natural history of the disease, since female sex is known to increase the susceptibility to its development. The aim of the present review is to investigate the cues associated with gender by analyzing various hormonal, anatomical, molecular, and biomechanical parameters, as well as their differences between sexes. Our findings reveal the possible implications of gender in OA onset and progression and provide evidence for gaps in the current state of art, thus suggesting future research directions.
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16
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Wit JM, Joustra SD, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, de Bruin C. Differential Diagnosis of the Short IGF-I-Deficient Child with Apparently Normal Growth Hormone Secretion. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:81-104. [PMID: 34091447 DOI: 10.1159/000516407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current differential diagnosis for a short child with low insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and a normal growth hormone (GH) peak in a GH stimulation test (GHST), after exclusion of acquired causes, includes the following disorders: (1) a decreased spontaneous GH secretion in contrast to a normal stimulated GH peak ("GH neurosecretory dysfunction," GHND) and (2) genetic conditions with a normal GH sensitivity (e.g., pathogenic variants of GH1 or GHSR) and (3) GH insensitivity (GHI). We present a critical appraisal of the concept of GHND and the role of 12- or 24-h GH profiles in the selection of children for GH treatment. The mean 24-h GH concentration in healthy children overlaps with that in those with GH deficiency, indicating that the previously proposed cutoff limit (3.0-3.2 μg/L) is too high. The main advantage of performing a GH profile is that it prevents about 20% of false-positive test results of the GHST, while it also detects a low spontaneous GH secretion in children who would be considered GH sufficient based on a stimulation test. However, due to a considerable burden for patients and the health budget, GH profiles are only used in few centres. Regarding genetic causes, there is good evidence of the existence of Kowarski syndrome (due to GH1 variants) but less on the role of GHSR variants. Several genetic causes of (partial) GHI are known (GHR, STAT5B, STAT3, IGF1, IGFALS defects, and Noonan and 3M syndromes), some responding positively to GH therapy. In the final section, we speculate on hypothetical causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Scalco RC, Correa FA, Dantas NCB, Vasques GA, Jorge AAL. Hormone resistance and short stature: A journey through the pathways of hormone signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111416. [PMID: 34333056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hormone resistances have been described in association with growth disorders, the majority involving the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) axis or hormones with specific paracrine-autocrine actions in the growth plate. Defects in hormone receptors or in proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction (post-receptor defects) are the main mechanisms of hormone resistance leading to short stature. The characteristic phenotypes of each of these hormonal resistances are very distinct and bring with them important insights into the role of each hormone and its signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the molecular and clinical aspects of the main hormone resistances associated with short stature in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Scalco
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Correa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Naiara C B Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil.
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18
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Applying Bioinformatic Platforms, In Vitro, and In Vivo Functional Assays in the Characterization of Genetic Variants in the GH/IGF Pathway Affecting Growth and Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082063. [PMID: 34440832 PMCID: PMC8392544 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritability accounts for over 80% of adult human height, indicating that genetic variability is the main determinant of stature. The rapid technological development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), particularly Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), has resulted in the characterization of several genetic conditions affecting growth and development. The greatest challenge of NGS remains the high number of candidate variants identified. In silico bioinformatic tools represent the first approach for classifying these variants. However, solving the complicated problem of variant interpretation requires the use of experimental approaches such as in vitro and, when needed, in vivo functional assays. In this review, we will discuss a rational approach to apply to the gene variants identified in children with growth and developmental defects including: (i) bioinformatic tools; (ii) in silico modeling tools; (iii) in vitro functional assays; and (iv) the development of in vivo models. While bioinformatic tools are useful for a preliminary selection of potentially pathogenic variants, in vitro—and sometimes also in vivo—functional assays are further required to unequivocally determine the pathogenicity of a novel genetic variant. This long, time-consuming, and expensive process is the only scientifically proven method to determine causality between a genetic variant and a human genetic disease.
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19
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Fadel IM, Ragab MH, Eid OM, Helmy NA, El-Bassyouni HT, Mazen I. IGF1R, IGFALS, and IGFBP3 gene copy number variations in a group of non-syndromic Egyptian short children. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:109. [PMID: 34322776 PMCID: PMC8319271 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is required for normal intrauterine and postnatal growth, and this action is mediated through IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). IGF1R copy number variants (CNVs) can cause pre- and postnatal growth restriction, affecting an individual’s height. In this study, we used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to detect CNVs in IGF1R, IGFALS, and IGFBP3 genes in the diagnostic workup of short stature for 40 Egyptian children with short stature. Results We detected a heterozygous deletion of IGF1R (exons 4 through 21) in 1 out of the 40 studied children (2.5%). Meanwhile, we did not detect any CNVs in either IGFALS or IGFBP3. Conclusion The diagnostic workup of short stature using MLPA for CNVs of IGF1R and other recognized height-related genes, such as SHOX and GH, in non-syndromic short stature children can be a fast and inexpensive diagnostic tool to recognize a subcategory of patients in which growth hormone treatment can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Fadel
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa H Ragab
- Department of Medical Environmental Research, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, El Khalifa El Maamon Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ola M Eid
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nivine A Helmy
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hala T El-Bassyouni
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Inas Mazen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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20
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Li C, Zheng Z. Males and Females Have Distinct Molecular Events in the Articular Cartilage during Knee Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157876. [PMID: 34360640 PMCID: PMC8346087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major public health challenge that imposes a remarkable burden on the affected individuals and the healthcare system. Based on the clinical observation, males and females have different prevalence rates and severity levels of OA. Thus, sex-based differences may play essential roles in OA’s prognosis and treatment outcomes. To date, the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between sex and OA is still largely lacking. In the current study, we analyzed a published transcriptome dataset of knee articular cartilage (GSE114007) from 18 healthy (five females, 13 males) and 20 OA (11 females, nine males) donors to provide a slight insight into this important but complex issue. First, comparing female healthy cartilage samples with those of males revealed 36 differential expression genes (DEGs), indicating the fundamental sex-related differences at the molecular level. Meanwhile, 923 DEGs were distinguished between OA and healthy female cartilage, which can be enriched to 15 Reactome pathways. On the other hand, when comparing OA and healthy male cartilage, there are only 419 DEGs were identified, and only six pathways were enriched against the Reactome database. The different signaling response to OA in the male and female cartilage was further enforced by recognizing 50 genes with significantly different OA-responsive expression fold changes in males and females. Particularly, 14 Reactome pathways, such as “Extracellular matrix organization”, “Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes”, “Dissolution of fibrin clot”, and “Platelet Aggregation (Plug formation)”, can be noted from these 50 sex-dependent OA-responsive genes. Overall, the current study explores the Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV) at the transcriptomic level in the knee articular cartilage in both healthy status and OA event, which could help predict the differential OA prognosis and treatment outcome of males and female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-206-5646
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21
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LeRoith D, Holly JMP, Forbes BE. Insulin-like growth factors: Ligands, binding proteins, and receptors. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101245. [PMID: 33962049 PMCID: PMC8513159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin-like growth factor family of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin), receptors (IGF-IR, M6P/IGF-IIR, and insulin receptor [IR]), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1-6) play critical roles in normal human physiology and disease states. SCOPE OF REVIEW Insulin and insulin receptors are the focus of other chapters in this series and will therefore not be discussed further. Here we review the basic components of the IGF system, their role in normal physiology and in critical pathology's. While this review concentrates on the role of IGFs in human physiology, animal models have been essential in providing understanding of the IGF system, and its regulation, and are briefly described. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS IGF-I has effects via the circulation and locally within tissues to regulate cellular growth, differentiation, and survival, thereby controlling overall body growth. IGF-II levels are highest prenatally when it has important effects on growth. In adults, IGF-II plays important tissue-specific roles, including the maintenance of stem cell populations. Although the IGF-IR is closely related to the IR it has distinct physiological roles both on the cell surface and in the nucleus. The M6P/IGF-IIR, in contrast, is distinct and acts as a scavenger by mediating internalization and degradation of IGF-II. The IGFBPs bind IGF-I and IGF-II in the circulation to prolong their half-lives and modulate tissue access, thereby controlling IGF function. IGFBPs also have IGF ligand-independent cell effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
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