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Latif S, Jahangeer M, Maknoon Razia D, Ashiq M, Ghaffar A, Akram M, El Allam A, Bouyahya A, Garipova L, Ali Shariati M, Thiruvengadam M, Azam Ansari M. Dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:114-126. [PMID: 34389279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of neurons, ie, cells critical to the production of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Here, we present a brief review of the dopamine synthetic pathway, binding to the dopamine receptors, and subsequent action. The production of dopamine (a monoamine neurotransmitter) occurs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the substantia nigra, specifically in the hypothalamic nucleus and midbrain. Compared to other monoamines, dopamine is widely distributed in the olfactory bulb, midbrain substantia nigra, hypothalamus, VTA, retina, and the periaqueductal gray area. Dopamine receptors are large G-protein coupled receptor family members, of which there are five subtypes including D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. These subtypes are further divided into two subclasses: D1-like family receptors (types 1 and 5) and D2-like family receptors (types 2, 3, and 4). Four different pathways and functions of the dopaminergic system are presented in this review. In the oxidation of dopamine, 5,6-indolequinone, dopamine-o-quinone, and aminochrome are formed. It is difficult to separate the roles of 5,6-indolequinone and dopamine-o-quinone in the degenerative process of Parkinson's diseases due to their instability. The role of aminochrome in Parkinson's disease is to form and stabilize the neurotoxic protofibrils of alpha-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the degradation of protein by lysosomal systems and proteasomes. The neurotoxic effects of aminochrome can be inhibited by preventing the polymerization of 5,6-indolequinone, dopamine-o-quinone, and aminochrome into neuromelanin, by reducing aminochrome catalysis by DT-diaphorase, and by preventing dopamine oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase. In addition to these, the conversion of dopamine in the neuromelanin (NM) shows both protective and toxic roles. Therefore, the aims of this review were to discuss and explain the role of dopamine and explore its physiology and specificity in Parkinson's disease, as well as its role in other physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Latif
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jahangeer
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Dure Maknoon Razia
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Ashiq
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aicha El Allam
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Larisa Garipova
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Fu C, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Xia Z, Ji H, Lu H, Wang Y. UPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS metabolomic study of the therapeutic effect of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on rats with traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112149. [PMID: 31401321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is effective in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the mechanism of the therapeutic process is still not fully understood. Metabolomic technique can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying the treatment of TBI with XFZYD. The purpose of this work was to investigate the metabolic characteristics of blood samples from rats with and without XFZYD treatment and the dynamic changes in metabolite profiles on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after injury (within the severe phase of TBI) based on untargeted UPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS analysis. Pattern recognition, clustering analysis and metabolic pathway analysis were used to analyse the metabolomic data of three groups (a sham-operated group, a TBI model, and an XFZYD-treated TBI model). The results showed that XFZYD reversed the abnormalities in the levels of small-molecule metabolites (such as L-acetylcarnitine, L-tryptophan, indoleacrylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, hypotaurine, LysoPC(18:1)(11Z), creatine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine) in TBI rats through six metabolic pathways (including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism) involved in the therapy process. XFZYD regulated the metabolic disorders of endogenous markers by the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection, energy metabolism, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This study revealed the holistic and dynamic metabolic changes caused by XFZYD in rats with TBI and provided important research methods and approaches for exploring the multiple metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in the therapeutic effect of XFZYD on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Shaoyang University, Hunan, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zian Xia
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hongchao Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China.
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Matrisciano F, Nasca C, Molinaro G, Riozzi B, Scaccianoce S, Raggi MA, Mercolini L, Biagioni F, Mathè AA, Sanna E, Maciocco E, Pignatelli M, Biggio G, Nicoletti F. Enhanced expression of the neuronal K+/Cl- cotransporter, KCC2, in spontaneously depressed Flinders Sensitive Line rats. Brain Res 2010; 1325:112-20. [PMID: 20153734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We used Flinder Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a genetic model of unipolar depression, to examine whether changes in central GABAergic transmission are associated with a depressed phenotype. FSL rats showed an increased behavioral response to low doses of diazepam, as compared to either Sprague Dawley (SD) or Flinder Resistant Line (FRL) rats used as controls. Diazepam at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, i.p., induced a robust impairment of motor coordination in FSL rats, but was virtually inactive in SD or FRL rats. The increased responsiveness of FSL rats was not due to changes in the brain levels of diazepam or its active metabolites, or to increases in the number or affinity of benzodiazepine recognition sites, as shown by the analysis of [(3)H]-flunitrazepam binding in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex or cerebellum. We therefore examined whether FSL rats differed from control rats for the expression levels of the K(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter, KCC2, which transports Cl(-) ions out of neurons, thus creating the concentration gradient that allows Cl(-) influx through the anion channel associated with GABA(A) receptors. Combined immunoblot and immunohistochemical data showed a widespread increase in KCC2 expression in FSL rats, as compared with control rats. The increase was more prominent in the cerebellum, where KCC2 was largely expressed in the granular layer. These data raise the interesting possibility that a spontaneous depressive state in animals is associated with an amplified GABAergic transmission in the CNS resulting from an enhanced expression of KCC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matrisciano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Friedman LK, Segal M. Early exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to excitatory amino acids protects from later excitotoxicity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Friedman
- Neuroscience DepartmentNew York College of Osteopathic Medicine/New York Institute of TechnologyNorthern BoulevardOld WestburyNY11568United States
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Molinaro G, Battaglia G, Riozzi B, Di Menna L, Rampello L, Bruno V, Nicoletti F. Memantine treatment reduces the expression of the K(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and attenuates behavioural responses mediated by GABA(A) receptor activation in mice. Brain Res 2009; 1265:75-9. [PMID: 19236854 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 7-day treatment with memantine (25 mg/kg, i.p.), a drug that is currently prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and reduced the expression of the neuron-specific K(+)/Cl(-) co-transporter, KCC2, in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice. Knowing that KCC2 maintains low intracellular Cl(-) concentrations, which drive Cl(-) influx in response to GABA(A) receptor activation, we monitored the behavioural response to the GABA(A) receptor enhancer, diazepam, in mice pre-treated for 7 days with saline or 25 mg/kg of memantine. Memantine treatment substantially attenuated motor impairment induced by an acute challenge with diazepam (6 mg/kg, i.p.), as assessed by the rotarod test and the horizontal wire test. We suggest that a prolonged treatment with memantine induces changes in the activity of GABA(A) receptors that might contribute to the therapeutic and/or toxic effects of the drug.
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Protective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor against neurotoxicity of 3-nitropropionic acid in rat cortical neurons. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:718-26. [PMID: 19428112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) deficiency has been implicated in pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an irreversible mitochondrial complex II inhibitor, has been commonly used as a pharmacological model recapitulating HD phenotypes in rodents and nonhuman primates. Herein we test whether BDNF may exert neuroprotective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction caused by 3-NP in primary culture of fetal rat cortical neurons. Preconditioning of neuronal cells with BDNF (100 ng/ml for 8h) attenuated 3-NP toxicity (2.5 mM for additional 24h) based on Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) staining. BDNF effects can be inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME, 100 microM), the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor KT5823 (2 microM), the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB, 5 microM), and a membrane-permeable Bcl-2 inhibitor (12.5 microM). 8-Br-cGMP is a cGMP analogue capable of activating PKG independent of NO. Exogenous application of 8-Br-cGMP (3-30 microM) and purified thioredoxin (3-5 microM) partially mimicked BDNF effects in conferring 3-NP resistance to cortical cells. These results, together with our previous report showing NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-mediated neuroprotective effects against 3-NP toxicity, suggest that BDNF may protect neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction at least partly via activation of the signaling cascades involving NOS/NO, PKG, thioredoxin and Bcl-2.
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