1
|
Chagraoui A, Anouar Y, De Deurwaerdere P, Arias HR. To what extent may aminochrome increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 168:106528. [PMID: 38246261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses over time and is characterized by preferential reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the precise mechanisms leading to cell death in neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, are not fully understood, it is widely accepted that increased oxidative stress may be a prevalent factor contributing to the deterioration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers in such conditions. Aminochrome, generated from dopamine (DA) metabolism, plays an important role in multiple pathogenic mechanisms associated with PD. Its capacity to induce a gradual reduction in dopaminergic neurons is due to its endogenous neurotoxicity. The formation of aminochrome results in the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), including pro-inflammatory factors, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. This, in turn, causes loss of dopaminergic neurons, reducing DA uptake, and reduced numbers and shortened dendrites. Notably, o-quinones, which are more cytotoxic, arise from the oxidation of DA and possess a higher capacity to impede cellular defense mechanisms, thereby resulting in the death of neuronal cells. Aminochrome potentially contributes to the pathophysiology of PD by forming adducts with various proteins. All of the aforementioned effects suggest that aminochrome may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Thus, aminochrome may serve as a more relevant preclinical model for PD, facilitating a better understanding of its pathophysiological processes and identification of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or slowing disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, France; UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Youssef Anouar
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR, 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Araújo FM, Frota AF, de Jesus LB, Macedo TC, Cuenca-Bermejo L, Sanchez-Rodrigo C, Ferreira KMS, de Oliveira JVR, de Fatima Dias Costa M, Segura-Aguilar J, Costa SL, Herrero MT, Silva VDA. Aminochrome Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss: A New Preclinical Model to Find Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drugs for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:265-81. [PMID: 34988761 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested aminochrome as an endogenous neurotoxin responsible for the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammation, an important alteration in PD pathogenesis, has been strictly induced in vitro by aminochrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammation induced in vivo by aminochrome. Wistar rats (male, 250-270 g) received a unilateral single dose by stereotaxic injection of saline into three sites in the striatum in the negative control group, or 32 nmol 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the positive control, or 6 nmol aminochrome. After 14 days, histological and molecular analyses were performed. We observed by immunofluorescence that aminochrome, as well as 6-OHDA, induced an increase in the number of Iba-1+ cells and in the number of activated (Iba-1+/ CD68+) microglia. An increase in the number of S100b+ cells and in the GFAP expression were also evidenced in the striatum and the SNpc of animals from aminochrome and positive control group. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was marked by reduction of TH+ cells and confirmed with reduction in the number of Nissl-stained neurons in the SNpc of rats from aminochrome and positive control groups. In addition, we observed by qPCR that aminocrhome induced an increase in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, CCL5 and CCR2 mRNA in the SNpc. This work provides the first evidence of microgliosis, astrogliosis and neuroinflammation induced by aminochrome in an in vivo model. Since aminochrome is an endogenous molecule derived from dopamine oxidation present in the targeted neurons in PD, these results reinforce the potential of aminochrome as a useful preclinical model to find anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs for PD. Aminochrome induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, microglial activation, astroglial activation and neuroinflammation marked by an increase in NLRP3, IL1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5 and CCR2.
Collapse
|
3
|
Latif S, Jahangeer M, Maknoon Razia D, Ashiq M, Ghaffar A, Akram M, El Allam A, Bouyahya A, Garipova L, Ali Shariati M, Thiruvengadam M, Azam Ansari M. Dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:114-126. [PMID: 34389279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of neurons, ie, cells critical to the production of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Here, we present a brief review of the dopamine synthetic pathway, binding to the dopamine receptors, and subsequent action. The production of dopamine (a monoamine neurotransmitter) occurs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the substantia nigra, specifically in the hypothalamic nucleus and midbrain. Compared to other monoamines, dopamine is widely distributed in the olfactory bulb, midbrain substantia nigra, hypothalamus, VTA, retina, and the periaqueductal gray area. Dopamine receptors are large G-protein coupled receptor family members, of which there are five subtypes including D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. These subtypes are further divided into two subclasses: D1-like family receptors (types 1 and 5) and D2-like family receptors (types 2, 3, and 4). Four different pathways and functions of the dopaminergic system are presented in this review. In the oxidation of dopamine, 5,6-indolequinone, dopamine-o-quinone, and aminochrome are formed. It is difficult to separate the roles of 5,6-indolequinone and dopamine-o-quinone in the degenerative process of Parkinson's diseases due to their instability. The role of aminochrome in Parkinson's disease is to form and stabilize the neurotoxic protofibrils of alpha-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the degradation of protein by lysosomal systems and proteasomes. The neurotoxic effects of aminochrome can be inhibited by preventing the polymerization of 5,6-indolequinone, dopamine-o-quinone, and aminochrome into neuromelanin, by reducing aminochrome catalysis by DT-diaphorase, and by preventing dopamine oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase. In addition to these, the conversion of dopamine in the neuromelanin (NM) shows both protective and toxic roles. Therefore, the aims of this review were to discuss and explain the role of dopamine and explore its physiology and specificity in Parkinson's disease, as well as its role in other physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Latif
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jahangeer
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Dure Maknoon Razia
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Ashiq
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aicha El Allam
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Larisa Garipova
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (the First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow 109004, Russian Federation
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valdes R, Armijo A, Muñoz P, Hultenby K, Hagg A, Inzunza J, Nalvarte I, Varshney M, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Cellular Trafficking of Glutathione Transferase M2-2 Between U373MG and SHSY-S7 Cells is Mediated by Exosomes. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:182-190. [PMID: 33555546 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in human astrocytes, increases its expression in the presence of aminochrome and catalyzes the conjugation of aminochrome, preventing its toxic effects. Secretion of the enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2 from U373MG cells, used as a cellular model for astrocytes, has been reported, and the enzyme is taken up by neuroblastoma SYSH-S7 cells and provide protection against aminochrome. The present study provides evidence that glutathione transferase M2-2 is released in exosomes from U373MG cells, thereby providing a means for intercellular transport of the enzyme. With particular relevance to Parkinson disease and other degenerative conditions, we propose a new mechanism by which astrocytes may protect dopaminergic neurons against the endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Valdes
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Armijo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Nucleo de Química Y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andres Hagg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) poisoning may result in a neurological disorder called manganism. Although the neurotoxic mechanism of Mn is unclear, oxidative stress may be involved based on the interactions between neurotransmitter catecholamines and metals such as iron. Here, we propose a novel mechanism in which Mn oxidizes catecholamines and inhibits cellular transcription. Mn accelerated the oxidation of adrenaline (Ad) and produced adrenochrome (AdC) more effectively than iron. Furthermore, the oxidation of DNA bases increased when Ad, Mn, and iron were present. However, despite the absence of iron, cell viability decreased in the presence of AdC or Ad with Mn, which suggests there is another mechanism independent of oxidative DNA damage. AdC or preincubated Ad with Mn reduced mRNA synthesis in T7 RNA polymerase-driven transcription. RNA synthesis decreased in AdC-treated cells dose-dependently. These results show that Mn disrupts neuronal function via catecholamine oxidation-mediated transcriptional inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ngoungoure VLN, Muñoz P, Tizabi Y, Valdes R, Moundipa PF, Segura-Aguilar J. Protective Effects of Crude Plant Extracts against Aminochrome-induced toxicity in Human Astrocytoma Cells: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Clin Pharmacol Transl Med 2019; 3:125-133. [PMID: 31321384 PMCID: PMC6639011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Aminochrome, an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome. Glutathione transferase M2 (GSTM2) activity of astrocytes by catalysing the conjugation of aminochrome with glutathione, can offer protection against aminochrome toxicity. Some medicinal toxicity through this plants may exert protective effect against aminochrome mechanism. METHODS In the present study, extracts from plants native to Cameroon, such as Alchornea laxiflora (leaves), Dacryodes edulis (barks), Annona muricata (seeds), Annona senegalensis (barks) were evaluated for their protection against aminochrome-induced toxicity in human glioblastoma/ astrocytoma U373MG wild type and U373MGsiGT6 cells in which GSTM2 expression was 74% silenced. The cells were pre-incubated with the plant extracts for 2 hr before addition of aminochrome (75 μM) and measurement of cell death/viability by flow cytometry after 24 hr incubation. RESULTS The extract of A. laxiflora (1 μg/ml), D. edulis (25 μg/ml), A. muricata (25 μg/ml) and A. senegalensis (25μg/ml) significantly decreased aminochrome-induced toxicity in U373siGST6 and U373MG cells. However, only A. laxiflora and A. muricata significantly increased the mitochondria membrane potential in U373siGST6 cells following aminochrome treatment. CONCLUSION The results indicate that extracts of some Cameroon plants can provide protection against aminochrome-induced toxicity and mitochondria dysfunction in human glioblastoma/astrocytoma cells. Although further identification of active components of these extracts is needed, potential usefulness of these compounds in Parkinson's disease may be suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane L. Ndam Ngoungoure
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Raul Valdes
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huenchuguala S, Sjödin B, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Novel Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Formed with the Aminochrome-Glutathione Conjugate Are Not Neurotoxic. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:432-440. [PMID: 30343424 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminochrome induces neurotoxic alpha-synuclein oligomer formation relevant to the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress produces aminochrome from dopamine, but conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione transferase M2-2 significantly decreases aminochrome-induced toxicity and alpha-synuclein oligomer formation. Notably, in the presence of the aminochrome-glutathione conjugate, previously unknown species of alpha-synuclein oligomers are formed. These aminochrome-glutathione oligomers of alpha-synuclein differ from formerly characterized oligomers and (i) have high molecular weight, and are stable and SDS-resistant, as determined by the Western blot method, (ii) show positive NBT-quinone-protein staining, which indicates the formation of alpha-synuclein adducts containing aminochrome. Furthermore, aminochrome-glutathione alpha-synuclein oligomers (iii) have distinctive shape and size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, and (iv) are not toxic in U373MG cells. In conclusion, glutathione conjugated with aminochrome induces a new type of alpha-synuclein oligomers of a different size and shape, which have no demonstrable toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras, 753, Osorno, Chile
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Segura-Aguilar J. Neurotoxins as Preclinical Models for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:870-877. [PMID: 29313219 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translational medicine is one of the major concerns in this century. While significant advances have been made with scientific knowledge, the translation of their promising results has not led to any new therapies. In Parkinson's disease, a long list of clinical studies, based on preclinical models with exogenous neurotoxins, has failed. Therefore, the aim of this opinion paper is to open discussion about preclinical models for Parkinson's disease based on neurotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Segura-Aguilar J. The Importance of Mitophagy in Maintaining Mitochondrial Function in U373MG Cells. Bafilomycin A1 Restores Aminochrome-Induced Mitochondrial Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2247-2253. [PMID: 28763613 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminochrome, an orthoquinone formed during the dopamine oxidation of neuromelanin, is neurotoxic because it induces mitochondria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction (both autophagy and proteasomal systems), α-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, neuroinflammation, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this study, we investigated the relationship between aminochrome-induced autophagy/lysosome dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in U373MGsiGST6 cells. Aminochrome (75 μM) induces mitochondrial dysfunction as determined by (i) a significant decrease in ATP levels (70%; P < 0.001) and (ii) a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the pretreatment of U373MGsiGST6 cells with 100 nM bafilomycin-A1, an inhibitor of lysosomal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, restores ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitophagy, and decreases cell death. These results reveal (i) the importance of macroautophagy/the lysosomal degradation system for the normal functioning of mitochondria and for cell survival, and (ii) aminochrome-induced lysosomal dysfunction depends on the aminochrome-dependent inactivation of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, which pumps protons into the lysosomes. This study also supports the proposed protective role of glutathione transferase mu2-2 (GSTM2) in astrocytes against aminochrome toxicity, mediated by mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Graumann R, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. DT-diaphorase protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:10-12. [PMID: 27168424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are exposed to aminochrome via the oxidation of dopamine that is taken up from the synaptic cleft after its release from dopaminergic neurons. Glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) has been shown to protect astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity, but astrocytes also express DT-diaphorase, which has been shown to prevent aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the question is whether DT-diaphorase also protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. DT-diaphorase is constitutively expressed in U373MG cells, and its inhibition by dicoumarol induced a significant increase of aminochrome-induced cell death. However, the inhibition of DT-diaphorase in U373MGsiGST6 cells, which have 74% of GSTM2 gene expression silenced, resulted in a more than 2-fold increase in cell death, suggesting that DT-diaphorase plays an important role in preventing aminochrome-induced toxicity in astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Rebecca Graumann
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Segura-Aguilar J, Paris I, Muñoz P. The need of a new and more physiological preclinical model for Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1381-2. [PMID: 26803841 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Briceño A, Muñoz P, Brito P, Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J, Paris IB. Aminochrome Toxicity is Mediated by Inhibition of Microtubules Polymerization Through the Formation of Adducts with Tubulin. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:381-93. [PMID: 26345577 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of adducts formation between aminochrome and tubulin and its interference in microtubules assembly and stability in aminochrome-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. We also investigated whether changes in the microtubules structures are an early event that could affect tubulin expression. We demonstrated in vitro that aminochrome tubulin adducts inhibit tubulin polymerization and that aminochrome induces microtubules disassembly. Moreover, when the SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with aminochrome, we observed an increase in soluble tubulin, indicating depolymerization of microtubules. Aminochrome generates disruption of the microtubules network, leading to changes in the morphology of the cells inducing cell death, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, these changes preceded cell death and were partly inhibited by paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing agent. Furthermore, we observed that aminochrome increased early tubulin expression before significant cell death occurred. Consequently, all these antecedents suggest that aminochrome toxicity is mediated by early disruption of microtubules network, where the adduct formation between aminochrome and tubulin could be responsible for the inhibition in the assembly microtubules and the loss of microtubules stability. Possibly, the early changes in tubulin expression could correspond to compensatory mechanisms against the toxic effects of aminochrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Briceño
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Brito
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Limonares 190, 2561780, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard B Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Limonares 190, 2561780, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiong R, Siegel D, Ross D. Quinone-induced protein handling changes: implications for major protein handling systems in quinone-mediated toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:285-95. [PMID: 25151970 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Para-quinones such as 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ) and menadione (MD) and ortho-quinones including the oxidation products of catecholamines, are derived from xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules. The effects of quinones on major protein handling systems in cells; the 20/26S proteasome, the ER stress response, autophagy, chaperone proteins and aggresome formation, have not been investigated in a systematic manner. Both BQ and aminochrome (AC) inhibited proteasomal activity and activated the ER stress response and autophagy in rat dopaminergic N27 cells. AC also induced aggresome formation while MD had little effect on any protein handling systems in N27 cells. The effect of NQO1 on quinone induced protein handling changes and toxicity was examined using N27 cells stably transfected with NQO1 to generate an isogenic NQO1-overexpressing line. NQO1 protected against BQ-induced apoptosis but led to a potentiation of AC- and MD-induced apoptosis. Modulation of quinone-induced apoptosis in N27 and NQO1-overexpressing cells correlated only with changes in the ER stress response and not with changes in other protein handling systems. These data suggested that NQO1 modulated the ER stress response to potentiate toxicity of AC and MD, but protected against BQ toxicity. We further demonstrated that NQO1 mediated reduction to unstable hydroquinones and subsequent redox cycling was important for the activation of the ER stress response and toxicity for both AC and MD. In summary, our data demonstrate that quinone-specific changes in protein handling are evident in N27 cells and the induction of the ER stress response is associated with quinone-mediated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|