1
|
Farzan M, Farzan M, Shahrani M, Navabi SP, Vardanjani HR, Amini-Khoei H, Shabani S. Neuroprotective properties of Betulin, Betulinic acid, and Ursolic acid as triterpenoids derivatives: a comprehensive review of mechanistic studies. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:223-240. [PMID: 36821092 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2180865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are the main outcome of neurological disorders whose occurrence has risen over the past three decades. Although there are some pharmacologic approaches approved for managing neurological disorders, it remains largely ineffective. Hence, exploring novel nature-based nutraceuticals is a pressing need to alleviate the results of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Some triterpenoids and their derivates can be considered potential therapeutics against neurological disorders due to their neuroprotective and cognitive-improving effects. Betulin (B), betulinic acid (BA), and ursolic acid (UA) are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds with a variety of biological activities, including antioxidative, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the therapeutic efficacy and probable molecular mechanisms of triterpenoids in damage prevention to neurons and restoring cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Considering few studies on this concept, the precise mechanisms that mediate the effect of these compounds in neurodegenerative disorders have remained unknown. The findings can provide sufficient information about the advantages of these compounds against neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Farzan
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahour Farzan
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Shahrani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Parisa Navabi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossien Rajabi Vardanjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sahreh Shabani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MicroRNAs in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: an overview. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1589-1603. [PMID: 35001356 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) and serve as a major cause of morbidity, mortality and functional dependence especially among the elderly. Despite extensive research and development efforts, the success rate of clinical pipelines has been very limited. However, microRNAs (miRs) have been proved to be of crucial importance in regulating intracellular pathways for various pathologic conditions including those of a neurodegenerative nature. There is ample evidence of altered levels of various miRs in clinical samples of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients with potentially major clinical implications. In the current review, we aim to summarize the relevant literature on the role of miRs in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) as the two globally predominant neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Scheibe C, Karreman C, Schildknecht S, Leist M, Hauser K. Synuclein Family Members Prevent Membrane Damage by Counteracting α-Synuclein Aggregation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081067. [PMID: 34439733 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 140 amino acid protein α-synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) with various roles and locations in healthy neurons that plays a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Contact with biomembranes can lead to α-helical conformations, but can also act as s seeding event for aggregation and a predominant β-sheet conformation. In PD patients, αS is found to aggregate in various fibrillary structures, and the shift in aggregation and localization is associated with disease progression. Besides full-length αS, several related polypeptides are present in neurons. The role of many αS-related proteins in the aggregation of αS itself is not fully understood Two of these potential aggregation modifiers are the αS splicing variant αS Δexon3 (Δ3) and the paralog β-synuclein (βS). Here, polarized ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the membrane interaction of these proteins individually and in various combinations. The method allowed a continuous monitoring of both the lipid structure of biomimetic membranes and the aggregation state of αS and related proteins. The use of polarized light also revealed the orientation of secondary structure elements. While αS led to a destruction of the lipid membrane upon membrane-catalyzed aggregation, βS and Δ3 aggregated significantly less, and they did not harm the membrane. Moreover, the latter proteins reduced the membrane damage triggered by αS. There were no major differences in the membrane interaction for the different synuclein variants. In combination, these observations suggest that the formation of particular protein aggregates is the major driving force for αS-driven membrane damage. The misbalance of αS, βS, and Δ3 might therefore play a crucial role in neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scheibe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schildknecht
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zahra W, Rai SN, Birla H, Singh SS, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Singh R, Keswani C, Singh RK, Singh SP. Neuroprotection of Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism by Ursolic Acid in PD Mouse Model. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:527-540. [PMID: 32787765 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200812224457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. The presynaptic neuronal protein, α-Synuclein, plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis and is associated with both genetic and sporadic origin of the disease. Ursolic Acid (UA) is a well-known bioactive compound found in various medicinal plants, widely studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. OBJECTIVE In this research article, the neuroprotective potential of UA has been further explored in the Rotenone-induced mouse model of PD. METHODS To investigate our hypothesis, we have divided mice into 4 different groups, control, drug only control, Rotenone-intoxicated group, and Rotenone-intoxicated mice treated with UA. After the completion of dosing, behavioral parameters were estimated. Then mice from each group were sacrificed and the brains were isolated. Further, the biochemical tests were assayed to check the balance between the oxidative stress and endogenous anti-oxidants; and TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase), α-Synuclein, Akt (Serine-threonine protein kinase), ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and inflammatory parameters like Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α) were assessed using Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blotting was also done to check the expressions of TH and α-Synuclein. Moreover, the expression levels of PD related genes like α-Synuclein, β-Synuclein, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed by using Real-time PCR. RESULTS The results obtained in our study suggested that UA significantly reduced the overexpression of α-Synuclein and regulated the phosphorylation of survival-related kinases (Akt and ERK) apart from alleviating the behavioral abnormalities and protecting the dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION Thus, our study shows the neuroprotective potential of UA, which can further be explored for possible clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lassot I, Mora S, Lesage S, Zieba BA, Coque E, Condroyer C, Bossowski JP, Mojsa B, Marelli C, Soulet C, Tesson C, Carballo-Carbajal I, Laguna A, Mangone G, Vila M, Brice A, Desagher S. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligases TRIM17 and TRIM41 Modulate α-Synuclein Expression by Regulating ZSCAN21. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2484-2496.e9. [PMID: 30485814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating data indicate that increased α-synuclein expression is crucial for Parkinson disease (PD), mechanisms regulating the transcription of its gene, SNCA, are largely unknown. Here, we describe a pathway regulating α-synuclein expression. Our data show that ZSCAN21 stimulates SNCA transcription in neuronal cells and that TRIM41 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for ZSCAN21. In contrast, TRIM17 decreases the TRIM41-mediated degradation of ZSCAN21. Silencing of ZSCAN21 and TRIM17 consistently reduces SNCA expression, whereas TRIM41 knockdown increases it. The mRNA levels of TRIM17, ZSCAN21, and SNCA are simultaneously increased in the midbrains of mice following MPTP treatment. In addition, rare genetic variants in ZSCAN21, TRIM17, and TRIM41 genes occur in patients with familial forms of PD. Expression of variants in ZSCAN21 and TRIM41 genes results in the stabilization of the ZSCAN21 protein. Our data thus suggest that deregulation of the TRIM17/TRIM41/ZSCAN21 pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iréna Lassot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Stéphan Mora
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Zieba
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Coque
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jozef Piotr Bossowski
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Mojsa
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Solange Desagher
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gámez-Valero A, Canet-Pons J, Urbizu A, Anillo A, Santos C, Ariza A, Beyer K. INDEL Length and Haplotypes in the β-Synuclein Gene: A Key to Differentiate Dementia with Lewy Bodies? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:207-219. [PMID: 30040713 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body diseases (LBD) include Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and together with Alzheimer's disease (AD) they show an important neuropathological and clinical overlap. The human alpha- and beta-synuclein genes (SNCA and SNCB) are key factors for the development of Lewy body diseases. Here, we aimed to analyze the genotype distribution of potentially functional SNPs in SNCA and SNCB, perform haplotype analysis for SNCB, and to identify functional insertion and deletion (INDEL) variations within the regulatory region of SNCB which might be responsible for the drastically diminished beta-synuclein levels reported for pure DLB. Thus, we genotyped brain samples from AD, DLB, PD, and healthy controls for two SNCA and four SNCB SNPs. We also analyzed INDEL variations upstream of SNCB, determined SNCB expression levels, and correlated INDEL lengths with expression levels. Applying Fisher's exact, chi-square, ANOVA tests, and the ΔΔCt method, we found disease-specific genotype distribution of SNCA and SNCB SNPs. Additionally, we identified three INDEL variations upstream of SNCB and showed that the INDEL allele lengths were associated with SNCB expression levels. INDEL alleles associated with low SNCB expression were accumulated in pure DLB. Finally, one major and four minor DLB specific SNCB haplotypes were identified with Haploview and Arlequin. In summary, our study showed that different SNCA and SNCB genotypes are associated with the development of either PD or DLB, and that the frequencies of genotypes associated with low SNCB expression are elevated in DLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gámez-Valero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,REMAR-IVECAT group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Canet-Pons
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Urbizu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Anillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Ariza
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrin Beyer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roberts RL, Wallace MC, Seinen ML, van Bodegraven AA, Krishnaprasad K, Jones GT, van Rij AM, Baird A, Lawrance IC, Prosser R, Bampton P, Grafton R, Simms LA, Studd C, Bell SJ, Kennedy MA, Halliwell J, Gearry RB, Radford-Smith G, Andrews JM, McHugh PC, Barclay ML. Nonsynonymous Polymorphism in Guanine Monophosphate Synthetase Is a Risk Factor for Unfavorable Thiopurine Metabolite Ratios in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2606-2612. [PMID: 29788244 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 20% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are refractory to thiopurine therapy preferentially produce 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) at the expense of 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN), resulting in a high 6-MMP:6-TGN ratio (>20). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether genetic variability in guanine monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) contributes to preferential 6-MMP metabolizer phenotype. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of IBD patients with 6-MMP:6-TGN ratios of >100 to identify nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). In vitro assays were performed to measure GMPS activity associated with these nsSNPs. Frequency of the nsSNPs was measured in a cohort of 530 Caucasian IBD patients. RESULTS Two nsSNPs in GMPS (rs747629729, rs61750370) were detected in 11 patients with very high 6-MMP:6-TGN ratios. The 2 nsSNPs were predicted to be damaging by in silico analysis. In vitro assays demonstrated that both nsSNPs resulted in a significant reduction in GMPS activity (P < 0.05). The SNP rs61750370 was significantly associated with 6-MMP:6-TGN ratios ≥100 (odds ratio, 5.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-25.12; P < 0.031) in a subset of 264 Caucasian IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS The GMPS SNP rs61750370 may be a reliable risk factor for extreme 6MMP preferential metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Roberts
- Department of Surgical Sciences (Dunedin), University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Mary C Wallace
- Department of Surgical Sciences (Dunedin), University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Margien L Seinen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, Atrium-ORBIS Medical Center, Heerlen-Sittard, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, Atrium-ORBIS Medical Center, Heerlen-Sittard, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gregory T Jones
- Department of Surgical Sciences (Dunedin), University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Andre M van Rij
- Department of Surgical Sciences (Dunedin), University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Angela Baird
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth Prosser
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel Grafton
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa A Simms
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corrie Studd
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally J Bell
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin A Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Halliwell
- Centre for Biomarker Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Richard B Gearry
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Graham Radford-Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick C McHugh
- Centre for Biomarker Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Murray L Barclay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Model Senescent Microglia Induce Disease Related Changes in α-Synuclein Expression and Activity. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030067. [PMID: 30071596 PMCID: PMC6164966 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most prominent risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. However, incorporating aging-related changes into models of neurodegeneration rarely occurs. One of the significant changes that occurs in the brain as we age is the shift in phenotype of the resident microglia population to one less able to respond to deleterious changes in the brain. These microglia are termed dystrophic microglia. In order to better model neurodegenerative diseases, we have developed a method to convert microglia into a senescent phenotype in vitro. Mouse microglia grown in high iron concentrations showed many characteristics of dystrophic microglia including, increased iron storage, increased expression of proteins, such as ferritin and the potassium channel, Kv1.3, increased reactive oxygen species production and cytokine release. We have applied this new model to the study of α-synuclein, a protein that is closely associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We have shown that conditioned medium from our model dystrophic microglia increases α-synuclein transcription and expression via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and mediated through nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). The conditioned medium also decreases the formation of α-synuclein tetramers, associated ferrireductase activity, and increases aggregates of α-synuclein. The results suggest that we have developed an interesting new model of aged microglia and that factors, including TNFα released from dystrophic microglia could have a significant influence on the pathogenesis of α-synuclein related diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Evans T, Kok WL, Cowan K, Hefford M, Anichtchik O. Accumulation of beta-synuclein in cortical neurons is associated with autophagy attenuation in the brains of dementia with Lewy body patients. Brain Res 2018; 1681:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
10
|
Angelova DM, Jones HBL, Brown DR. Levels of α- and β-synuclein regulate cellular susceptibility to toxicity from α-synuclein oligomers. FASEB J 2018; 32:995-1006. [PMID: 29054856 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700675r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is associated with a range of diseases, including Parkinson disease. In disease, α-syn is known to aggregate and has the potential to be neurotoxic. The association between copper and α-syn results in the formation of stellate toxic oligomers that are highly toxic to cultured neurons. We further investigated the mechanism of toxicity of α-syn oligomers. Cells that overexpress α-syn showed increased susceptibility to the toxicity of the oligomers, while those that overexpressed β-syn showed increased resistance to the toxic oligomers. Elevated α-syn expression caused an increase in expression of the transcription factor Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a). Inhibition of FoxO3a activity by the overexpression of DNA binding domain of FoxO3a resulted in significant protection from α-syn oligomer toxicity. Increased FoxO3a expression in cells was shown to be caused by increased ferrireductase activity and Fe(II) levels. These results suggest that α-syn increases FoxO3a expression as a result of its intrinsic ferrireductase activity. The results also suggest that FoxO3a plays a pivotal role in the toxicity of both Fe(II) and toxic α-syn species to neuronal cells.-Angelova, D. M., Jones, H. B. L., Brown, D. R. Levels of α- and β-synuclein regulate cellular susceptibility to toxicity from α-synuclein oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafina M Angelova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah B L Jones
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unveiling a Selective Mechanism for the Inhibition of α-Synuclein Aggregation by β-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020334. [PMID: 29364143 PMCID: PMC5855556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein that is associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) through its ability to self-assemble into oligomers and fibrils. Inhibition of this oligomerization cascade is an interesting approach to developing therapeutical strategies and β-synuclein (βS) has been described as a natural negative regulator of this process. However, the biological background and molecular mechanisms by which this inhibition occurs is unclear. Herein, we focused on assessing the effect of βS on the aggregation of five αS pathological mutants linked to early-onset PD (A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D and A53T). By coupling single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to a cell-free protein expression system, we validated the ability of βS to act as a chaperone of αS, effectively inhibiting its aggregation. Interestingly, we found that βS does so in a selective manner, i.e., is a more effective inhibitor for certain αS pathological mutants—A30P and G51D—as compared to E46K, H50Q and A53T. Moreover, two-color coincidence experiments proved that this discrepancy is due to a preferential incorporation of βS into smaller oligomers of αS. This was validated by showing that the chaperoning effect was lost when proteins were mixed after being expressed individually. This study highlights the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to deconstruct αS aggregation cascade and its interplay with βS.
Collapse
|
12
|
Miotto MC, Pavese MD, Quintanar L, Zweckstetter M, Griesinger C, Fernández CO. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Parkinson’s Disease: Affinity and Structural Features of Cu(I) Binding to the Full-Length β-Synuclein Protein. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10387-10395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco C. Miotto
- Max Planck Laboratory
for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario
and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos
de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mayra D. Pavese
- Max Planck Laboratory
for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario
and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos
de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. Instituto Politécnico
Nacional 2508, 07360 D.F., México
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department of NMR-based
Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Deutches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR-based
Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudio O. Fernández
- Max Planck Laboratory
for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario
and Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos
de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
- Department of NMR-based
Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roberts HL, Schneider BL, Brown DR. α-Synuclein increases β-amyloid secretion by promoting β-/γ-secretase processing of APP. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171925. [PMID: 28187176 PMCID: PMC5302447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation is often accompanied by β-amyloid deposition in some neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesised that α-synuclein promotes β-amyloid production from APP. β-Amyloid levels and APP amyloidogenic processing were investigated in neuronal cell lines stably overexpressing wildtype and mutant α-synuclein. γ-Secretase activity and β-secretase expression were also measured. We show that α-synuclein expression induces β-amyloid secretion and amyloidogenic processing of APP in neuronal cell lines. Certain mutations of α-synuclein potentiate APP amyloidogenic processing. γ-Secretase activity was not enhanced by wildtype α-synuclein expression, however β-secretase protein levels were induced. Furthermore, a correlation between α-synuclein and β-secretase protein was seen in rat brain striata. Iron chelation abolishes the effect of α-synuclein on neuronal cell β-amyloid secretion, whereas overexpression of the ferrireductase enzyme Steap3 is robustly pro-amyloidogenic. We propose that α-synuclein promotes β-amyloid formation by modulating β-cleavage of APP, and that this is potentially mediated by the levels of reduced iron and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel L. Roberts
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard L. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
β-Synuclein suppresses both the initiation and amplification steps of α-synuclein aggregation via competitive binding to surfaces. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36010. [PMID: 27808107 PMCID: PMC5093550 DOI: 10.1038/srep36010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is an intrinsically disordered protein that is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease through the processes involved in the formation of amyloid fibrils. α and β-synuclein are homologous proteins found at comparable levels in presynaptic terminals but β-synuclein has a greatly reduced propensity to aggregate and indeed has been found to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation. In this paper, we describe how sequence differences between α- and β-synuclein affect individual microscopic processes in amyloid formation. In particular, we show that β-synuclein strongly suppresses both lipid-induced aggregation and secondary nucleation of α-synuclein by competing for binding sites at the surfaces of lipid vesicles and fibrils, respectively. These results suggest that β-synuclein can act as a natural inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation by reducing both the initiation of its self-assembly and the proliferation of its aggregates.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dermentzaki G, Paschalidis N, Politis PK, Stefanis L. Complex Effects of the ZSCAN21 Transcription Factor on Transcriptional Regulation of α-Synuclein in Primary Neuronal Cultures and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8756-72. [PMID: 26907683 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein, a presynaptic neuronal protein encoded by the SNCA gene, is strongly implicated in Parkinson disease (PD). PD pathogenesis is linked to increased SNCA levels; however, the transcriptional elements that control SNCA expression are still elusive. Previous experiments in PC12 cells demonstrated that the transcription factor zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 21 (ZSCAN21) plays an important regulatory role in SNCA transcription. Currently, we characterized the role of ZSCAN21 in SNCA transcription in primary neuronal cultures and in vivo We found that ZSCAN21 is developmentally expressed in neurons in different rat brain regions. We confirmed its binding in the intron 1 region of SNCA in rat cortical cultures. Lentivirus-mediated silencing of ZSCAN21 increased significantly SNCA promoter activity, mRNA, and protein levels in such cultures. In contrast, ZSCAN21 silencing reduced SNCA in neurosphere cultures. Interestingly, ZSCAN21 overexpression in cortical neurons led to robust mRNA but negligible protein expression, suggesting that ZSCAN21 protein levels are tightly regulated post-transcriptionally and/or post-translationally in primary neurons. Efficient adeno-associated virus-mediated knockdown of ZSCAN21 in the postnatal and adult hippocampus, an area linked with non-motor PD symptoms, revealed no significant alterations in SNCA levels. Overall, our study demonstrates that ZSCAN21 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of SNCA in primary neuronal cultures, but the direction of the effect is variable, likely depending on neuronal maturation. However, the unaltered SNCA levels observed following ZSCAN21 down-regulation in the rat brain, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms, imply that ZSCAN21 is not a master regulator of SNCA in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dermentzaki
- From the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527 and
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- From the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527 and
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- From the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527 and
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- From the Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527 and the Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hospital Attikon, Athens 12462, Greece,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cichon AC, Brown DR. Nrf-2 regulation of prion protein expression is independent of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 63:31-7. [PMID: 25242137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular expression of host prion protein (PrP) is essential to infection with prion disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate prion protein expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels is therefore an important goal. The cellular prion protein has been associated with resistance to oxidative, and its expression is also increased by oxidative stress. The transcription factor Nrf-2 is associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress and is known to induce upregulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. We have identified an Nrf-2 binding site in the prion protein promoter (Prnp) and shown that Nrf-2 downregulated PrP expression. However, this effect is independent of oxidative stress as oxidative stress can up-regulate PrP expression regardless of the level of Nrf-2 expression. Furthermore, Nrf-2 has no impact on PrP expression when cells are infected with scrapie. These findings highlight that Nrf-2 can regulate PrP expression, but that this regulation becomes uncoupled during cellular stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| |
Collapse
|