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Uthayakumaran K, Sunil M, Ratcliffe EM. Evaluating the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Axon Guidance: A Literature Review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:12-20. [PMID: 38174983 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) mediates the actions of cannabis and has been implicated in playing critical roles in key developmental events, including axon guidance. Although several recent studies have demonstrated ECS involvement in neurodevelopment, an emphasis on its putative role in axon guidance has not been reviewed comprehensively. Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the interrelationships between the ECS and axon guidance. Methodology: This literature review analyzes existing literature demonstrating the normal role of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in axon guidance, with evidence from diverse animal models. Studies were obtained from a search strategy involving terms related to the ECS and axon guidance, and cross-checking cited literature to ensure a complete evaluation. Discussion: Cannabinoid receptors, as well as eCB synthesis and degradation machinery, appear necessary for normal axon guidance during neurodevelopment. Genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of eCB signaling results in axon growth and guidance errors, implying high sensitivity to exogenous cannabinoids. Conclusion: Overall, this review highlights the intricate connections between the ECS and axon guidance in normal neurodevelopment. The mechanistic evidence discussed suggests that alterations of the ECS through genetic and pharmacological interference disrupt its normal functioning and by extension its normal role in regulating neural circuitry formation. A comprehensive understanding of this topic will be valuable in potentially uncovering the mechanisms responsible for the neurodevelopmental defects associated with pre-natal cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavina Uthayakumaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Sunil
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elyanne M Ratcliffe
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Geribaldi-Doldán N, Carrascal L, Pérez-García P, Oliva-Montero JM, Pardillo-Díaz R, Domínguez-García S, Bernal-Utrera C, Gómez-Oliva R, Martínez-Ortega S, Verástegui C, Nunez-Abades P, Castro C. Migratory Response of Cells in Neurogenic Niches to Neuronal Death: The Onset of Harmonic Repair? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076587. [PMID: 37047560 PMCID: PMC10095545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmonic mechanisms orchestrate neurogenesis in the healthy brain within specific neurogenic niches, which generate neurons from neural stem cells as a homeostatic mechanism. These newly generated neurons integrate into existing neuronal circuits to participate in different brain tasks. Despite the mechanisms that protect the mammalian brain, this organ is susceptible to many different types of damage that result in the loss of neuronal tissue and therefore in alterations in the functionality of the affected regions. Nevertheless, the mammalian brain has developed mechanisms to respond to these injuries, potentiating its capacity to generate new neurons from neural stem cells and altering the homeostatic processes that occur in neurogenic niches. These alterations may lead to the generation of new neurons within the damaged brain regions. Notwithstanding, the activation of these repair mechanisms, regeneration of neuronal tissue within brain injuries does not naturally occur. In this review, we discuss how the different neurogenic niches respond to different types of brain injuries, focusing on the capacity of the progenitors generated in these niches to migrate to the injured regions and activate repair mechanisms. We conclude that the search for pharmacological drugs that stimulate the migration of newly generated neurons to brain injuries may result in the development of therapies to repair the damaged brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Livia Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M. Oliva-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardillo-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samuel Domínguez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Bernal-Utrera
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
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3
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Neuroblasts migration under control of reactive astrocyte-derived BDNF: a promising therapy in late neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36600294 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disease with high mortality and morbidity, which leads to severe neurological dysfunction. Neurogenesis has provided therapeutic options for treating TBI. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neuroblasts migration. We aimed to investigate to the key regulating principle of BDNF in endogenous neuroblasts migration in a mouse TBI model. METHODS In this study, controlled cortical impact (CCI) mice (C57BL/6J) model was established to mimic TBI. The sham mice served as control. Immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed on the CCI groups (day 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after CCI) and the sham group. All the data were analyzed with Student's t-test or one-way or two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS Our results revealed that neuroblasts migration initiated as early as day 1, peaking at day 7, and persisted till day 21. The spatiotemporal profile of BDNF expression was similar to that of neuroblasts migration, and BDNF level following CCI was consistently higher in injured cortex than in subventricular zone (SVZ). Reactive astrocytes account for the major resource of BDNF along the migrating path, localized with neuroblasts in proximity. Moreover, injection of exogenous CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, at random sites promoted neuroblasts migration and astrocytic BDNF expression in both normal and CCI mice (day 28). These provoked neuroblasts can also differentiate into mature neurons. CC chemokine ligand receptor 2 antagonist can restrain the neuroblasts migration after TBI. CONCLUSIONS Neuroblasts migrated along the activated astrocytic tunnel, directed by BDNF gradient between SVZ and injured cortex after TBI. CCL2 might be a key regulator in the above endogenous neuroblasts migration. Moreover, delayed CCL2 administration may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for late neurogenesis post-trauma.
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4
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Abstract
The public and health care providers are increasingly curious about the potential medical benefits of Cannabis. In vitro and in vivo studies of Cannabis have suggested it has favorable effects on regulating pain, pruritus, and inflammation, making it a potentially attractive therapeutic agent for many dermatologic conditions. The body of literature reporting on the role of cannabinoids in dermatology is in its infancy but growing. We review the current research, possible cutaneous adverse effects, and future directions for cannabinoids and their use in skin cancer, acne, psoriasis, pruritus, dermatitis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, cutaneous lupus erythematous, epidermolysis bullosa, pain, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Campbell Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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5
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Hakanen J, Parmentier N, Sommacal L, Garcia-Sanchez D, Aittaleb M, Vertommen D, Zhou L, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. The Celsr3-Kif2a axis directs neuronal migration in the postnatal brain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102177. [PMID: 34582949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tangential migration of immature neurons in the postnatal brain involves consecutive migration cycles and depends on constant remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton, particularly in the leading process (LP). Despite the identification of several proteins with permissive and empowering functions, the mechanisms that specify the direction of migration remain largely unknown. Here, we report that planar cell polarity protein Celsr3 orients neuroblasts migration from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to olfactory bulb (OB). In Celsr3-forebrain conditional knockout mice, neuroblasts loose directionality and few can reach the OB. Celsr3-deficient neuroblasts exhibit aberrant branching of LP, de novo LP formation, and decreased growth rate of microtubules (MT). Mechanistically, we show that Celsr3 interacts physically with Kif2a, a MT depolymerizing protein and that conditional inactivation of Kif2a in the forebrain recapitulates the Celsr3 knockout phenotype. Our findings provide evidence that Celsr3 and Kif2a cooperatively specify the directionality of neuroblasts tangential migration in the postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Parmentier
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonie Sommacal
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dario Garcia-Sanchez
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Massprot Platform, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Dong X, Yang L, Liu K, Ji X, Tang C, Li W, Ma L, Mei Y, Peng T, Feng B, Wu Z, Tang Q, Gao Y, Yan K, Zhou W, Xiong M. Transcriptional networks identify synaptotagmin-like 3 as a regulator of cortical neuronal migration during early neurodevelopment. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108802. [PMID: 33657377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain development is a complex process involving neural proliferation, differentiation, and migration that are directed by many essential cellular factors and drivers. Here, using the NetBID2 algorithm and developing human brain RNA sequencing dataset, we identify synaptotagmin-like 3 (SYTL3) as one of the top drivers of early human brain development. Interestingly, SYTL3 exhibits high activity but low expression in both early developmental human cortex and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neurons. Knockout of SYTL3 (SYTL3-KO) in human neurons or knockdown of Sytl3 in embryonic mouse cortex markedly promotes neuronal migration. SYTL3-KO causes an abnormal distribution of deep-layer neurons in brain organoids and reduces presynaptic neurotransmitter release in hESC-derived neurons. We further demonstrate that SYTL3-KO-accelerated neuronal migration is modulated by high expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Together, based on bioinformatics and biological experiments, we identify SYTL3 as a regulator of cortical neuronal migration in human and mouse developing brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Dong
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Kaiyi Liu
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoli Ji
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China; Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Chuanqing Tang
- Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wanxing Li
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yuting Mei
- Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Ban Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Tang
- Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Ultrasonography Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Molecular Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Man Xiong
- Stem Cell Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
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7
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Endocannabinoid system and adult neurogenesis: a focused review. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 50:25-32. [PMID: 31864101 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (eCB) is a ubiquitous lipid signaling system composed of at least two receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. Within the brain, the eCB system is highly expressed in the hippocampus and controls basic biological processes, including neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation, which are intimately linked with embryonal neurogenesis. Accumulated preclinical evidence has indicated that eCBs play a major role also in regulating adult neurogenesis. Increased cannabinoid receptor activity, either by increased eCB content or by pharmacological blockade of their degradation, produces neurogenic effects alongside rescue of phenotypes in animal models of different psychiatric and neurological disorders. Therefore, in the light of the higher therapeutic potential of adult neurogenesis compared to the embryonic one, here we sought to summarize the most recent evidence pointing towards a neurogenic role for eCBs in the adult brain, both under normal and pathological conditions.
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8
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Yang D, Qu F, Cai H, Chuang CH, Lim JS, Jahchan N, Grüner BM, S Kuo C, Kong C, Oudin MJ, Winslow MM, Sage J. Axon-like protrusions promote small cell lung cancer migration and metastasis. eLife 2019; 8:50616. [PMID: 31833833 PMCID: PMC6940020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients but remains a poorly understood process. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most lethal and most metastatic cancer types. SCLC cells normally express neuroendocrine and neuronal gene programs but accumulating evidence indicates that these cancer cells become relatively more neuronal and less neuroendocrine as they gain the ability to metastasize. Here we show that mouse and human SCLC cells in culture and in vivo can grow cellular protrusions that resemble axons. The formation of these protrusions is controlled by multiple neuronal factors implicated in axonogenesis, axon guidance, and neuroblast migration. Disruption of these axon-like protrusions impairs cell migration in culture and inhibits metastatic ability in vivo. The co-option of developmental neuronal programs is a novel molecular and cellular mechanism that contributes to the high metastatic ability of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Fangfei Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hongchen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jing Shan Lim
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Nadine Jahchan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Christina Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Madeleine J Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Julien Sage
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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9
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Lu L, Williams G, Doherty P. 2-Linoleoylglycerol Is a Partial Agonist of the Human Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor that Can Suppress 2-Arachidonolyglycerol and Anandamide Activity. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:231-239. [PMID: 31872059 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor and cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor are widely expressed in the body and anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are their best characterized endogenous ligands. The diacylglycerol lipases (diacylglycerol lipase alpha and diacylglycerol lipase beta) not only synthesize essentially all the 2-AG in the body but also generate other monoacylglycerols, including 2-linoleoylglycerol (2-LG). This lipid has been proposed to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling by protecting 2-AG from hydrolysis. However, more recently, 2-LG has been reported to be a CB1 antagonist. Methods: The effect of 2-LG on the human CB1 receptor activity was evaluated in vitro using a cell-based reporter assay that couples CB1 receptor activation to the expression of the β-lactamase enzyme. Receptor activity can then be measured by a β-lactamase enzymatic assay. Results: When benchmarked against 2-AG, AEA, and arachidonoyl-2'-chloroethylamide (a synthetic CB1 agonist), 2-LG functions as a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor. The 2-LG response was potentiated by JZL195, a drug that inhibits the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols. The 2-LG response was also fully inhibited by the synthetic CB1 antagonist AM251 and by the natural plant derived antagonist cannabidiol. 2-LG did not potentiate, and only blunted, the activity of 2-AG and AEA. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that 2-LG is a partial agonist at the human CB1 receptor and capable of modulating the activity of the established eCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Lu
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Buceta I, Elezgarai I, Rico‐Barrio I, Gerrikagoitia I, Puente N, Grandes P. Deletion of the cannabinoid CB
1
receptor impacts on the ultrastructure of the cerebellar parallel fiber‐Purkinje cell synapses. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1041-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ianire Buceta
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
| | - Irantzu Rico‐Barrio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
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11
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Motamed S, Del Borgo MP, Zhou K, Kulkarni K, Crack PJ, Merson TD, Aguilar MI, Finkelstein DI, Forsythe JS. Migration and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Diverted From the Subventricular Zone by an Injectable Self-Assembling β-Peptide Hydrogel. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:315. [PMID: 31788470 PMCID: PMC6856563 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells, which are confined in localised niches are unable to repair large brain lesions because of an inability to migrate long distances and engraft. To overcome these problems, previous research has demonstrated the use of biomaterial implants to redirect increased numbers of endogenous neural stem cell populations. However, the fate of the diverted neural stem cells and their progeny remains unknown. Here we show that neural stem cells originating from the subventricular zone can migrate to the cortex with the aid of a long-lasting injectable hydrogel within a mouse brain. Specifically, large numbers of neuroblasts were diverted to the cortex through a self-assembling β-peptide hydrogel that acted as a tract from the subventricular zone to the cortex of transgenic mice (NestinCreERT2:R26eYFP) in which neuroblasts and their progeny are permanently fluorescently labelled. Moreover, neuroblasts differentiated into neurons and astrocytes 35 days post implantation, and the neuroblast-derived neurons were Syn1 positive suggesting integration into existing neural circuitry. In addition, astrocytes co-localised with neuroblasts along the hydrogel tract, suggesting that they assisted migration and simulated pathways similar to the native rostral migratory stream. Lower levels of astrocytes were found at the boundary of hydrogels with encapsulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor, comparing with hydrogel implants alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Motamed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark P Del Borgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tobias D Merson
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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12
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Kon E, Calvo-Jiménez E, Cossard A, Na Y, Cooper JA, Jossin Y. N-cadherin-regulated FGFR ubiquitination and degradation control mammalian neocortical projection neuron migration. eLife 2019; 8:47673. [PMID: 31577229 PMCID: PMC6786859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of FGF receptors (FGFRs) in early development of the cerebral cortex are well established. Their functions in the migration of neocortical projection neurons, however, are unclear. We have found that FGFRs regulate multipolar neuron orientation and the morphological change into bipolar cells necessary to enter the cortical plate. Mechanistically, our results suggest that FGFRs are activated by N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin cell-autonomously binds FGFRs and inhibits FGFR K27- and K29-linked polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, FGFRs accumulate and stimulate prolonged Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Neurons inhibited for Erk1/2 are stalled in the multipolar zone. Moreover, Reelin, a secreted protein regulating neuronal positioning, prevents FGFR degradation through N-Cadherin, causing Erk1/2 phosphorylation. These findings reveal novel functions for FGFRs in cortical projection neuron migration, suggest a physiological role for FGFR and N-Cadherin interaction in vivo and identify Reelin as an extracellular upstream regulator and Erk1/2 as downstream effectors of FGFRs during neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisa Calvo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Youn Na
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Turunen PM, Louhivuori LM, Louhivuori V, Kukkonen JP, Åkerman KE. Endocannabinoid Signaling in Embryonic Neuronal Motility and Cell–Cell Contact – Role of mGluR5 and TRPC3 Channels. Neuroscience 2018; 375:135-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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15
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Kertes DA, Bhatt SS, Kamin HS, Hughes DA, Rodney NC, Mulligan CJ. BNDF methylation in mothers and newborns is associated with maternal exposure to war trauma. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:68. [PMID: 28680507 PMCID: PMC5493129 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BDNF gene codes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a growth factor involved in neural development, cell differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. Present in both the brain and periphery, BDNF plays critical roles throughout the body and is essential for placental and fetal development. Rodent studies show that early life stress, including prenatal stress, broadly alters BDNF methylation, with presumed changes in gene expression. No studies have assessed prenatal exposure to maternal traumatic stress and BDNF methylation in humans. This study examined associations of prenatal exposure to maternal stress and BDNF methylation at CpG sites across the BDNF gene. RESULTS Among 24 mothers and newborns in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, a region with extreme conflict and violence to women, maternal experiences of war trauma and chronic stress were associated with BDNF methylation in umbilical cord blood, placental tissue, and maternal venous blood. Associations of maternal stress and BDNF methylation showed high tissue specificity. The majority of significant associations were observed in putative transcription factor binding regions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in humans to examine BDNF methylation in relation to prenatal exposure to maternal stress in three tissues simultaneously and the first in any mammalian species to report associations of prenatal stress and BDNF methylation in placental tissue. The findings add to the growing body of evidence highlighting the importance of considering epigenetic effects when examining the impacts of trauma and stress, not only for adults but also for offspring exposed via effects transmitted before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Kertes
- Department of Psychology and University of Florida Genetics Institute, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250 USA
| | - Samarth S Bhatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Hayley S Kamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - David A Hughes
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicole C Rodney
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Connie J Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology and University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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16
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Secretagogin-dependent matrix metalloprotease-2 release from neurons regulates neuroblast migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2006-E2015. [PMID: 28223495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700662114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is viewed as a glia-enriched conduit of forward-migrating neuroblasts in which chemorepulsive signals control the pace of forward migration. Here we demonstrate the existence of a scaffold of neurons that receive synaptic inputs within the rat, mouse, and human fetal RMS equivalents. These neurons express secretagogin, a Ca2+-sensor protein, to execute an annexin V-dependent externalization of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) for reconfiguring the extracellular matrix locally. Mouse genetics combined with pharmacological probing in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that MMP-2 externalization occurs on demand and that its loss slows neuroblast migration. Loss of function is particularly remarkable upon injury to the olfactory bulb. Cumulatively, we identify a signaling cascade that provokes structural remodeling of the RMS through recruitment of MMP-2 by a previously unrecognized neuronal constituent. Given the life-long presence of secretagogin-containing neurons in human, this mechanism might be exploited for therapeutic benefit in rescue strategies.
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17
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Zhou Y, Howell FV, Glebov OO, Albrecht D, Williams G, Doherty P. Regulated endosomal trafficking of Diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLα) generates distinct cellular pools; implications for endocannabinoid signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 76:76-86. [PMID: 27595600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLα) generates the endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and serves as a retrograde signaling lipid at synapses. Nothing is known about the dynamics of DAGLα expression in cells and this is important as it will govern where 2-AG can be made and released. We have developed a new construct to label DAGLα at the surface of live cells and follow its trafficking. In hippocampal neurons a cell surface pool of DAGLα co-localizes with Homer, a postsynaptic density marker. This surface pool of DAGLα is dynamic, undergoing endocytosis and recycling back to the postsynaptic membrane. A similar cycling is seen in COS-7 cells with the internalized DAGLα initially transported to EEA1 and Rab5-positive early endosomes via a clathrin-independent pathway before being transported back to the cell surface. The internalized DAGLα is present on reticular structures that co-localize with microtubules. Importantly, DAGLα cycling is a regulated process as inhibiting PKC results in a significant reduction in endocytosis. This is the first description of DAGLα cycling between the cell surface and an intracellular endosomal compartment in a manner that can regulate the level of the enzyme at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fiona V Howell
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oleg O Glebov
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David Albrecht
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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18
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Wang Y, Teng HL, Gao Y, Zhang F, Ding YQ, Huang ZH. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes the Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Through TRPC Channels. Glia 2016; 64:2154-2165. [PMID: 27534509 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of glial cells with axonal growth-promoting properties in the olfactory system. Organized migration of OECs is essential for neural regeneration and olfactory development. However, the molecular mechanism of OEC migration remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on OEC migration. Initially, the "scratch" migration assay, the inverted coverslip and Boyden chamber migration assays showed that BDNF could promote the migration of primary cultured OECs. Furthermore, BDNF gradient attracted the migration of OECs in single-cell migration assays. Mechanistically, TrkB receptor expressed in OECs mediated BDNF-induced OEC migration, and BDNF triggered calcium signals in OECs. Finally, transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPCs) highly expressed in OECs were responsible for BDNF-induced calcium signals, and required for BDNF-induced OEC migration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BDNF promotes the migration of cultured OECs and an unexpected finding is that TRPCs are required for BDNF-induced OEC migration. GLIA 2016;64:2154-2165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Lin Teng
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Zhi-Hui Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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19
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Nguyen T, Mège RM. N-Cadherin and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors crosstalk in the control of developmental and cancer cell migrations. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:415-426. [PMID: 27320194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migrations are diverse. They constitutemajor morphogenetic driving forces during embryogenesis, but they contribute also to the loss of tissue homeostasis and cancer growth. Capabilities of cells to migrate as single cells or as collectives are controlled by internal and external signalling, leading to the reorganisation of their cytoskeleton as well as by the rebalancing of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions. Among the genes altered in numerous cancers, cadherins and growth factor receptors are of particular interest for cell migration regulation. In particular, cadherins such as N-cadherin and a class of growth factor receptors, namely FGFRs cooperate to regulate embryonic and cancer cell behaviours. In this review, we discuss on reciprocal crosstalk between N-cadherin and FGFRs during cell migration. Finally, we aim at clarifying the synergy between N-cadherin and FGFR signalling that ensure cellular reorganization during cell movements, mainly during cancer cell migration and metastasis but also during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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20
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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