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Ma Z, Zhang W, Wang C, Su Y, Yi C, Niu J. A New Acquaintance of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8. [PMID: 39042298 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system (CNS) that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma. OPCs could generate oligodendrocytes to participate in myelination. Recent advances have renewed our knowledge of OPC biology by discovering novel markers of oligodendroglial cells, the myelin-independent roles of OPCs, and the regulatory mechanism of OPC development. In this review, we will explore the updated knowledge on OPC identity, their multifaceted roles in the CNS in health and diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in their developmental stages, which hopefully would contribute to a further understanding of OPCs and attract attention in the field of OPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chenmeng Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yixun Su
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active substance screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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2
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Taskiran A, Oktem G, Demir A, Oltulu F, Ozcinar E, Duzagac F, Guven U, Karakoc E, Cakir A, Ayla S, Guven S, Acikgoz E. Embryonic microenvironment suppresses YY1 and YY1-related genes in prostate cancer stem cells. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155467. [PMID: 39047662 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Yin yang 1 (YY1), a transcription factor, plays crucial roles in cell fate specification, differentiation, and pluripotency during embryonic development. It is also involved in tumorigenesis, drug resistance, metastasis, and relapse caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs), particularly in prostate cancer (PCa). Targeting YY1 could potentially eliminate prostate CSCs (PCSCs) and provide novel therapeutic approaches. PCa tissues often exhibit elevated YY1 expression levels, especially in high-grade cases. Notably, high-grade PCa tissues from 58 PCa patients and CD133high/CD44high PCSCs isolated from DU145 PCa cell line by FACS both showed significantly increased YY1 expression as observed through immunofluorescence staining, respectively. To investigate the embryonic microenvironment impact on YY1 expression in CSC populations, firstly PCSCs were microinjected into the inner cell mass of blastocysts and then PCSCs were co-cultured with blastocysts. Next Generation Sequencing was used to analyze alterations in YY1 and related gene expressions. Interestingly, exposure to the embryonic microenvironment significantly reduced the expressions of YY1, YY2, and other relevant genes in PCSCs. These findings emphasize the tumor-suppressing effects of the embryonic environment by downregulating YY1 and YY1-related genes in PCSCs, thus providing promising strategies for PCa therapy. Through elucidating the mechanisms involved in embryonic reprogramming and its effects on YY1 expression, this research offers opportunities for further investigation into focused therapies directed against PCSCs, therefore enhancing the outcomes of PCa therapy. As a result, PCa tumors may benefit from YY1 and associated genes as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Taskiran
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Gulperi Oktem
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Health Sciences Department of Stem Cell, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Aleyna Demir
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Emine Ozcinar
- İzmir Tinaztepe University Department of Histology and Embryology, İzmir 35400, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Duzagac
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ummu Guven
- Università degli Studi di Milano Department of Biosciences, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Emre Karakoc
- Wellcome Sanger Institute Translational Cancer Genomics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Asli Cakir
- Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine Department of Pathology, İstanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Sule Ayla
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, İstanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Guven
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of Urology, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Van 65090, Turkey.
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3
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Wang J, Yang L, Du Y, Wang J, Weng Q, Liu X, Nicholson E, Xin M, Lu QR. BRG1 programs PRC2-complex repression and controls oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310143. [PMID: 38652118 PMCID: PMC11040499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromatin-remodeling protein BRG1/SMARCA4 is pivotal for establishing oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage identity. However, its functions for oligodendrocyte-precursor cell (OPC) differentiation within the postnatal brain and during remyelination remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Brg1 loss profoundly impairs OPC differentiation in the brain with a comparatively lesser effect in the spinal cord. Moreover, BRG1 is critical for OPC remyelination after injury. Integrative transcriptomic/genomic profiling reveals that BRG1 exhibits a dual role by promoting OPC differentiation networks while repressing OL-inhibitory cues and proneuronal programs. Furthermore, we find that BRG1 interacts with EED/PRC2 polycomb-repressive-complexes to enhance H3K27me3-mediated repression at gene loci associated with OL-differentiation inhibition and neurogenesis. Notably, BRG1 depletion decreases H3K27me3 deposition, leading to the upregulation of BMP/WNT signaling and proneurogenic genes, which suppresses OL programs. Thus, our findings reveal a hitherto unexplored spatiotemporal-specific role of BRG1 for OPC differentiation in the developing CNS and underscore a new insight into BRG1/PRC2-mediated epigenetic regulation that promotes and safeguards OL lineage commitment and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yiwen Du
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuezhao Liu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eva Nicholson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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Frith TJR, Briscoe J, Boezio GLM. From signalling to form: the coordination of neural tube patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:168-231. [PMID: 38729676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate spinal cord involves the formation of the neural tube and the generation of multiple distinct cell types. The process starts during gastrulation, combining axial elongation with specification of neural cells and the formation of the neuroepithelium. Tissue movements produce the neural tube which is then exposed to signals that provide patterning information to neural progenitors. The intracellular response to these signals, via a gene regulatory network, governs the spatial and temporal differentiation of progenitors into specific cell types, facilitating the assembly of functional neuronal circuits. The interplay between the gene regulatory network, cell movement, and tissue mechanics generates the conserved neural tube pattern observed across species. In this review we offer an overview of the molecular and cellular processes governing the formation and patterning of the neural tube, highlighting how the remarkable complexity and precision of vertebrate nervous system arises. We argue that a multidisciplinary and multiscale understanding of the neural tube development, paired with the study of species-specific strategies, will be crucial to tackle the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Normal and Pathologic Conditions? Neurology 2023; 101:958-965. [PMID: 37985182 PMCID: PMC10663025 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
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6
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Wu H, Chen X, Yu B, Zhang J, Gu X, Liu W, Mei F, Ye J, Xiao L. Deficient deposition of new myelin impairs adult optic nerve function in a murine model of diabetes. Glia 2023; 71:1333-1345. [PMID: 36661098 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Visual impairment in diabetes is a growing public health concern. Apart from the well-defined diabetic retinopathy, disturbed optic nerve function, which is dependent on the myelin sheath, has recently been recognized as an early feature of visual impairment in diabetes. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, we observed a myelin deficiency along with a disturbed composition of oligodendroglial lineage cells in diabetic optic nerve. We found that new myelin deposition, a continuous process that lasts throughout adulthood, was diminished during pathogenesis. Genetically dampening newly generated myelin by conditionally deleting olig2 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells within this short time window extensively delayed the signal transmission of the adult optic nerve. In addition, clemastine, an antimuscarinic compound that enhances myelination, significantly restored oligodendroglia, and promoted the functional recovery of the optic nerve in diabetic mice. Together, our results point to the role of new myelin deposition in optic neuropathy under diabetic insult and provide a promising therapeutic target for restoring visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Neuroscience, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmei Gu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Zhao X, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Demyelination and Remyelination Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076373. [PMID: 37047344 PMCID: PMC10093908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All currently licensed medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the immune system. Albeit promising preclinical results demonstrated disease amelioration and remyelination enhancement via modulating oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most drug candidates showed only modest or no effects in human clinical trials. This might be due to the fact that remyelination is a sophistically orchestrated process that calls for the interplay between oligodendrocyte lineage cells, neurons, central nervous system (CNS) resident innate immune cells, and peripheral immune infiltrates and that this process may somewhat differ in humans and rodent models used in research. To ensure successful remyelination, the recruitment and activation/repression of each cell type should be regulated in a highly organized spatio–temporal manner. As a result, drug candidates targeting one single pathway or a single cell population have difficulty restoring the optimal microenvironment at lesion sites for remyelination. Therefore, when exploring new drug candidates for MS, it is instrumental to consider not only the effects on all CNS cell populations but also the optimal time of administration during disease progression. In this review, we describe the dysregulated mechanisms in each relevant cell type and the disruption of their coordination as causes of remyelination failure, providing an overview of the complex cell interplay in CNS lesion sites.
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8
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Legouez L, Le Dieu-Lugon B, Feillet S, Riou G, Yeddou M, Plouchart T, Dourmap N, Le Ray MA, Marret S, Gonzalez BJ, Cleren C. Effects of MgSO 4 Alone or Associated with 4-PBA on Behavior and White Matter Integrity in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy: A Sex- and Time-Dependent Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415947. [PMID: 36555591 PMCID: PMC9788405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as permanent disorders of movement and posture. Prematurity and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are risk factors of CP, and boys display a greater vulnerability to develop CP. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is administered to mothers at risk of preterm delivery as a neuroprotective agent. However, its effectiveness is only partial at long term. To prolong MgSO4 effects, it was combined with 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). A mouse model of neonatal HI, generating lesions similar to those reported in preterms, was realized. At short term, at the behavioral and cellular levels, and in both sexes, the MgSO4/4-PBA association did not alter the total prevention induced by MgSO4 alone. At long term, the association extended the MgSO4 preventive effects on HI-induced motor and cognitive deficits. This might be sustained by the promotion of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation after HI at short term, which led to improvement of white matter integrity at long term. Interestingly, at long term, at a behavioral level, sex-dependent responses to HI were observed. This might partly be explained by early sex-dependent pathological processes that occur after HI. Indeed, at short term, apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways seemed to be activated in females but not in males, and only the MgSO4/4-PBA association seemed to counter this apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Legouez
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Bérénice Le Dieu-Lugon
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Shérine Feillet
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaëtan Riou
- INSERM U1234 “Pan’Ther”, Flow Cytometry Core—IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Melissa Yeddou
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Thibault Plouchart
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Dourmap
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Anne Le Ray
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care-Neuropediatric, CHU, Rouen Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Bruno J. Gonzalez
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carine Cleren
- INSERM U1245 “Cancer and Brain Genomics”—Team “Genetics and Pathophysiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, IRIB, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Yang K, Liang X, Wen K. Long non‑coding RNAs interact with RNA‑binding proteins to regulate genomic instability in cancer cells (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 48:175. [PMID: 36004472 PMCID: PMC9478986 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, a feature of most cancers, contributes to malignant cell transformation and cancer progression due to the accumulation of genetic alterations. Genomic instability is reflected at numerous levels, from single nucleotide to the chromosome levels. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and regulators of genomic instability in cancer remain unclear. Growing evidence indicates that the binding of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to protein chaperones confers a variety of regulatory functions, including managing of genomic instability. The aim of the present review was to examine the roles of mitosis, telomeres, DNA repair, and epigenetics in genomic instability, and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate them by binding proteins in cancer cells. This review contributes to our understanding of the role of lncRNAs and genomic instability in cancer and can potentially provide entry points and molecular targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Kunming Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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10
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Zhang J, Guan M, Zhou X, Berry K, He X, Lu QR. Long Noncoding RNAs in CNS Myelination and Disease. Neuroscientist 2022; 29:287-301. [PMID: 35373640 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221083919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes is crucial for neuronal survival and function, and defects in myelination or failure in myelin repair can lead to axonal degeneration and various neurological diseases. At present, the factors that promote myelination and overcome the remyelination block in demyelinating diseases are poorly defined. Although the roles of protein-coding genes in oligodendrocyte differentiation have been extensively studied, the majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed into noncoding RNAs, and the functions of these molecules in myelination are poorly characterized. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate transcription at multiple levels, providing spatiotemporal control and robustness for cell type-specific gene expression and physiological functions. lncRNAs have been shown to regulate neural cell-type specification, differentiation, and maintenance of cell identity, and dysregulation of lncRNA function has been shown to contribute to neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions of lncRNAs in oligodendrocyte development and myelination as well their roles in neurological diseases and brain tumorigenesis. A more systematic characterization of lncRNA functional networks will be instrumental for a better understanding of CNS myelination, myelin disorders, and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Nervous System Injuries and Diseases, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children at Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Menglong Guan
- Laboratory of Nervous System Injuries and Diseases, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children at Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xianyao Zhou
- Laboratory of Nervous System Injuries and Diseases, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children at Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Kalen Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xuelian He
- Laboratory of Nervous System Injuries and Diseases, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children at Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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11
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Scalabrino G. Newly Identified Deficiencies in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System and Their Impact on the Remyelination Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040815. [PMID: 35453565 PMCID: PMC9026986 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic and controversial. Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and allow saltatory nerve conduction. MS brings about the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). The conundrum of remyelination failure is, therefore, crucial in MS. In this review, the roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF), normal prions, and cobalamin in CNS myelinogenesis are briefly summarized. Thereafter, some findings of other authors and ourselves on MS and MS-like models are recapitulated, because they have shown that: (a) EGF is significantly decreased in the CNS of living or deceased MS patients; (b) its repeated administration to mice in various MS-models prevents demyelination and inflammatory reaction; (c) as was the case for EGF, normal prion levels are decreased in the MS CNS, with a strong correspondence between liquid and tissue levels; and (d) MS cobalamin levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but decreased in the spinal cord. In fact, no remyelination can occur in MS if these molecules (essential for any form of CNS myelination) are lacking. Lastly, other non-immunological MS abnormalities are reviewed. Together, these results have led to a critical reassessment of MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF has little or no role in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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The Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2 OLIG2 regulates transcriptional repression during myelinogenesis in rodents. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1423. [PMID: 35301318 PMCID: PMC8931116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OLIG2 is a transcription factor that activates the expression of myelin-associated genes in the oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. However, the mechanisms of myelin gene inactivation are unclear. Here, we uncover a non-canonical function of OLIG2 in transcriptional repression to modulate myelinogenesis by functionally interacting with tri-methyltransferase SETDB1. Immunoprecipitation and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays show that OLIG2 recruits SETDB1 for H3K9me3 modification on the Sox11 gene, which leads to the inhibition of Sox11 expression during the differentiation of oligodendrocytes progenitor cells (OPCs) into immature oligodendrocytes (iOLs). Tissue-specific depletion of Setdb1 in mice results in the hypomyelination during development and remyelination defects in the injured rodents. Knockdown of Sox11 by siRNA in rat primary OPCs or depletion of Sox11 in the oligodendrocyte lineage in mice could rescue the hypomyelination phenotype caused by the loss of OLIG2. In summary, our work demonstrates that the OLIG2-SETDB1 complex can mediate transcriptional repression in OPCs, affecting myelination. Transcription factors regulate gene programs during myelination. Here, the authors show that the Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2 (OLIG2) regulates the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into immature oligodendrocytes via SETDB1 during myelination and remyelination in rodents.
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13
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Li M, Xiao L, Chen X. Histone Acetylation and Methylation Underlie Oligodendroglial and Myelin Susceptibility in Schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:823708. [PMID: 35360494 PMCID: PMC8960244 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.823708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder affected by both genetic and epigenetic factors. Except for neuronal dysfunction, oligodendroglial abnormalities also contribute to the disease pathogenesis, characterized by a robust dysregulation of oligodendrocyte and myelin related genes. Accumulating evidence shows that histone modifications play important roles in transcriptional regulation of the genes crucial for oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Specifically, the histone acetylation and methylation were two well-recognized histone modification abnormalities in the schizophrenic brains. In this mini-review, we will describe the dynamic changes of histone acetylation and methylation in schizophrenia, which may coordinate and induce deleterious epigenetic memory in oligodendroglial cells, and further lead to oligodendrocyte and myelin deficits. Precise modulation of histone modification status in oligodendroglial cells needs to secure the balance of epigenetic marks, which may revise the therapeutic strategy for the white matter etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Neuroscience, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Lab Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Xiao,
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Neuroscience, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Xianjun Chen,
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14
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Antontseva EV, Bondar NP. Chromatin remodeling in oligodendrogenesis. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:573-579. [PMID: 34595379 PMCID: PMC8453368 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are one type of glial cells responsible for myelination and providing trophic support
for axons in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Thanks to myelin, the speed of electrical-signal conduction
increases several hundred-fold because myelin serves as a kind of electrical insulator of nerve f ibers and allows
for quick saltatory conduction of action potentials through Ranvier nodes, which are devoid of myelin. Given that
different
parts of the central nervous system are myelinated at different stages of development and most regions
contain both myelinated and unmyelinated axons, it is obvious that very precise mechanisms must exist to control
the myelination
of individual axons. As they go through the stages of specif ication and differentiation – from
multipotent neuronal cells in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes as
well as during migration along blood vessels to their destination – cells undergo dramatic changes in the pattern
of gene expression. These changes require precisely spatially and temporally coordinated interactions of various
transcription factors and epigenetic events that determine the regulatory landscape of chromatin. Chromatin remodeling
substantially affects transcriptional activity of genes. The main component of chromatin is the nucleosome,
which, in addition to the structural function, performs a regulatory one and serves as a general repressor
of genes. Changes in the type, position, and local density of nucleosomes require the action of specialized ATPdependent
chromatin-remodeling complexes, which use the energy of ATP hydrolysis for their activity. Mutations
in the genes encoding proteins of the remodeling complexes are often accompanied by serious disorders at early
stages of embryogenesis and are frequently identif ied in various cancers. According to the domain arrangement
of the ATP-hydrolyzing subunit, most of the identif ied ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes are classif
ied into four subfamilies: SWI/SNF, CHD, INO80/SWR, and ISWI. In this review, we discuss the roles of these subunits
of the different subfamilies at different stages of oligodendrogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Antontseva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N P Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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15
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Abbas E, Hassan MA, Sokpor G, Kiszka K, Pham L, Kerimoglu C, Fischer A, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Conditional Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) Scaffolding Subunits Affects Specification and Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Precursors in Developing Mouse Forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619538. [PMID: 34336815 PMCID: PMC8320002 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axon myelination in the brain and spinal cord. Generation of oligodendrocytes entails highly regulated multistage neurodevelopmental events, including proliferation, differentiation and maturation. The chromatin remodeling BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex is a notable regulator of neural development. In our previous studies, we determined the indispensability of the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 for neurogenesis, whereas their role in gliogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of BAF155 and BAF170 is essential for the genesis of oligodendrocytes during brain development. We report that the ablation of BAF155 and BAF170 in the dorsal telencephalic (dTel) neural progenitors or in oligodendrocyte-producing progenitors in the ventral telencephalon (vTel) in double-conditional knockout (dcKO) mouse mutants, perturbed the process of oligodendrogenesis. Molecular marker and cell cycle analyses revealed impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor specification and proliferation, as well as overt depletion of oligodendrocytes pool in dcKO mutants. Our findings unveil a central role of BAF155 and BAF170 in oligodendrogenesis, and thus substantiate the involvement of the BAF complex in the production of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abbas
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kamila Kiszka
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Gilloteaux J, Bouchat J, Bielarz V, Brion JP, Nicaise C. A primary cilium in oligodendrocytes: a fine structure signal of repairs in thalamic Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS). Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:128-157. [PMID: 34154511 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1891161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A murine osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) model of the central nervous system included the relay thalamic ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei. Morphologic comparisons between treatments have revealed oligodendrocyte changes and, already 12 hours following the osmolality restoration, some heavily contrasted oligodendrocytes formed a unique intracellular primary cilium. This unique structure, found in vivo, in mature CNS oligodendrocytes, could account for a local awakening of some of the developmental proteome as it can be expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. This resilience accompanied the emergence of arl13b protein expression along with restoration of nerve cell body axon hillocks shown in a previous issue of this journal. Additionally, the return of several thalamic oligodendrocyte fine features (nucleus, organelles) was shown 36 h later, including some mitosis. Those cell restorations and recognized translational activities comforted that local repairs could again take place, due to oligodendrocyte resilience after ODS instead or added to a postulated immigration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells distant from the sites of myelinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Program at UNN, School of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Bouchat
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valery Bielarz
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculté de Médecine Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Nicaise
- Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (Urphym - NARILIS), Départment of Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
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17
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Bakhshinyan D, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde: Parallels Between Neural Stem Cells and Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:603738. [PMID: 33489908 PMCID: PMC7820896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, radial glial precursor cells give rise to neural lineages, and a small proportion persist in the adult mammalian brain to contribute to long-term neuroplasticity. Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two neurogenic niches of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs in the SVZ are endowed with the defining stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which are maintained by intrinsic cellular programs, and extrinsic cellular and niche-specific interactions. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer, a subpopulation of cells termed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) exhibit similar stem-like properties. While there is an extensive overlap between NSCs and GSCs in function, distinct genetic profiles, transcriptional programs, and external environmental cues influence their divergent behavior. This review highlights the similarities and differences between GSCs and SVZ NSCs in terms of their gene expression, regulatory molecular pathways, niche organization, metabolic programs, and current therapies designed to exploit these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Saw G, Tang FR. Epigenetic Regulation of the Hippocampus, with Special Reference to Radiation Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249514. [PMID: 33327654 PMCID: PMC7765140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial in learning, memory and emotion processing, and is involved in the development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Several epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate the development and function of the hippocampus, and the alteration of epigenetic regulation may play important roles in the development of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the epigenetic modifications of various cell types and processes within the hippocampus and their resulting effects on cognition, memory and overall hippocampal function. In addition, the effects of exposure to radiation that may induce a myriad of epigenetic changes in the hippocampus are reviewed. By assessing and evaluating the current literature, we hope to prompt a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie radiation-induced epigenetic changes, an area which can be further explored.
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19
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Calió ML, Henriques E, Siena A, Bertoncini CRA, Gil-Mohapel J, Rosenstock TR. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neurogenesis, and Epigenetics: Putative Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurodegeneration and Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:679. [PMID: 32760239 PMCID: PMC7373761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and devastating multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Although the pathogenesis of ALS is still not completely understood, numerous studies suggest that mitochondrial deregulation may be implicated in its onset and progression. Interestingly, mitochondrial deregulation has also been associated with changes in neural stem cells (NSC) proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In this review, we highlight the importance of mitochondrial function for neurogenesis, and how both processes are correlated and may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS; we have focused primarily on preclinical data from animal models of ALS, since to date no studies have evaluated this link using human samples. As there is currently no cure and no effective therapy to counteract ALS, we have also discussed how improving neurogenic function by epigenetic modulation could benefit ALS. In support of this hypothesis, changes in histone deacetylation can alter mitochondrial function, which in turn might ameliorate cellular proliferation as well as neuronal differentiation and migration. We propose that modulation of epigenetics, mitochondrial function, and neurogenesis might provide new hope for ALS patients, and studies exploring these new territories are warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisandra Henriques
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Siena
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Rejane Antonio Bertoncini
- CEDEME, Center of Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Victoria and Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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EEF1A1 deacetylation enables transcriptional activation of remyelination. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3420. [PMID: 32647127 PMCID: PMC7347577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination of the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) is a prerequisite for functional recovery after lesion. However, this process is not always optimal and becomes inefficient in the course of multiple sclerosis. Here we show that, when acetylated, eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) negatively regulates PNS and CNS remyelination. Acetylated eEF1A1 (Ac-eEF1A1) translocates into the nucleus of myelinating cells where it binds to Sox10, a key transcription factor for PNS and CNS myelination and remyelination, to drag Sox10 out of the nucleus. We show that the lysine acetyltransferase Tip60 acetylates eEF1A1, whereas the histone deacetylase HDAC2 deacetylates eEF1A1. Promoting eEF1A1 deacetylation maintains the activation of Sox10 target genes and increases PNS and CNS remyelination efficiency. Taken together, these data identify a major mechanism of Sox10 regulation, which appears promising for future translational studies on PNS and CNS remyelination. The molecular mechanisms regulating remyelination are unclear. Here, the authors show that promoting deacetylation of eEF1A1 prevents the translocation of Sox10 outside the nucleus, contributing to maintaining the expression of Sox10 target genes and increasing remyelination efficiency.
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21
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Warnock A, Toomey LM, Wright AJ, Fisher K, Won Y, Anyaegbu C, Fitzgerald M. Damage Mechanisms to Oligodendrocytes and White Matter in Central Nervous System Injury: The Australian Context. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:739-769. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Warnock
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lillian M. Toomey
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Wright
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine Fisher
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yerim Won
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chidozie Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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22
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Wang T, Morency DT, Harris N, Davis GW. Epigenetic Signaling in Glia Controls Presynaptic Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuron 2020; 105:491-505.e3. [PMID: 31810838 PMCID: PMC7518042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulation shapes neuronal fate in the embryonic nervous system. Post-embryonically, epigenetic signaling within neurons has been associated with impaired learning, autism, ataxia, and schizophrenia. Epigenetic factors are also enriched in glial cells. However, little is known about epigenetic signaling in glia and nothing is known about the intersection of glial epigenetic signaling and presynaptic homeostatic plasticity. During a screen for genes involved in presynaptic homeostatic synaptic plasticity, we identified an essential role for the histone acetyltransferase and deubiquitinase SAGA complex in peripheral glia. We present evidence that the SAGA complex is necessary for homeostatic plasticity, demonstrating involvement of four new genes in homeostatic plasticity. This is also evidence that glia participate in presynaptic homeostatic plasticity, invoking previously unexplored intercellular, homeostatic signaling at a tripartite synapse. We show, mechanistically, SAGA signaling regulates the composition of and signaling from the extracellular matrix during homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Danielle T Morency
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nathan Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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23
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Zhang BY, Chang PY, Zhu QS, Zhu YH. Decoding epigenetic codes: new frontiers in exploring recovery from spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1613-1622. [PMID: 32209760 PMCID: PMC7437595 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury that results in severe neurological disability is often incurable. The poor clinical outcome of spinal cord injury is mainly caused by the failure to reconstruct the injured neural circuits. Several intrinsic and extrinsic determinants contribute to this inability to reconnect. Epigenetic regulation acts as the driving force for multiple pathological and physiological processes in the central nervous system by modulating the expression of certain critical genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that post-SCI alteration of epigenetic landmarks is strongly associated with axon regeneration, glial activation and neurogenesis. These findings not only establish a theoretical foundation for further exploration of spinal cord injury, but also provide new avenues for the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury. This review focuses on the epigenetic regulation in axon regeneration and secondary spinal cord injury. Together, these discoveries are a selection of epigenetic-based prognosis biomarkers and attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng-Yu Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-San Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | -
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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24
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Xu H, Dzhashiashvili Y, Shah A, Kunjamma RB, Weng YL, Elbaz B, Fei Q, Jones JS, Li YI, Zhuang X, Ming GL, He C, Popko B. m 6A mRNA Methylation Is Essential for Oligodendrocyte Maturation and CNS Myelination. Neuron 2019; 105:293-309.e5. [PMID: 31901304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that govern the maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells remain unclear. Emerging studies have shown that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most common internal RNA modification of mammalian mRNA, plays a critical role in various developmental processes. Here, we demonstrate that oligodendrocyte lineage progression is accompanied by dynamic changes in m6A modification on numerous transcripts. In vivo conditional inactivation of an essential m6A writer component, METTL14, results in decreased oligodendrocyte numbers and CNS hypomyelination, although oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) numbers are normal. In vitro Mettl14 ablation disrupts postmitotic oligodendrocyte maturation and has distinct effects on OPC and oligodendrocyte transcriptomes. Moreover, the loss of Mettl14 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells causes aberrant splicing of myriad RNA transcripts, including those that encode the essential paranodal component neurofascin 155 (NF155). Together, our findings indicate that dynamic RNA methylation plays an important regulatory role in oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yulia Dzhashiashvili
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ankeeta Shah
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rejani B Kunjamma
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yi-Lan Weng
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benayahu Elbaz
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qili Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joshua S Jones
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang I Li
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Center for Peripheral Neuropathy and Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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25
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Tiane A, Schepers M, Rombaut B, Hupperts R, Prickaerts J, Hellings N, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T. From OPC to Oligodendrocyte: An Epigenetic Journey. Cells 2019; 8:E1236. [PMID: 31614602 PMCID: PMC6830107 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes provide metabolic and functional support to neuronal cells, rendering them key players in the functioning of the central nervous system. Oligodendrocytes need to be newly formed from a pool of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The differentiation of OPCs into mature and myelinating cells is a multistep process, tightly controlled by spatiotemporal activation and repression of specific growth and transcription factors. While oligodendrocyte turnover is rather slow under physiological conditions, a disruption in this balanced differentiation process, for example in case of a differentiation block, could have devastating consequences during ageing and in pathological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. Over the recent years, increasing evidence has shown that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs, are major contributors to OPC differentiation. In this review, we discuss how these epigenetic mechanisms orchestrate and influence oligodendrocyte maturation. These insights are a crucial starting point for studies that aim to identify the contribution of epigenetics in demyelinating diseases and may thus provide new therapeutic targets to induce myelin repair in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Tiane
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen 6130 MB, The Netherlands.
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany.
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Transcriptomes of Dravet syndrome iPSC derived GABAergic cells reveal dysregulated pathways for chromatin remodeling and neurodevelopment. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104583. [PMID: 31445158 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is an early onset refractory epilepsy typically caused by de novo heterozygous variants in SCN1A encoding the α-subunit of the neuronal sodium channel Nav1.1. The syndrome is characterized by age-related progression of seizures, cognitive decline and movement disorders. We hypothesized that the distinct neurodevelopmental features in DS are caused by the disruption of molecular pathways in Nav1.1 haploinsufficient cells resulting in perturbed neural differentiation and maturation. Here, we established DS-patient and control induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC NPC) and GABAergic inter-neuronal (iPSC GABA) cells. The DS-patient iPSC GABA cells showed a shift in sodium current activation and a perturbed response to induced oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed specific dysregulations of genes for chromatin structure, mitotic progression, neural plasticity and excitability in DS-patient iPSC NPCs and DS-patient iPSC GABA cells versus controls. The transcription factors FOXM1 and E2F1, positive regulators of the disrupted pathways for histone modification and cell cycle regulation, were markedly up-regulated in DS-iPSC GABA lines. Our study highlights transcriptional changes and disrupted pathways of chromatin remodeling in Nav1.1 haploinsufficient GABAergic cells, providing a molecular framework that overlaps with that of neurodevelopmental disorders and other epilepsies.
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Ge X, Xiao G, Huang H, Du J, Tao Y, Yang A, Wu H, Zhang Z, Qiu M. Stage-dependent regulation of oligodendrocyte development and enhancement of myelin repair by dominant negative Master-mind 1 protein. Glia 2019; 67:1654-1666. [PMID: 31038233 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling has been implicated in the inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin gene expression during early development. However, inactivation of a particular Notch or Hes gene only produces a mild phenotype in oligodendrocyte development possibly due to the functional redundancies among closely related family members. To uncover the full role of Notch signaling in myelin development and regeneration, we generated the Sox10rtTA/+ ; TetO-dnMAML1 double transgenic mice in which expression of dominant negative Master-mind 1 (dnMAML1) gene can be selectively induced in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for complete blockade of Notch signaling. It is found that dnMAML1 expression leads to robust precocious OL differentiation and premature axonal myelination in the spinal cord, possibly by upregulating Nkx2.2 and downregulating Pdgfra expression. Unexpectedly, at late embryonic stages, dnMAML1 expression dramatically increased the number of OPCs, indicating a stage-dependent effect of Notch signaling on OPC proliferation. In addition, dnMAML1 also significantly enhances axonal remyelination following chemical-induced demyelination, providing a promising therapeutic target for lesion repair in demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanxiu Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Tao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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28
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Elbaz B, Popko B. Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:263-277. [PMID: 30770136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayer lipid membrane structure that wraps and insulates axons, allowing for the efficient propagation of action potentials. During developmental myelination of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and migrate to their final destination, where they terminally differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. Lineage progression and terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells are under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The characterization of several recently identified regulatory factors that govern these processes, which are the focus of this review, has greatly increased our understanding of oligodendrocyte development and function. These insights are critical to facilitate efforts to enhance OPC differentiation in neurological disorders that disrupt CNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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29
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Wang Z, Xie J, Wu C, Xiao G. Correlation Between Smoking and Passive Smoking with Multiple Sclerosis and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:893-902. [PMID: 30703074 PMCID: PMC6367889 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the spinal cord and brain. Many studies have shown that smoking and passive smoking are key environmental risk factors for MS. Here, we provide an overview of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene studies on smoking and MS risk, and we discuss recent studies on between epigenetics and smoking-induced MS. In addition, in this review we also summarize current research advances in biological pathways and smoking-induced MS. This review provides an overview of studies on the association between smoking, passive smoking, and MS susceptibility, and the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jianpin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chenglong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guirong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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30
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA and histone modifications, are pivotal for normal brain development and functions by modulating spatial and temporal gene expression. Dysregulation of the epigenetic machinery can serve as a causal role in numerous brain disorders. Proper mammalian brain development and functions depend on the precise expression of neuronal-specific genes, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Antagonistic polycomb and trithorax proteins form multimeric complexes and play important roles in these processes by epigenetically controlling gene repression or activation through various molecular mechanisms. Aberrant expression or disruption of either protein group can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. This review focus on the current progress of Polycomb and Trithorax complexes in brain development and disease, and provides a future outlook of the field.
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31
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Intersection of Brain Development and Paediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas: Potential Role of Microenvironment in Tumour Growth. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8110200. [PMID: 30453529 PMCID: PMC6266894 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating and incurable paediatric brain tumour with a median overall survival of 9 months. Until recently, DIPGs were treated similarly to adult gliomas, but due to the advancement in molecular and imaging technologies, our understanding of these tumours has increased dramatically. While extensive research is being undertaken to determine the function of the molecular aberrations in DIPG, there are significant gaps in understanding the biology and the influence of the tumour microenvironment on DIPG growth, specifically in regards to the developing pons. The precise orchestration and co-ordination of the development of the brain, the most complex organ in the body, is still not fully understood. Herein, we present a brief overview of brainstem development, discuss the developing microenvironment in terms of DIPG growth, and provide a basis for the need for studies focused on bridging pontine development and DIPG microenvironment. Conducting investigations in the context of a developing brain will lead to a better understanding of the role of the tumour microenvironment and will help lead to identification of drivers of tumour growth and therapeutic resistance.
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