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Adhikary K, Mohanty S, Bandyopadhyay B, Maiti R, Bhattacharya K, Karak P. β-Amyloid peptide modulates peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation in rats. Biomol Concepts 2024; 15:bmc-2022-0042. [PMID: 38451915 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by immune system dysregulation, impacting both central and peripheral immune responses. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the rat brain including the study of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alterations in peripheral immune responses (PIR). The neuroinflammation brought on by Aβ1-42 and is unknown to influence PIR. Animal models were prepared, after 28 days, control, sham, and treated rats were anaesthetized and inflammatory markers of hippocampus and serum levels (reactive oxygen species, nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), and some markers of PIR (splenic mononuclear cells or MNC, cytotoxicity and phagocytic index of the white blood cells leukocyte adhesion inhibition index or LAI), as well as polymorphonuclear cells of the spleen, were assessed. In addition to changes in peripheral immune responses, the present study found that AD rats had higher blood levels of inflammatory markers. Based on the study, the immune system irregularities observed in AD rats in the peripheral regions might be connected to neuroinflammation, which is facilitated by a compromised blood-brain barrier. Hence, it is viable to propose that the neuroinflammatory condition in rats with Aβ-induced AD could modify immune responses in the peripheral areas with significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines markers in the hippocampal tissue in Aβ-injected AD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha 761211, India
| | - Satyajit Mohanty
- Department of Advanced Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Bidyut Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Dewandighi, Burdwan, West Bengal 713102, India
| | - Rajkumar Maiti
- Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal s722101, India
| | - Koushik Bhattacharya
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prithviraj Karak
- Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal s722101, India
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Yakoub Y, Ashton NJ, Strikwerda-Brown C, Montoliu-Gaya L, Karikari TK, Kac PR, Gonzalez-Ortiz F, Gallego-Rudolf J, Meyer PF, St-Onge F, Schöll M, Soucy JP, Breitner JCS, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Poirier J, Villeneuve S. Longitudinal blood biomarker trajectories in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5620-5631. [PMID: 37294682 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasma biomarkers are altered years prior to Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical onset. METHODS We measured longitudinal changes in plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ)42/40 ratio, pTau181, pTau231, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in a cohort of older adults at risk of AD (n = 373 total, n = 229 with Aβ and tau positron emission tomography [PET] scans) considering genetic and demographic factors as possible modifiers of these markers' progression. RESULTS Aβ42/40 ratio concentrations decreased, while NfL and GFAP values increased over the 4-year follow-up. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers showed faster increase in plasma pTau181 than non-carriers. Older individuals showed a faster increase in plasma NfL, and females showed a faster increase in plasma GFAP values. In the PET subsample, individuals both Aβ-PET and tau-PET positive showed faster plasma pTau181 and GFAP increase compared to PET-negative individuals. DISCUSSION Plasma markers can track biological change over time, with plasma pTau181 and GFAP markers showing longitudinal change in individuals with preclinical AD. HIGHLIGHTS Longitudinal increase of plasma pTau181 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) can be measured in the preclinical phase of AD. Apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers experience faster increase in plasma pTau181 over time than non-carriers. Female sex showed accelerated increase in plasma GFAP over time compared to males. Aβ42/40 and pTau231 values are already abnormal at baseline in individuals with both amyloid and tau PET burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Yakoub
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Cherie Strikwerda-Brown
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Przemysław R Kac
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Gonzalez-Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Gallego-Rudolf
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-François Meyer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric St-Onge
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John C S Breitner
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- UW Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zhang X, Liu H, Huang Y, Wang R. A meta-analysis of neurogenic exosomes in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20604. [PMID: 37817991 PMCID: PMC10560781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible and difficult-to-treat neurodegenerative disease. It is necessary to search for reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AD in a timely and effective manner in high-risk or preclinical AD populations. Studies have shown that neurogenic exosomes in the blood can be effectively used as biomarkers for AD. Objective In this meta-analysis, we aimed to find reliable biomarkers (Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 in peripheral blood neurogenic exosomes) for the early diagnosis of AD to provide theoretical support for the early diagnosis of high-risk or preclinical AD populations. Methods By searching the literature database, relevant studies on AD diagnostic markers were collected. The study period was from April 1, 2012, to April 1, 2022. The average concentrations of Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 in the exosomes of the AD group and healthy control group were compared using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 13 studies were screened, including 842 subjects. Meta-analysis showed that the combined SMD value of neurogenic exosome Aβ42 was 1.70 (95% CI = [1.20,2.20], Z = 6.69, P < 0.05). The combined SMD value of T-tau was 1.02 (95% CI = [0.27,1.77], Z = 2.67, P < 0.05). The combined SMD value of P-tau181 was 1.75 (95% CI = [1.16, 2.35], Z = 5.75, P < 0.05). The levels of neurogenic exosomes Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 in AD patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Conclusion Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 in blood neurogenic exosomes can be effectively used as biomarkers for AD and can be applied in the diagnosis, screening, prognosis prediction and disease monitoring of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab., Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Neurobiology Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab., Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab., Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
- School Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab., Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
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Use of coffee grounds to test olfaction for predicting cognitive dysfunction and decline. J Neurol Sci 2021; 427:117516. [PMID: 34111761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to determine whether non-standardized testing of olfaction may provide useful information for predicting cognitive dysfunction and decline in patients with neurobehavioral disorders. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 82 patients who presented to a Memory Clinic with a chief complaint of cognitive deficits using non-standardized odor identification testing (nSOIT). Each patient was classified as having intact or impaired olfaction based on the ability to identify and name the odor of coffee grounds. The cross-sectional study used Student's t-test to examine whether nSOIT results were related to cognitive dysfunction as approximated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. The longitudinal study used mixed effects multiple regression with an interaction term to investigate whether nSOIT results were predictive of cognitive decline over a period of follow-up testing (0.4 to 4.0 years [mean 1.4, SD 0.8]) to compare patients who exhibited cognitive decline over the evaluation period (decliners) and those who did not (non-decliners). RESULTS Analysis of the initial use of nSOIT in the cross-sectional study demonstrated no association between nSOIT performance and objective cognitive dysfunction. In the longitudinal study, impairment in follow-up nSOIT testing was found to be a sensitive but nonspecific predictor of cognitive decline. CONCLUSION These results suggest that routine olfactory testing may serve as a convenient and readily available method that can be used by clinicians to better predict cognitive dysfunction and decline in patients with a variety of neurobehavioral disorders.
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Zhang S, Kwapong WR, Yang T, Liu P, Tuo Q, Cheng Y, Li X, Liu M, Lei P, Wu B. Choriocapillaris Changes Are Correlated With Disease Duration and MoCA Score in Early-Onset Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:656750. [PMID: 33927609 PMCID: PMC8076507 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.656750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Imaging of the choroid may detect the microvascular changes associated with early-onset dementia (EOD) and may represent an indicator for detection of the disease. We aimed to analyze the in vivo choriocapillaris (CC) flow density in EOD patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and evaluate the association with its clinical measures. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the OCTA to image and analyze the choriocapillaris (CC) of 25 EOD patients and 20 healthy controls. Choriocapillaris flow density in the 3 mm area and 6 mm area was measured by an inbuilt algorithm in the OCT tool. Brain volume using magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment was done and recorded. Results: Significantly reduced capillary flow density of the choriocapillaris was seen in EOD patients when compared to healthy controls in the 3.0 mm (P = 0.001) and 6.0 mm (P < 0.001) area respectively. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in EOD patients positively correlated with choriocapillaris flow density in the 3 mm area (Rho = 0.466, P = 0.021). Disease duration of EOD patients also negatively correlated with choriocapillaris density in the 3 mm area (Rho = -0.497, P = 0.008). Discussion: Our report suggests that choriocapillaris damage may be a potential indicator of early-onset dementia. Microvascular impairment may be involved in the early phase of dementia without aging playing a role in its impairment. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2000041386.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Tang Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingzhang Tuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Cheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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San-Martin R, Johns E, Quispe Mamani G, Tavares G, Phillips NA, Fraga FJ. A method for diagnosis support of mild cognitive impairment through EEG rhythms source location during working memory tasks. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Asanad S, Mohammed I, Sadun AA, Saeedi OJ. OCTA in neurodegenerative optic neuropathies: emerging biomarkers at the eye-brain interface. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2020; 12:2515841420950508. [PMID: 32923939 PMCID: PMC7457690 DOI: 10.1177/2515841420950508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OCTA imaging in optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asanad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland Eye Associates, University of Maryland Medical Center and University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Isa Mohammed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Osamah J Saeedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rahat B, Ali T, Sapehia D, Mahajan A, Kaur J. Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids as Epigenetic Biomarkers in Precision Medicine. Front Genet 2020; 11:844. [PMID: 32849827 PMCID: PMC7431953 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulating cell-free nucleic acids (ccfNAs) are a mixture of single- or double-stranded nucleic acids, released into the blood plasma/serum by different tissues via apoptosis, necrosis, and secretions. Under healthy conditions, ccfNAs originate from the hematopoietic system, whereas under various clinical scenarios, the concomitant tissues release ccfNAs into the bloodstream. These ccfNAs include DNA, RNA, microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), fetal DNA/RNA, and mitochondrial DNA/RNA, and act as potential biomarkers in various clinical conditions. These are associated with different epigenetic modifications, which show disease-related variations and so finding their role as epigenetic biomarkers in clinical settings. This field has recently emerged as the latest advance in precision medicine because of its clinical relevance in diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive values. DNA methylation detected in ccfDNA has been widely used in personalized clinical diagnosis; furthermore, there is also the emerging role of ccfRNAs like miRNA and lncRNA as epigenetic biomarkers. This review focuses on the novel approaches for exploring ccfNAs as epigenetic biomarkers in personalized clinical diagnosis and prognosis, their potential as therapeutic targets and disease progression monitors, and reveals the tremendous potential that epigenetic biomarkers present to improve precision medicine. We explore the latest techniques for both quantitative and qualitative detection of epigenetic modifications in ccfNAs. The data on epigenetic modifications on ccfNAs are complex and often milieu-specific posing challenges for its understanding. Artificial intelligence and deep networks are the novel approaches for decoding complex data and providing insight into the decision-making in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Rahat
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taqveema Ali
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divika Sapehia
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Asanad S, Fantini M, Sultan W, Nassisi M, Felix CM, Wu J, Karanjia R, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV, Chui HC, Pogoda JM, Arakaki X, Fonteh AN, Sadun A. A. AA, Harrington MG. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness predicts CSF amyloid/tau before cognitive decline. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232785. [PMID: 32469871 PMCID: PMC7259639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology precedes symptoms and its detection can identify at-risk individuals who may benefit from early treatment. Since the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is depleted in established AD, we tested whether its thickness can predict whether cognitively healthy (CH) individuals have a normal or pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aß42 (A) and tau (T) ratio. Methods As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, we enrolled CH individuals, excluding those with cognitive impairment and significant ocular pathology. We classified the CH group into two sub-groups, normal (CH-NAT, n = 16) or pathological (CH-PAT, n = 27), using a logistic regression model from the CSF AT ratio that identified >85% of patients with a clinically probable AD diagnosis. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was acquired for RNFL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), and macular thickness. Group differences were tested using mixed model repeated measures and a classification model derived using multiple logistic regression. Results Mean age (± standard deviation) in the CH-PAT group (n = 27; 75.2 ± 8.4 years) was similar (p = 0.50) to the CH-NAT group (n = 16; 74.1 ± 7.9 years). Mean RNFL (standard error) was thinner in the CH-PAT group by 9.8 (2.7) μm; p < 0.001. RNFL thickness classified CH-NAT vs. CH-PAT with 87% sensitivity and 56.3% specificity. Conclusions Our retinal data predict which individuals have CSF biomarkers of AD pathology before cognitive deficits are detectable with 87% sensitivity. Such results from easy-to-acquire, objective and non-invasive measurements of the RNFL merit further study of OCT technology to monitor or screen for early AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michele Fantini
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - William Sultan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Marco Nassisi
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ophthalmological Unit, IRCCS-Cà Granda Foundation—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian M. Felix
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Pogoda
- Cipher Biostatistics & Reporting, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun A. A.
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kundu D, Umesh, Dubey VK. Interaction of selected biomolecules and metabolites with amyloidogenic proteins. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3061-3070. [PMID: 32329418 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1760138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The current manuscript reports docking and molecular interaction analyses of three FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, nitrogenous bases and nucleotides with amyloidogenic proteins like hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and amyloid β peptide. After prediction of aggregation-prone regions in hen egg-white lysozyme and amyloid β peptide, grid boxes were defined for docking purposes covering these regions. We analyzed vital interactions and binding modes of molecules that dock near aggregation-prone regions of these proteins with acceptable statistics. The data hints toward the possibility that these molecules may bind to aggregation-prone regions and prevent amyloid/aggregation formation. We have also compared the binding energy and interactions of these molecules with certain other natural molecules viz. Curcumin, Coumarin and Resveratrol that have been previously reported to show anti-amyloidogenic activity as positive controls.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Kundu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Umesh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP, India
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Koychev I, Vaci N, Bilgel M, An Y, Muniz GT, Wong DF, Gallacher J, Mogekhar A, Albert M, Resnick SM. Prediction of rapid amyloid and phosphorylated‐Tau accumulation in cognitively healthy individuals. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2020; 12:e12019. [PMID: 32211504 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective To test the hypothesis that among cognitively healthy individuals, distinct groups exist in terms of amyloid and phosphorylated-tau accumulation rates; that if rapid accumulator groups exist, their membership can be predicted by Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors, and that time points of significant increase in AD protein accumulation will be evident. Methods The analysis reports data from 263 individuals from the BIOCARD and 184 individuals from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) sampling, respectively. We used latent class mixed-effect models to identify distinct classes of amyloid (CSF and PET) and p-Tau (CSF) accumulation rates and generalized additive modeling to investigate non-linear changes to AD biomarkers. Results For both amyloid and p-Tau latent class models we confirmed the existence of two separate classes: accumulators and non-accumulators. The accumulator and non-accumulator groups differed significantly in terms of baseline AD protein levels and slope of change. APOE ε4 carrier status and episodic memory predicted amyloid class membership. Non-linear models revealed time points of significant increase in the rate of amyloid and p-Tau accumulation whereby APOE ε4 carrier status associated with earlier age at onset of rapid accumulation. Conclusions The current analysis demonstrates the existence of distinct classes of amyloid and p-Tau accumulators. Predictors of class membership were identified but the overall accuracy of the models was modest, highlighting the need for additional biomarkers that are sensitive to early disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Koychev
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Nemanja Vaci
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
| | | | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | | | - Abhay Mogekhar
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland
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12
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Kwan P, Konno H, Chan KY, Baum L. Rationale for the development of an Alzheimer's disease vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:645-653. [PMID: 31526227 PMCID: PMC7227628 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1665453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination traditionally has targeted infectious agents and thus has not heretofore been used to prevent neurodegenerative illness. However, amyloid β (Aβ) or tau, which can act like infectious proteins, or prions, might induce Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, evidence suggests that traditional infectious agents, including certain viruses and bacteria, may trigger AD. It is therefore worth exploring whether removing such targets could prevent AD. Although failing to treat AD patients who already display cognitive impairment, Aβ monoclonal antibodies are being tested in pre-symptomatic, at-risk individuals to prevent dementia. These antibodies might become the first AD therapeutics. However, their high cost will keep them out of the arms of the vast majority of patients, who increasingly live in developing countries. Because vaccines produce antibodies internally at much lower cost, vaccination might be the most promising approach to reducing the global burden of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kwan
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Haruki Konno
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ka Yan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Larry Baum
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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13
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Accurate BAPL Score Classification of Brain PET Images Based on Convolutional Neural Networks with a Joint Discriminative Loss Function †. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive cerebral disease with most of its symptoms appearing after 60 years of age. Alzheimer’s disease has been largely attributed to accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), but a complete cure has remained elusive. 18F-Florbetaben amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown as a more powerful tool for understanding AD-related brain changes than magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. In this paper, we propose an accurate classification method for scoring brain amyloid plaque load (BAPL) based on deep convolutional neural networks. A joint discriminative loss function was formulated by adding a discriminative intra-loss function to the conventional (cross-entropy) loss function. The performance of the proposed joint loss function was compared with that of the conventional loss function in three state-of-the-art deep neural network architectures. The intra-loss function significantly improved the BAPL classification performance. In addition, we showed that the mix-up data augmentation method, originally proposed for natural image classification, was also useful for medical image classification.
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14
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Science media-the best way to reach the target audience for a pre-clinical AD study. Int Psychogeriatr 2020; 32:155-156. [PMID: 31111805 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Asanad S, Ross-Cisneros FN, Barron E, Nassisi M, Sultan W, Karanjia R, Sadun AA. The retinal choroid as an oculovascular biomarker for Alzheimer's dementia: A histopathological study in severe disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 11:775-783. [PMID: 31737776 PMCID: PMC6849152 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous in vivo optical coherence tomography studies have proposed the retinal choroid as a potential oculovascular biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the clinical use of the choroid as a purported surrogate marker remains poorly understood. We pursued a histopathological approach to assess choroidal thickness and vascular morphology in severe disease. METHODS Human postmortem tissues from 8 patients with AD (mean age: 80.1 ± 12.7 years) and from 11 age-matched controls (mean age: 78.4 ± 16.57 years) were analyzed. Thickness, area, and vascularity of the retinal choroid and its sublayers were measured from the nasal and temporal quadrants of the superior retina. RESULTS Nasally, the choroid was thinner in the patients with AD than in the controls (22% thickness reduction; P < .001), but to our surprise, the choroid was thicker in the patients with AD than in the controls (~60% increase; P < .03) within the macula, temporally. The choroidal area was also significantly greater in the patients with AD than in the controls (~60% increase; P < .03). Choroidal thickening in AD was strongly correlated with the stromal vessel number (R2 = 0.96, P < .001). DISCUSSION We found significant differences in the retinal choroid by layer and by region, nasally and temporally with respect to the optic nerve. Intriguingly, the choroid was markedly thicker in the central macular region and was strongly associated with vessel number in the stromal vascular layer. These quantified histological findings in severe disease expand our understanding of vascular pathology in AD and suggest vascularity as a potential biomarker supplementary to thickness when evaluating the retinal choroid in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Carotenoids as Novel Therapeutic Molecules Against Neurodegenerative Disorders: Chemistry and Molecular Docking Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225553. [PMID: 31703296 PMCID: PMC6888440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects the aging population worldwide. Endogenous and exogenous factors are involved in triggering this complex and multifactorial disease, whose hallmark is Amyloid-β (Aβ), formed by cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β- and γ-secretase. While there is no definitive cure for AD to date, many neuroprotective natural products, such as polyphenol and carotenoid compounds, have shown promising preventive activity, as well as helping in slowing down disease progression. In this article, we focus on the chemistry as well as structure of carotenoid compounds and their neuroprotective activity against Aβ aggregation using molecular docking analysis. In addition to examining the most prevalent anti-amyloidogenic carotenoid lutein, we studied cryptocapsin, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and the apocarotenoid bixin. Our computational structure-based drug design analysis and molecular docking simulation revealed important interactions between carotenoids and Aβ via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, and shows that carotenoids are powerful anti-amyloidogenic molecules with a potential role in preventing AD, especially since most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier and are considered nutraceutical compounds. Our studies thus illuminate mechanistic insights on how carotenoids inhibit Aβ aggregation. The potential role of carotenoids as novel therapeutic molecules in treating AD and other neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
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17
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Li TR, Wang XN, Sheng C, Li YX, Li FZT, Sun Y, Han Y. Extracellular vesicles as an emerging tool for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 184:111175. [PMID: 31678325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a series of interacting pathophysiological cascades, including the aggregation of β-amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles derived from hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. AD is the cause of approximately 70 % of dementia, an irreversible and untreatable syndrome at its late stage. Hence, more efforts should be devoted to identifying at-risk or preclinical AD populations for early intervention and the improved design of drug trials. The exosome, a nanoscale subtype of extracellular vesicle that serves as a cell-to-cell communication messenger, is an emerging liquid biopsy tool for various diseases including AD. Recently, it has been discovered that brain-derived exosomes can flow through the blood-brain barrier to the peripheral blood, containing important protein and nucleic acid biomarkers that are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Other reports showed a strong involvement of exosomes in synaptic function, insulin resistance, and neuroinflammation, among others. Here, we summarize those studies and assess the value of exosomes as an emerging tool for the early detection of AD in conjunction with the current clinical diagnosis paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Can Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | | | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
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18
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Khaligh-Razavi SM, Habibi S, Sadeghi M, Marefat H, Khanbagi M, Nabavi SM, Sadeghi E, Kalafatis C. Integrated Cognitive Assessment: Speed and Accuracy of Visual Processing as a Reliable Proxy to Cognitive Performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1102. [PMID: 30705371 PMCID: PMC6355897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various mental disorders are accompanied by some degree of cognitive impairment. Particularly in neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment is the phenotypical hallmark of the disease. Effective, accurate and timely cognitive assessment is key to early diagnosis of this family of mental disorders. Current standard-of-care techniques for cognitive assessment are primarily paper-based, and need to be administered by a healthcare professional; they are additionally language and education-dependent and typically suffer from a learning bias. These tests are thus not ideal for large-scale pro-active cognitive screening and disease progression monitoring. We developed the Integrated Cognitive Assessment (referred to as CGN_ICA), a 5-minute computerized cognitive assessment tool based on a rapid visual categorization task, in which a series of carefully selected natural images of varied difficulty are presented to participants. Overall 448 participants, across a wide age-range with different levels of education took the CGN_ICA test. We compared participants' CGN_ICA test results with a variety of standard pen-and-paper tests, such as Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), that are routinely used to assess cognitive performance. CGN_ICA had excellent test-retest reliability, showed convergent validity with the standard-of-care cognitive tests used here, and demonstrated to be suitable for micro-monitoring of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Mahdi Khaligh-Razavi
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Cognetivity ltd, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Haniye Marefat
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Khanbagi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Massood Nabavi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Chris Kalafatis
- Cognetivity ltd, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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19
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Yu KC, Kwan P, Cheung SKK, Ho A, Baum L. Effects of Resveratrol and Morin on Insoluble Tau in Tau Transgenic Mice. Transl Neurosci 2018; 9:54-60. [PMID: 30479844 PMCID: PMC6234473 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), in which tau protein aggregates within neurons. An effective treatment is lacking and is urgently needed. We evaluated two structurally similar natural compounds, morin and resveratrol, for treating tauopathy in JNPL3 P301L mutant human tau overexpressing mice. Rotarod tests were performed to determine effects on motor function. After treatment from age 11 to 14 months, brains of 26 mice were collected to quantify aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau by Thioflavin T and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to quantify total tau (HT7 antibody) and hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8 antibody) in homogenates and a fraction enriched for paired helical filaments. Resveratrol reduced the level of total hyperphosphorylated tau in IHC sections (p=0.036), and morin exhibited a tendency to do so (p=0.29), while the two drugs tended to increase the proportion of solubilizable tau that was hyperphosphorylated, as detected in blots. Neither resveratrol nor morin affected motor function. One explanation of these results is that the drugs might interrupt a late stage in tau aggregation, after small aggregates have formed but before further aggregation has occurred. Further animal studies would be informative to explore the possible efficacy of morin or resveratrol for treating tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Chung Yu
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Kwan
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Level 5, R.M.C. Gunn Building, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stanley K K Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Amy Ho
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Larry Baum
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Centre for Genomic Sciences, Hong Kong
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20
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Boada M, Santos-Santos MA, Rodríguez-Gómez O, Alegret M, Cañabate P, Lafuente A, Abdelnour C, Buendía M, de Dios MJ, Morera A, Sanabria Á, Campo L, Ruiz A, Tárraga L. Patient Engagement: The Fundació ACE Framework for Improving Recruitment and Retention in Alzheimer's Disease Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1079-1090. [PMID: 29562541 PMCID: PMC5870013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is at a critical time. The global society is increasingly aware of the frightening rate of growth of the human and financial burden caused by this condition and of the urgent need to halt its progression. Consequently, the scientific community holds great responsibility to quickly put in place and optimize the machinery necessary for testing new treatments or interventions. In this context demand for participants for AD research is at an all-time high. In this review, we will focus on a methodological factor that is increasingly recognized as a key factor that shapes trial populations and affects validity of results in clinical trials: patient engagement, recruitment, and retention. We outline specific problems relevant to patient engagement in AD including recruiting enough participants, difficulties in participant retention, ensuring the recruited sample is representative of the general AD population, the burden of screening failures, and new challenges related to recruiting in preclinical disease. To address the urgent need for more research studying the applicability and cost-effectiveness of different recruitment strategies across different settings and nationalities, we describe the Models of Patient Engagement for Alzheimer's Disease (MOPEAD) project, a public-private partnership promoted by the Innovative Medicine Initiative (IMI), which will provide a large multinational quantitative analysis comparing different innovative recruitment models. We also discuss strategies that address each problem and draw on the experience of Fundació ACE to argue that focusing resources on comprehensive AD centers that offer coordinated clinical and social care and participate in basic and clinical research, is an effective and efficient way of implementing many of the discussed strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Santos-Santos
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Spain
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Cañabate
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Lafuente
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Abdelnour
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Buendía
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José de Dios
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - América Morera
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Sanabria
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Campo
- International Corporate Affairs, Alzheimer’s Disease, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Mura T, Baramova M, Gabelle A, Artero S, Dartigues JF, Amieva H, Berr C. Predicting dementia using socio-demographic characteristics and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test in the general population. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9:21. [PMID: 28335796 PMCID: PMC5364571 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to determine whether the consideration of socio-demographic features improves the prediction of Alzheimer's dementia (AD) at 5 years when using the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) in the general older population. METHODS Our analyses focused on 2558 subjects from the prospective Three-City Study, a cohort of community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and over, with FCSRT scores. Four "residual scores" and "risk scores" were built that included the FCSRT scores and socio-demographic variables. The predictive performance of crude, residual and risk scores was analyzed by comparing the areas under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS In total, 1750 subjects were seen 5 years after completing the FCSRT. AD was diagnosed in 116 of them. Compared with the crude free-recall score, the predictive performances of the residual score and of the risk score were not significantly improved (AUC: 0.83 vs 0.82 and 0.88 vs 0.89 respectively). CONCLUSION Using socio-demographic features in addition to the FCSRT does not improve its predictive performance for dementia or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Mura
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, INSERM U1061, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Medical Information Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marieta Baramova
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, INSERM U1061, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, INSERM U1061, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Memory Consultation, Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvaine Artero
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, INSERM U1061, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- Memory Consultation, Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux,, Centre INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Amieva
- ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux,, Centre INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, INSERM U1061, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Batistela MS, Josviak ND, Sulzbach CD, de Souza RLR. An overview of circulating cell-free microRNAs as putative biomarkers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:547-558. [PMID: 27381850 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1209754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free microRNAs (miRNAs) are stable in many biological fluids and their expression profiles can suffer changes under different physiological and pathological conditions. In the last few years, miRNAs have been proposed as putative noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment for several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cognitive and/or motor impairments are usually considered for establishing clinical diagnosis, and at this stage, the majority of the neurons may already be lost making difficult attempts of novel therapies. In this review, we intend to survey the circulating cell-free miRNAs found as dysregulated in cerebrospinal fluid, serum and plasma samples in AD and PD patients, and show how those miRNAs can be useful for early and differential diagnosis. Beyond that, we highlighted the miRNAs that are possibly related to common molecular mechanisms in the neurodegeneration process, as well those miRNAs related to specific disease pathways.
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Babić M, Svob Štrac D, Mück-Šeler D, Pivac N, Stanić G, Hof PR, Simić G. Update on the core and developing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. Croat Med J 2015; 55:347-65. [PMID: 25165049 PMCID: PMC4157375 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, whose prevalence will dramatically rise by 2050. Despite numerous clinical trials investigating this disease, there is still no effective treatment. Many trials showed negative or inconclusive results, possibly because they recruited only patients with severe disease, who had not undergone disease-modifying therapies in preclinical stages of AD before severe degeneration occurred. Detection of AD in asymptomatic at risk individuals (and a few presymptomatic individuals who carry an autosomal dominant monogenic AD mutation) remains impractical in many of clinical situations and is possible only with reliable biomarkers. In addition to early diagnosis of AD, biomarkers should serve for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. To date, the most promising biomarkers are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging biomarkers. Core CSF biomarkers (amyloid β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau) showed a high diagnostic accuracy but were still unreliable for preclinical detection of AD. Hence, there is an urgent need for detection and validation of novel CSF biomarkers that would enable early diagnosis of AD in asymptomatic individuals. This article reviews recent research advances on biomarkers for AD, focusing mainly on the CSF biomarkers. In addition to core CSF biomarkers, the potential usefulness of novel CSF biomarkers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Goran Simić
- Goran Šimić, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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Pillai JA, Bonner-Jackson A. Review of information and communication technology devices for monitoring functional and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2015; 6:71-83. [PMID: 25708378 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.6.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and monitoring early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant need in the field of AD therapeutics. Successful AD clinical trial designs have to overcome challenges related to the subtle nature of early cognitive changes. Continuous unobtrusive assessments using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices to capture markers of intra-individual change over time to assess cognitive and functional disability therefore offers significant benefits. We review the literature and provide an overview on randomized clinical trials in AD that use intelligent systems to monitor functional decline, as well as strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for the use of ICTs in a new generation of AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan A Pillai
- Department of Neurology and Lou Ruvo Center, Brain Health Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Bonner-Jackson
- Department of Neurology and Lou Ruvo Center, Brain Health Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Kryscio RJ. Secondary prevention trials in Alzheimer disease: the challenge of identifying a meaningful end point. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:947-9. [PMID: 24886838 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kryscio
- Departments of Statistics and Biostatistics and the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Circulating MicroRNA as Potential Source for Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomarkers. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1494-1503. [PMID: 25367880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of circulating micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs, miRNAs) have been discovered its potential as biomarkers to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) by many researchers. However, there were obvious inconsistencies among previous studies, and thus we performed this meta-analysis to evaluate whether miRNA is an effective biomarker with high accuracy to diagnose the NDs. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and other related databases were used to search eligible articles. The data of sensitivity and specificity were employed to plot the summary receiver operator characteristic (SROC) curve and calculate the area under the SROC curve (AUC). I (2) test were used to estimate the heterogeneity among different studies. In addition, the possible sources of heterogeneity were further explored by subgroup analyses and meta-regression. All analyses were performed by STATA 12.0 software. In this meta-analysis, eight publications with 459 NDs patients and 340 healthy controls were included to investigate the diagnostic performance of circulating miRNAs for NDs. The overall sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ration (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.88), 0.87 (95% CI 0.83-0.89), 6.2 (95% CI 4.9-7.9), 0.19 (95% CI 0.14-0.27), 33 (95% CI 20-52), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.93), respectively. The overall SROC curve was plotted with AUC of 0.91 (95% CI 0.88-0.93), which indicated an excellent diagnostic performance of circulating miRNA for NDs. Subgroup analysis based on miRNA profile demonstrated that multiple-miRNA assay had higher diagnostic accuracy for NDs when compared with single-miRNA assay. In conclusion, the circulating miRNAs may be the potential biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis of NDs, and the diagnostic accuracy would be better by using multiple-miRNA assay. However, large-scale studies are still needed to explore the relation between the circulating miRNA dysregulation and the pathological mechanism of NDs.
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Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, Cappa S, Crutch S, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Galasko D, Habert MO, Jicha GA, Nordberg A, Pasquier F, Rabinovici G, Robert P, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sarazin M, Epelbaum S, de Souza LC, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Schneider L, Stern Y, Scheltens P, Cummings JL. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:614-29. [PMID: 24849862 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2225] [Impact Index Per Article: 222.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 8 years, both the International Working Group (IWG) and the US National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association have contributed criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that better define clinical phenotypes and integrate biomarkers into the diagnostic process, covering the full staging of the disease. This Position Paper considers the strengths and limitations of the IWG research diagnostic criteria and proposes advances to improve the diagnostic framework. On the basis of these refinements, the diagnosis of AD can be simplified, requiring the presence of an appropriate clinical AD phenotype (typical or atypical) and a pathophysiological biomarker consistent with the presence of Alzheimer's pathology. We propose that downstream topographical biomarkers of the disease, such as volumetric MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose PET, might better serve in the measurement and monitoring of the course of disease. This paper also elaborates on the specific diagnostic criteria for atypical forms of AD, for mixed AD, and for the preclinical states of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dubois
- Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Howard H Feldman
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Claudia Jacova
- UBC Division of Neurology, S152 UBC Hospital, BC, Canada
| | - Harald Hampel
- Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, IDIBAPS Hospital Clinici Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Centre, Fundació Pasqual Maragall, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Dennis Selkoe
- Harvard Medical School Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall Bateman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Stefano Cappa
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, National Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium; Reference Centre for Biological Markers of Dementia, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Hopitaux Universitaires et Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland; IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; HUG Belle-Idée, bâtiment les Voirons, Chêne-Bourg, France
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, -University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- INSERM UMR, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Paris, France
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; CHRU, Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
| | - Gil Rabinovici
- UCSF Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Robert
- EA CoBTeK and Memory Center, CHU University of Nice, UNSA, Hôpital de Cimiez 4 av Victoria, Nice, France
| | - Christopher Rowe
- FRACP, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Neurology and the Memory and Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris Cedex, France; Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo C de Souza
- Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole, Pavillon Junod, University Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Pieter J Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lon Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Gerontology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Centrum Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: new perspectives on animal models and promising candidate drugs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:309129. [PMID: 25025046 PMCID: PMC4083880 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is now considered one of the major factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the most widely used transgenic AD models (overexpressing mutated forms of amyloid precursor protein, presenilin, and/or tau) do not demonstrate the degree of inflammation, neurodegeneration (particularly of the cholinergic system), and cognitive decline that is comparable with the human disease. Hence a more suitable animal model is needed to more closely mimic the resulting cognitive decline and memory loss in humans in order to investigate the effects of neuroinflammation on neurodegeneration. One of these models is the glial fibrillary acidic protein-interleukin 6 (GFAP-IL6) mouse, in which chronic neuroinflammation triggered constitutive expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in astrocytes. These transgenic mice show substantial and progressive neurodegeneration as well as a decline in motor skills and cognitive function, starting from 6 months of age. This animal model could serve as an excellent tool for drug discovery and validation in vivo. In this review, we have also selected three potential anti-inflammatory drugs, curcumin, apigenin, and tenilsetam, as candidate drugs, which could be tested in this model.
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Redolfi A, Bosco P, Manset D, Frisoni GB. Brain investigation and brain conceptualization. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 28:175-90. [PMID: 24139654 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2013.28.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) undergoes changes starting many years before the development of the first clinical symptoms. The recent availability of large prospective datasets makes it possible to create sophisticated brain models of healthy subjects and patients with AD, showing pathophysiological changes occurring over time. However, these models are still inadequate; representations are mainly single-scale and they do not account for the complexity and interdependence of brain changes. Brain changes in AD patients occur at different levels and for different reasons: at the molecular level, changes are due to amyloid deposition; at cellular level, to loss of neuron synapses, and at tissue level, to connectivity disruption. All cause extensive atrophy of the whole brain organ. Initiatives aiming to model the whole human brain have been launched in Europe and the US with the goal of reducing the burden of brain diseases. In this work, we describe a new approach to earlier diagnosis based on a multimodal and multiscale brain concept, built upon existing and well-characterized single modalities.
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Polyphenols as therapeutic molecules in Alzheimer's disease through modulating amyloid pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:466-79. [PMID: 24826916 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative condition. The complex pathology of this disease includes oxidative stress, metal deposition, formation of aggregates of amyloid and tau, enhanced immune responses, and disturbances in cholinesterase. Drugs targeted toward reduction of amyloidal load have been discovered, but there is no effective pharmacological treatment for combating the disease so far. Natural products have become an important avenue for drug discovery research. Polyphenols are natural products that have been shown to be effective in the modulation of the type of neurodegenerative changes seen in AD, suggesting a possible therapeutic role. The present review focuses on the chemistry of polyphenols and their role in modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. We also provide new hypotheses on how these therapeutic molecules may modulate APP processing, prevent Aβ aggregation, and favor disruption of preformed fibrils. Finally, the role of polyphenols in modulating Alzheimer's pathology is discussed.
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Bennett DA, Yu L, De Jager PL. Building a pipeline to discover and validate novel therapeutic targets and lead compounds for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:617-30. [PMID: 24508835 PMCID: PMC4054869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other causes are major public health problems worldwide. With changing demographics, the number of persons with dementia will increase rapidly. The treatment and prevention of AD and other dementias, therefore, is an urgent unmet need. There have been considerable advances in understanding the biology of many age-related disorders that cause dementia. Gains in understanding AD have led to the development of ante-mortem biomarkers of traditional neuropathology and the conduct of several phase III interventions in the amyloid-β cascade early in the disease process. Many other intervention strategies are in various stages of development. However, efforts to date have met with limited success. A recent National Institute on Aging Research Summit led to a number of requests for applications. One was to establish multi-disciplinary teams of investigators who use systems biology approaches and stem cell technology to identify a new generation of AD targets. We were recently awarded one of three such grants to build a pipeline that integrates epidemiology, systems biology, and stem cell technology to discover and validate novel therapeutic targets and lead compounds for AD treatment and prevention. Here we describe the two cohorts that provide the data and biospecimens being exploited for our pipeline and describe the available unique datasets. Second, we present evidence in support of a chronic disease model of AD that informs our choice of phenotypes as the target outcome. Third, we provide an overview of our approach. Finally, we present the details of our planned drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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A novel presenilin 1 mutation (Ala275Val) as cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synergistic effects of amyloid-beta and wild-type human tau on dendritic spine loss in a floxed double transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64:107-17. [PMID: 24440055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse number is the best indicator of cognitive impairment In Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the respective contributions of Aβ and tau, particularly human wild-type tau, to synapse loss remain undefined. Here, we sought to elucidate the Aβ-dependent changes in wild-type human tau that trigger synapse loss and cognitive decline in AD by generating two novel transgenic mouse models. The first overexpresses floxed human APP with Swedish and London mutations under the thy1 promoter, and recapitulates important features of early AD, including accumulation of soluble Aβ and oligomers, but no plaque formation. Transgene excision via Cre-recombinase reverses cognitive decline, even at 18-months of age. Secondly, we generated a human wild-type tau-overexpressing mouse. Crossing of the two animals accelerates cognitive impairment, causes enhanced accumulation and aggregation of tau, and results in reduction of dendritic spines compared to single transgenic hTau or hAPP mice. These results suggest that Aβ-dependent acceleration of wild-type human tau pathology is a critical component of the lasting changes to dendritic spines and cognitive impairment found in AD.
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Evidences for B6C3-Tg (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) double-transgenic mice between 3 and 10 months as an age-related Alzheimer's disease model. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:370-6. [PMID: 24362678 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse has shown great advantages in the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and drug screening as AD develops rapidly resent years, while more detail information of these transgenic mice and experience of application are needed. To obtain the basic background information of the B6C3-Tg (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) double-transgenic mouse, which was reported with early onset AD, three- to ten-month-old B6C3-Tg AD mice and normal C57BL/6 mice were selected randomly to test the ability of learning memory by Morris water maze, the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by AChE kit, and beta amyloid protein level by immunohistochemistry staining. Compared with the control group, the escape latency time of B6C3-Tg AD mice at 9 and 10 months of age is significantly longer (P < 0.05) in Morris maze test, and the activity of brain AChE is higher. β-Amyloid plaques were observed at 3 months of age and developed rapidly. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the area of these plaques and the ages of B6C3-Tg AD mouse (y = 0.0355e(0.5557x), R = 0.9557). The model's behavior is conformed to simulate behaviors of human Alzheimer's disease at the early stage and may provide detail background information a new choice when transgenic mice are needed in the research of AD.
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Sheinerman KS, Tsivinsky VG, Abdullah L, Crawford F, Umansky SR. Plasma microRNA biomarkers for detection of mild cognitive impairment: biomarker validation study. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:925-38. [PMID: 24368295 PMCID: PMC3883708 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A minimally invasive test for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases is a highly unmet need for drug development and planning of patient care. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a syndrome characteristic of early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have identified two sets of circulating brain-enriched miRNAs, the miR-132 family (miR-128, miR-132, miR-874) normalized per miR-491-5p and the miR-134 family (miR-134, miR-323-3p, miR-382) normalized per miR-370, capable of differentiating MCI from age-matched control (AMC) with high accuracy. Here we report a biomarker validation study of the identified miRNA pairs using larger independent sets of age- and gender- matched plasma samples. The biomarker pairs detected MCI with sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy similar to those obtained in the first study. The miR-132 family biomarkers differentiated MCI from AMC with 84%-94% sensitivity and 96%-98% specificity, and the miR-134 family biomarkers demonstrated 74%-88% sensitivity and 80-92% specificity. When miRNAs of the same family were combined, miR-132 and miR-134 family biomarkers demonstrated 96% and 87% overall accuracy, respectively. No statistically significant differences in the biomarker concentrations in samples obtained from male and female subjects were observed for either MCI or AMC. The present study also demonstrated that the highest sensitivity and specificity are achieved with pairs of miRNAs whose concentrations in plasma are highly correlated.
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Harrington MG, Chiang J, Pogoda JM, Gomez M, Thomas K, Marion SD, Miller KJ, Siddarth P, Yi X, Zhou F, Lee S, Arakaki X, Cowan RP, Tran T, Charleswell C, Ross BD, Fonteh AN. Executive function changes before memory in preclinical Alzheimer's pathology: a prospective, cross-sectional, case control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79378. [PMID: 24260210 PMCID: PMC3832547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early treatment of Alzheimer's disease may reduce its devastating effects. By focusing research on asymptomatic individuals with Alzheimer's disease pathology (the preclinical stage), earlier indicators of disease may be discovered. Decreasing cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid42 is the first indicator of preclinical disorder, but it is not known which pathology causes the first clinical effects. Our hypothesis is that neuropsychological changes within the normal range will help to predict preclinical disease and locate early pathology. METHODS AND FINDINGS We recruited adults with probable Alzheimer's disease or asymptomatic cognitively healthy adults, classified after medical and neuropsychological examination. By logistic regression, we derived a cutoff for the cerebrospinal fluid beta amyloid42/tau ratios that correctly classified 85% of those with Alzheimer's disease. We separated the asymptomatic group into those with (n = 34; preclinical Alzheimer's disease) and without (n = 36; controls) abnormal beta amyloid42/tau ratios; these subgroups had similar distributions of age, gender, education, medications, apolipoprotein-ε genotype, vascular risk factors, and magnetic resonance imaging features of small vessel disease. Multivariable analysis of neuropsychological data revealed that only Stroop Interference (response inhibition) independently predicted preclinical pathology (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.04-0.42). Lack of longitudinal and post-mortem data, older age, and small population size are limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that clinical effects from early amyloid pathophysiology precede those from hippocampal intraneuronal neurofibrillary pathology. Altered cerebrospinal fluid beta amyloid42 with decreased executive performance before memory impairment matches the deposits of extracellular amyloid that appear in the basal isocortex first, and only later involve the hippocampus. We propose that Stroop Interference may be an additional important screen for early pathology and useful to monitor treatment of preclinical Alzheimer's disease; measures of executive and memory functions in a longitudinal design will be necessary to more fully evaluate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Pogoda
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Gomez
- Fuller Graduate School of Psychology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Kris Thomas
- Fuller Graduate School of Psychology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah DeBoard Marion
- Fuller Graduate School of Psychology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Karen J. Miller
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinyao Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sherri Lee
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Cowan
- Dept of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thao Tran
- Magnetic Resonance Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Cherise Charleswell
- Magnetic Resonance Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Ross
- Magnetic Resonance Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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Preventing cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 14:18-22. [PMID: 24565007 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease leading to cognitive decline, dementia, and ultimately death. Despite extensive R&D efforts, there are no diseases modifying treatments for AD available. The stage in which patients receive a clinical diagnosis of probable AD may be too late for disease modifying pharmacotherapy. Prevention strategies may be required to successfully tackle AD. Preclinical AD applies to over half of all healthy elderly subjects and manifests by signs of amyloid deposition and/or neuronal injury in the brain, preceding the stage in which symptoms of dementia, cognitive and functional impairment become observable. Prevention trials in preclinical AD require longer and larger clinical trials using biomarkers and cognitive endpoints, which requires collaboration across academia, government and industry.
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Biomarker-Driven Therapeutic Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: Establishing the Foundations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 95:67-77. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sheinerman KS, Umansky SR. Circulating cell-free microRNA as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases and other neurologic pathologies. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:150. [PMID: 24058335 PMCID: PMC3767917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, vascular and frontotemporal dementias, as well as other chronic neurological pathologies, are characterized by slow development with a long asymptomatic period followed by a stage with mild clinical symptoms. As a consequence, these serious pathologies are diagnosed late in the course of a disease, when massive death of neurons has already occurred and effective therapeutic intervention is problematic. Thus, the development of screening tests capable of detecting neurodegenerative diseases during early, preferably asymptomatic, stages is a high unmet need. Since such tests are to be used for screening of large populations, they should be non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Further, while subjects identified by screening tests can be further tested with more invasive and expensive methods, e.g., analysis of cerebrospinal fluid or imaging techniques, to be of practical utility screening tests should have high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to developing screening tests based on analysis of circulating cell-free microRNA (miRNA). Applications of circulating miRNA-based tests for diagnosis of acute and chronic brain pathologies, for research of normal brain aging, and for disease and treatment monitoring are also discussed.
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