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Subekti DT, Suwanti LT, Kurniawati DA, Mufasirin M, Sunarno S. Molecular identification of new Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B isolates from buffaloes and cattle in Indonesia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001324. [PMID: 38958293 PMCID: PMC11253823 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is reportedly divided into two genotypes: types A and B. The type B is uncommon and reportedly limited to Africa: Kenya Sudan, and Ethiopia. In contrast, type A has been widely reported in Africa, South America, and Asia. However, Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B has never been reported. Therefore, this study aims to determine the species and genotype of the Trypanozoon subgenus using a robust identification algorithm. Forty-three trypanosoma isolates from Indonesia were identified as Trypanosoma evansi using a molecular identification algorithm. Further identification showed that 39 isolates were type A and 4 isolates were possibly non-A/B types. The PML, AMN-SB1, and STENT3 isolates were likely non-A/B type Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffalo, while the PDE isolates were isolated from cattle. Cladistic analysis revealed that Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi was divided into seven clusters based on the gRNA-kDNA minicircle gene. Clusters 6 and 7 are each divided into two sub-clusters. The areas with the highest genetic diversity are the provinces of Banten, Central Java (included Yogyakarta), and East Nusa Tenggara. The Central Java (including Yogyakarta) and East Nusa Tenggara provinces, each have four sub-clusters, while Banten has three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Tulus Subekti
- Veterinary Science Doctoral Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Center for Veterinary Instrument Standard Testing – CVIST, Agency for Standardization of Agricultural Instruments, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Mufasirin Mufasirin
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sunarno Sunarno
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
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African trypanosome strategies for conquering new hosts and territories: the end of monophyly? Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:724-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gaithuma AK, Yamagishi J, Martinelli A, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Marsela M, Sugimoto C. A single test approach for accurate and sensitive detection and taxonomic characterization of Trypanosomes by comprehensive analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 amplicons. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006842. [PMID: 30802245 PMCID: PMC6414030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve our knowledge on the epidemiological status of African trypanosomiasis, better tools are required to monitor Trypanosome genotypes circulating in both mammalian hosts and tsetse fly vectors. This is important in determining the diversity of Trypanosomes and understanding how environmental factors and control efforts affect Trypanosome evolution. We present a single test approach for molecular detection of different Trypanosome species and subspecies using newly designed primers to amplify the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 region of ribosomal RNA genes, coupled to Illumina sequencing of the amplicons. The protocol is based on Illumina's widely used 16s bacterial metagenomic analysis procedure that makes use of multiplex PCR and dual indexing. Results from analysis of wild tsetse flies collected from Zambia and Zimbabwe show that conventional methods for Trypanosome species detection based on band size comparisons on gels is not always able to accurately distinguish between T. vivax and T. godfreyi. Additionally, this approach shows increased sensitivity in the detection of Trypanosomes at species level with the exception of the Trypanozoon subgenus. We identified subspecies of T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, and T. godfreyi without the need for additional tests. Results show T. congolense Kilifi subspecies is more closely related to T. simiae than to other T. congolense subspecies. This agrees with previous studies using satellite DNA and 18s RNA analysis. While current classification does not list any subspecies for T. godfreyi, we observed two distinct clusters for these species. Interestingly, sequences matching T. congolense Tsavo (now classified as T. simiae Tsavo) clusters distinctly from other T. simiae Tsavo sequences suggesting the Nannomonas group is more divergent than currently thought thus the need for better classification criteria. This method presents a simple but comprehensive way of identification of Trypanosome species and subspecies-specific using one PCR assay for molecular epidemiology of trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kiarie Gaithuma
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- GI-CORE, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Axel Martinelli
- GI-CORE, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawai
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megasari Marsela
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- GI-CORE, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kamidi CM, Saarman NP, Dion K, Mireji PO, Ouma C, Murilla G, Aksoy S, Schnaufer A, Caccone A. Multiple evolutionary origins of Trypanosoma evansi in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005895. [PMID: 28880965 PMCID: PMC5605091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is the parasite causing surra, a form of trypanosomiasis in camels and other livestock, and a serious economic burden in Kenya and many other parts of the world. Trypanosoma evansi transmission can be sustained mechanically by tabanid and Stomoxys biting flies, whereas the closely related African trypanosomes T. brucei brucei and T. b. rhodesiense require cyclical development in tsetse flies (genus Glossina) for transmission. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary origins of T. evansi. We used 15 polymorphic microsatellites to quantify levels and patterns of genetic diversity among 41 T. evansi isolates and 66 isolates of T. b. brucei (n = 51) and T. b. rhodesiense (n = 15), including many from Kenya, a region where T. evansi may have evolved from T. brucei. We found that T. evansi strains belong to at least two distinct T. brucei genetic units and contain genetic diversity that is similar to that in T. brucei strains. Results indicated that the 41 T. evansi isolates originated from multiple T. brucei strains from different genetic backgrounds, implying independent origins of T. evansi from T. brucei strains. This surprising finding further suggested that the acquisition of the ability of T. evansi to be transmitted mechanically, and thus the ability to escape the obligate link with the African tsetse fly vector, has occurred repeatedly. These findings, if confirmed, have epidemiological implications, as T. brucei strains from different genetic backgrounds can become either causative agents of a dangerous, cosmopolitan livestock disease or of a lethal human disease, like for T. b. rhodesiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Kamidi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Norah P. Saarman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Grace Murilla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, and Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Hong XK, Zhang X, Fusco OA, Lan YG, Lun ZR, Lai DH. PCR-based identification of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi using maxicircle kinetoplast DNA. Acta Trop 2017; 171:207-212. [PMID: 28427957 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma lewisi, transmitted by rat fleas, is a widespread pathogen specific to rats with records of human infection cases. Its closely related species with global distribution, Trypanosoma musculi, is transmitted between mice by ingestion of infected fleas. These trypanosomes are of similar morphology, making it difficult to distinguish them by microscopy. In this study, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and reliable PCR method for the diagnosis of T. lewisi and T. musculi. The T. lewisi-specific amplicons were not produced by other Trypanosoma, such as T. musculi, T. brucei complex or T. cruzi, neither by an outgroup of Leishmania amazonensis. The detection limits of the three pairs of T. lewisi-specific primers were 50ng, 1ng and 10ng of total DNA, respectively. The primers designed for T. musculi primers showed specifically that amplicon strictly in T. musculi and their detection limits were 10ng and 1ng of total DNA. To simplify the detection process, we managed to apply our method directly on tail blood samples without complicated DNA purification. In conclusion, PCR with our primers could be a highly sensitive, specific protocol to detect and distinguish T. lewisi and T. musculi from other trypanosomes.
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Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takeet MI, Peters SO, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Takeet VO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Phylogeny of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected cattle in Nigeria by analysis of repetitive and ribosomal DNA sequences. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1235-40. [PMID: 27174432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuing efforts to better understand the genetics of bovine trypanosomosis, we assessed genetic diversity of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected Nigerian cattle using repetitive DNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA sequences and compared these sequences to species from other countries. The length of repetitive DNA sequences in both species ranged from 161 to 244 bp and 239 to 240 bp for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively, while the ITS1 rDNA sequences length range from 299 to 364 bp. The mean GC content of ITS1 rDNA sequences was 33.57 %, and that of repetitive sequences were 39.9 and 31.1 % for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively. Result from sequence alignment revealed both T. brucei and T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences to be more polymorphic than ITS1 rDNA sequences, with moderate points of deletion and insertions. T. brucei separated into two clades when subjected to phylogenetic analysis. T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences clustered tightly within the T. brucei clade while the ITS1 rDNA sequences of T. brucei were clearly separated from T. theileri and T. vivax individually used as outgroups. This study suggest that ITS1 rDNA sequences may not be suitable for phylogenetic differentiation of the Trypanozoon group and also suggest that T. evansi may be a phenotypic variant of T. brucei which may have potential implications in designing prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Takeet
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Sunday O Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin O Fagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela
| | - Vivian O Takeet
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Wheto
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ikhide G Imumorin
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Sánchez E, Perrone T, Recchimuzzi G, Cardozo I, Biteau N, Aso PM, Mijares A, Baltz T, Berthier D, Balzano-Nogueira L, Gonzatti MI. Molecular characterization and classification of Trypanosoma spp. Venezuelan isolates based on microsatellite markers and kinetoplast maxicircle genes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:536. [PMID: 26467019 PMCID: PMC4607141 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock trypanosomoses, caused by three species of the Trypanozoon subgenus, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. evansi and T. equiperdum is widely distributed throughout the world and constitutes an important limitation for the production of animal protein. T. evansi and T. equiperdum are morphologically indistinguishable parasites that evolved from a common ancestor but acquired important biological differences, including host range, mode of transmission, distribution, clinical symptoms and pathogenicity. At a molecular level, T. evansi is characterized by the complete loss of the maxicircles of the kinetoplastic DNA, while T. equiperdum has retained maxicircle fragments similar to those present in T. brucei. T. evansi causes the disease known as Surra, Derrengadera or "mal de cadeiras", while T. equiperdum is the etiological agent of dourine or "mal du coit", characterized by venereal transmission and white patches in the genitalia. METHODS Nine Venezuelan Trypanosoma spp. isolates, from horse, donkey or capybara were genotyped and classified using microsatellite analyses and maxicircle genes. The variables from the microsatellite data and the Procyclin PE repeats matrices were combined using the Hill-Smith method and compared to a group of T. evansi, T. equiperdum and T. brucei reference strains from South America, Asia and Africa using Coinertia analysis. Four maxicircle genes (cytb, cox1, a6 and nd8) were amplified by PCRfrom TeAp-N/D1 and TeGu-N/D1, the two Venezuelan isolates that grouped with the T. equiperdum STIB841/OVI strain. These maxicircle sequences were analyzed by nucleotide BLAST and aligned toorthologous genes from the Trypanozoon subgenus by MUSCLE tools. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) with the MEGA5.1® software. RESULTS We characterized microsatellite markers and Procyclin PE repeats of nine Venezuelan Trypanosoma spp. isolates with various degrees of virulence in a mouse model, and compared them to a panel of T. evansi and T. equiperdum reference strains. Coinertia analysis of the combined repeats and previously reported T. brucei brucei microsatellite genotypes revealed three distinct groups. Seven of the Venezuelan isolates grouped with globally distributed T. evansi strains, while TeAp-N/D1 and TeGu-N/D1 strains clustered in a separate group with the T. equiperdum STIB841/OVI strain isolated in South Africa. A third group included T. brucei brucei, two strains previously classified as T. evansi (GX and TC) and one as T. equiperdum (BoTat-1.1). Four maxicircle genes, Cytochrome b, Cythocrome Oxidase subunit 1, ATP synthase subunit 6 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 8, were identified in the two Venezuelan strains clustering with the T. equiperdum STIB841/OVI strain. Phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 gene sequences further separated these two Venezuelan T. equiperdum strains: TeAp-N/D1 grouped with T. equiperdum strain STIB818 and T. brucei brucei, and TeGu-N/D1 with the T. equiperdum STIB841/OVI strain. CONCLUSION Based on the Coinertia analysis and maxicircle gene sequence phylogeny, TeAp-N/D1 and TeGu-N/D1 constitute the first confirmed T. equiperdum strains described from Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos. Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - T Perrone
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos. Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - G Recchimuzzi
- Grupo de Bioquímica e Inmunología de Hemoparásitos. Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
| | - I Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos. Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - N Biteau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux. UMR-CNRS 5234, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, Cedex, France.
| | - P M Aso
- Grupo de Bioquímica e Inmunología de Hemoparásitos. Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
| | - A Mijares
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos. Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - T Baltz
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux. UMR-CNRS 5234, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, Cedex, France.
| | - D Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR InterTryp, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - L Balzano-Nogueira
- Laboratorio de Biometría y Estadística, Área de Agricultura y Soberanía Alimentaria, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, 1015A, Venezuela.
| | - M I Gonzatti
- Grupo de Bioquímica e Inmunología de Hemoparásitos. Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
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Camargo R, Izquier A, Uzcanga GL, Perrone T, Acosta-Serrano A, Carrasquel L, Arias LP, Escalona JL, Cardozo V, Bubis J. Variant surface glycoproteins from Venezuelan trypanosome isolates are recognized by sera from animals infected with either Trypanosoma evansi or Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:17-33. [PMID: 25468674 PMCID: PMC4303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of VSGs from seven Venezuelan animal trypanosomes were purified and characterized. All purified soluble VSGs exhibited cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma vivax. Anti-VSG antibodies behaved as markers of infection for non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomes. All purified soluble VSGs can be used as diagnostic reagents for bovine trypanosomosis.
Salivarian trypanosomes sequentially express only one variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) on their cell surface from a large repertoire of VSG genes. Seven cryopreserved animal trypanosome isolates known as TeAp-ElFrio01, TEVA1 (or TeAp-N/D1), TeGu-N/D1, TeAp-Mantecal01, TeGu-TerecayTrino, TeGu-Terecay03 and TeGu-Terecay323, which had been isolated from different hosts identified in several geographical areas of Venezuela were expanded using adult albino rats. Soluble forms of predominant VSGs expressed during the early infection stages were purified and corresponded to concanavalin A-binding proteins with molecular masses of 48–67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropohoresis, and pI values between 6.1 and 7.5. The biochemical characterization of all purified soluble VSGs revealed that they were dimers in their native form and represented different gene products. Sequencing of some of these proteins yielded peptides homologous to VSGs from Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi and established that they most likely are mosaics generated by homologous recombination. Western blot analysis showed that all purified VSGs were cross-reacting antigens that were recognized by sera from animals infected with either T. evansi or Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax. The VSG glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol cross-reacting determinant epitope was only partially responsible for the cross-reactivity of the purified proteins, and antibodies appeared to recognize cross-reacting conformational epitopes from the various soluble VSGs. ELISA experiments were performed using infected bovine sera collected from cattle in a Venezuelan trypanosome-endemic area. In particular, soluble VSGs from two trypanosome isolates, TeGu-N/D1 and TeGu-TeracayTrino, were recognized by 93.38% and 73.55% of naturally T. vivax-infected bovine sera, respectively. However, approximately 70% of the sera samples did not recognize all seven purified proteins. Hence, the use of a combination of various VSGs for the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Izquier
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Central de Venezuela, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Trina Perrone
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Liomary Carrasquel
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura P Arias
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José L Escalona
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Vanessa Cardozo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Bubis
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Cauchard J, Soldan A, Madeline A, Johnson P, Büscher P, Petry S. Inter-laboratory ring trials to evaluate serological methods for dourine diagnosis. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:70-6. [PMID: 25015543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the reproducibility of routine serological methods to detect Trypanosoma equiperdum antibodies in equine sera, two inter-laboratory ring trials were organized involving 22 European and 4 non-European reference laboratories for dourine. The serological methods were the complement fixation test (CFT; 25 laboratories) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT; 4 laboratories). Three of the laboratories applied both these methods. The sample panels were composed of sera that were negative, positive or suspected for dourine. Of the negative sera, one was from a donkey naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. This study confirmed the reliability of CFT and highlighted its inter-laboratory reproducibility for known T. equiperdum positive and negative sera. However the reproducibility was less good for sera positive for T. evansi or of unknown status, e.i. nine out of 22 laboratories observed a false-positive result with the T. evansi-positive serum, whether by CFT or IFAT. This interesting result suggests that the specificity of dourine serodiagnosis may be improved by standardizing the critical reagents, including antigens and by developing a standard T. equiperdum serum which could be used calibrate test systems across multiple laboratories. Trial data confirmed seropositivity in one of the three horses suspected of dourine. It may be beneficial to generalize the use of a suitable low-titer serum control, derived from a standard serum in order to standardize the method's detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cauchard
- ANSES, Dozulé laboratory for equine diseases, Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Andrew Soldan
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Quality Assurance Unit, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Madeline
- ANSES, Dozulé laboratory for equine diseases, Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Paula Johnson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Quality Assurance Unit, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Petry
- ANSES, Dozulé laboratory for equine diseases, Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit, Goustranville, France.
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11
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Policy, phylogeny, and the parasite. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Salim B, Bakheit MA, Sugimoto C. Molecular detection of equine trypanosomes in the Sudan. Vet Parasitol 2014; 200:246-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Sanni TM, Onasanya GO, Adefenwa MA, Yakubu A, Ikeobi CON, Adebambo OA, Talabi AO, Ozoje MO, Wheto M, Takeet MI, Peters SO, Donato MD, Thomas BN, Imumorin IG. Molecular Diagnosis of Subclinical African Trypanosoma vivax Infection and Association with Physiological Indices and Serum Metabolites in Extensively Managed Goats in the Tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.31007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Yakubu A, Rodulfo HE, Peters SO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:555-61. [PMID: 23245680 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. In 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax, while PCR detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and Trypanosoma evansi. PCR detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi infections. All of the T. congolense detected were savannah-type, except for two forest-type infections. Prevalence of mixed infections was 13.9%, being primarily co-infection by T. congolense and T. vivax while prevalence of mixed infections by T. evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense was 1.5%. Microscopy showed poor sensitivity but specificity greater than 94%. Infection rates were much higher in Southern than in Northern Nigeria. Infections were lowest in N'dama compared to Muturu, Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds. Animals with T. vivax monoinfection and mixed infections showed significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) values. Those infected with any Trypanosoma species with <200 parasites/μl showed higher PCV values than those infected with >200 parasites/μl. The new finding of savannah- and forest-type T. congolense in Nigeria and the relatively high abundance of mixed infections are of significant clinical relevance. This study also suggests that T. congolense is the most prevalent species in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Takeet
- Dept. of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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15
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Trypanosoma brucei: two steps to spread out from Africa. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:424-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Deborggraeve S, Büscher P. Molecular diagnostics for sleeping sickness: what is the benefit for the patient? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:433-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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