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Allartz P, Hotop SK, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thomé-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, Petersen N, Lintzel M, Behrens C, Eggert P, Pörtner K, Steiner J, Brönstrup M, Tappe D. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection 2024; 52:59-71. [PMID: 37253816 PMCID: PMC10228883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. METHODS Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. RESULTS BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75-86% in serum and 92-94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33-57% in serum and 18-24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25-67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91-97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). CONCLUSIONS There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Allartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaphof
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Thomé-Bolduan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Petersen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Lintzel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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Grosse L, Lieftüchter V, Vollmuth Y, Hoffmann F, Olivieri M, Reiter K, Tacke M, Heinen F, Borggraefe I, Osterman A, Forstner M, Hübner J, von Both U, Birzele L, Rohlfs M, Schomburg A, Böhmer MM, Ruf V, Cadar D, Muntau B, Pörtner K, Tappe D. First detected geographical cluster of BoDV-1 encephalitis from same small village in two children: therapeutic considerations and epidemiological implications. Infection 2023; 51:1383-1398. [PMID: 36821024 PMCID: PMC9947883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-01998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is an emerging zoonotic virus causing severe and mostly fatal encephalitis in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS A local cluster of fatal BoDV-1 encephalitis cases was detected in the same village three years apart affecting two children. While the first case was diagnosed late in the course of disease, a very early diagnosis and treatment attempt facilitated by heightened awareness was achieved in the second case. Therapy started as early as day 12 of disease. Antiviral therapy encompassed favipiravir and ribavirin, and, after bioinformatic modelling, also remdesivir. As the disease is immunopathogenetically mediated, an intensified anti-inflammatory therapy was administered. Following initial impressive clinical improvement, the course was also fatal, although clearly prolonged. Viral RNA was detected by qPCR in tear fluid and saliva, constituting a possible transmission risk for health care professionals. Highest viral loads were found post mortem in the olfactory nerve and the limbic system, possibly reflecting the portal of entry for BoDV-1. Whole exome sequencing in both patients yielded no hint for underlying immunodeficiency. Full virus genomes belonging to the same cluster were obtained in both cases by next-generation sequencing. Sequences were not identical, indicating viral diversity in natural reservoirs. Specific transmission events or a common source of infection were not found by structured interviews. Patients lived 750m apart from each other and on the fringe of the settlement, a recently shown relevant risk factor. CONCLUSION Our report highlights the urgent necessity of effective treatment strategies, heightened awareness and early diagnosis. Gaps of knowledge regarding risk factors, transmission events, and tailored prevention methods become apparent. Whether this case cluster reflects endemicity or a geographical hot spot needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Grosse
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Victoria Lieftüchter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Yannik Vollmuth
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Olivieri
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Reiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Tacke
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Osterman
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Forstner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hübner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Birzele
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Schomburg
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, LMU Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Merle M Böhmer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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de Heus P, Bagó Z, Weidinger P, Lale D, Trachsel DS, Revilla-Fernández S, Matiasek K, Nowotny N. Severe Neurologic Disease in a Horse Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, Austria, 2021. Viruses 2023; 15:2022. [PMID: 37896799 PMCID: PMC10611255 DOI: 10.3390/v15102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As evidenced by sero-epidemiological studies, infections of horses with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) occur frequently in TBEV-endemic areas. However, there are only very few reports of clinical cases. A possible underreporting may be due to a variety of diagnostic challenges. In this study, ELISA and neutralization tests were applied to serum samples. Brain tissue samples were investigated for the presence of nucleic acids of TBEV, Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, Borna disease virus 1, West Nile and Usutu viruses, rustrela virus, as well as Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses with RT-qPCR, RT-PCR, and qPCR, respectively. TBEV-specific amplification products were subjected to Sanger sequencing. In addition, a direct fluorescent antibody test for rabies was performed. Clinical and patho-histological findings are reported. Using specific RT-qPCR and RT-PCR assays, TBEV nucleic acids were demonstrated in brain tissue samples. Sequencing revealed the Western (formerly Central) European subtype of TBEV as the etiological agent. A high titer of TBEV-specific neutralizing antibodies was found in the serum. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed TBEV RNA confined to neuronal cell bodies and processes. No other pathogens or nucleic acids thereof could be detected. Diagnostic procedures need to be carried out early after the onset of neurological signs to allow for a final etiological diagnosis of acute TBEV infections in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phebe de Heus
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.d.H.); (D.L.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria; (Z.B.); (S.R.-F.)
| | - Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dilara Lale
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.d.H.); (D.L.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Dagmar S. Trachsel
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.d.H.); (D.L.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria; (Z.B.); (S.R.-F.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 23, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Building 14, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Conze TM, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Schlegel J, Goehring LS, Matiasek K. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) Infection in Two Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:1775. [PMID: 34578356 PMCID: PMC8472121 DOI: 10.3390/v13091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A final diagnosis in a horse with clinical signs of encephalopathy can be challenging despite the use of extensive diagnostics. Clinical signs are often not pathognomonic and need to be interpreted in combination with (specific) laboratory results and epidemiological data of the geographical region of the origin of the case(s). Here we describe the diagnostic pathway of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in two horses using established molecular diagnostic methods and a novel in situ hybridization technique to differentiate between regionally important/emerging diseases for central Europe: (i) hepatoencephalopathy, (ii) Borna disease virus, and (iii) West Nile virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Maria Conze
- Equine Medicine and Reproduction, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH (AGES), IVET, 2340 Mödling, Austria; (Z.B.); (S.R.-F.)
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH (AGES), IVET, 2340 Mödling, Austria; (Z.B.); (S.R.-F.)
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Lutz S. Goehring
- Equine Medicine and Reproduction, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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5
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Malbon AJ, Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Kobera R, Pöhle D, Muluneh A, Dervas E, Cebra C, Steffen F, Paternoster G, Gerspach C, Hilbe M. New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:451-464. [PMID: 33501762 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. Recently, BoDV-1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report investigations on BoDV-1-infected llamas from a farm in a BD endemic area of Switzerland, and alpacas from holdings in a region of Germany where BD was last seen in the 1960s but not thereafter. All New World camelids showed apathy and abnormal behaviour, necessitating euthanasia. Histologically, severe non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with neuronal Joest-Degen inclusion bodies was observed. BoDV-1 was confirmed by immunohistology, RT-qPCR, and sequencing in selected animals. Analysis of the llama herd over 20 years showed that losses due to clinically suspected BD increased within the last decade. BoDV-1 whole-genome sequences from one Swiss llama and one German alpaca and-for comparison-from one Swiss horse and one German shrew were established. They represent the first published whole-genome sequences of BoDV-1 clusters 1B and 3, respectively. Our analysis suggests that New World camelids may have a role as a sentinel species for BoDV-1 infection, even when symptomatic cases are lacking in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Ebinger A, Fischer S, Höper D. A theoretical and generalized approach for the assessment of the sample-specific limit of detection for clinical metagenomics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:732-742. [PMID: 33552445 PMCID: PMC7822954 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics is a powerful tool to identify novel or unexpected pathogens, since it is generic and relatively unbiased. The limit of detection (LOD) is a critical parameter for the routine application of methods in the clinical diagnostic context. Although attempts for the determination of LODs for metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) have been made previously, these were only applicable for specific target species in defined samples matrices. Therefore, we developed and validated a generalized probability-based model to assess the sample-specific LOD of mNGS experiments (LODmNGS). Initial rarefaction analyses with datasets of Borna disease virus 1 human encephalitis cases revealed a stochastic behavior of virus read detection. Based on this, we transformed the Bernoulli formula to predict the minimal necessary dataset size to detect one virus read with a probability of 99%. We validated the formula with 30 datasets from diseased individuals, resulting in an accuracy of 99.1% and an average of 4.5 ± 0.4 viral reads found in the calculated minimal dataset size. We demonstrated by modeling the virus genome size, virus-, and total RNA-concentration that the main determinant of mNGS sensitivity is the virus-sample background ratio. The predicted LODmNGS for the respective pathogenic virus in the datasets were congruent with the virus-concentration determined by RT-qPCR. Theoretical assumptions were further confirmed by correlation analysis of mNGS and RT-qPCR data from the samples of the analyzed datasets. This approach should guide standardization of mNGS application, due to the generalized concept of LODmNGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnt Ebinger
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
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7
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Nobach D, Herden C. No evidence for European bats serving as reservoir for Borna disease virus 1 or other known mammalian orthobornaviruses. Virol J 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32000801 PMCID: PMC6993374 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and originate from wildlife reservoirs. Borna disease, caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), is an infectious disease affecting mammals, but recently it has also been shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans. The endemic character of Borna disease points towards a nature-bound reservoir, with only one shrew species identified as reservoir host to date. Bats have been identified as reservoirs of a variety of zoonotic infectious agents. Endogenous borna-like elements in the genome of certain bat species additionally point towards co-evolution of bats with bornaviruses and therefore raise the question whether bats could serve as a potential reservoir of orthobornaviruses. METHODS Frozen brain samples (n = 257) of bats of seven different genera from Germany were investigated by orthobornaviral RT-PCR. Additionally, tissue slides of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material of a subset of these bats (n = 140) were investigated for orthobornaviral phosphoprotein by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The brain samples were tested by RT-PCR without any evidence of orthobornavirus specific amplicons. Immunohistochemistry revealed a faint immunoreaction in 3/140 bats but with an untypical staining pattern for viral antigen. CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR-screening showed no evidence for orthobornaviral RNA in the investigated bats. However, immunohistochemistry results should be investigated further to elucidate whether the reaction might be associated with expressed endogenous bornaviral elements or other so far unknown bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:137-145. [PMID: 28888628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. The aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. The survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen cattle. In total, 4% (n=73) of the animals had significant lesions, the most frequent types of which were indicative of viral (n=27) and bacterial (n=31) etiologies. Follow-up diagnostics by immunohistochemistry, PCR protocols and next-generation sequencing identified infection with Listeria monocytogenes (n=6), ovine herpesvirus 2 (n=7), bovine astrovirus CH13 (n=2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (n=6), bovine retrovirus CH15 (n=2), posavirus 1 (n=2), and porcine astroviruses (n=2). A retrospective questionnaire-based investigation indicated that animals' owners observed clinical signs of neurological disease in about one-third of cases with lesions, which was estimated to correspond to approximately 85 cases per year in the adult fallen cattle population in Switzerland. This estimate stands in sharp contrast to the number of cases reported to the authorities and reveals a gap in disease surveillance. Systematic neuropathological examination and follow-up molecular testing of neurologically diseased cattle could significantly enhance the efficiency of disease detection for the purposes of estimating the prevalence of endemic diseases, identifying new or re-emerging pathogens, and providing "early warnings" of disease outbreaks.
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9
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Bourg M, Nobach D, Herzog S, Lange-Herbst H, Nesseler A, Hamann HP, Becker S, Höper D, Hoffmann B, Eickmann M, Herden C. Screening red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis. Virol J 2016; 13:151. [PMID: 27590473 PMCID: PMC5010667 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next to various known infectious and non-infectious causes, the aetiology of non-suppurative encephalitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) often remains unclear. Known causes in foxes imply rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, Aujeszky’s disease, as well as parvovirus, adenovirus, circovirus and flavivirus infections. In this study, particular attention was paid on bornaviruses, since red foxes are predators of bicoloured white-toothed shrews, a reservoir of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). In addition, foxes are known to be highly susceptible for viruses of the order Mononegavirales. Methods Analyses for the presence of anti-BoDV-1 antibodies, BoDV-1-RNA and antigen were performed on 225 blood and 59 brain samples, from a total of 232 red foxes. Foxes originated from BoDV-1 endemic and non-endemic German areas. Additional investigations for the presence of rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, Aujeszky’s disease, parvovirus, adenovirus and flavivirus infections were carried out on 16 red foxes with non-suppurative (meningo-) encephalitis. A metagenomic analysis was used on three representative brain samples displaying encephalitis. Results Among 225 foxes, 37 displayed anti-BoDV-1 antibodies with titres ranging between 1:40 and 1:2560, regardless of geographic origin. In 6 out of 16 foxes with encephalitis, canine distemper virus was detected. No evidence of any of the other investigated agents was found in the 16 fox brains with encephalitis. Metagenomics revealed no infectious agents, except for one already known canine distemper case. Conclusion Red foxes can exhibit BoDV-1 specific antibodies without association with geographic origin or encephalitis due to bornavirus infection. The encephalitis pattern was highly conspicuous for a viral infection, but remained unclear in 10 out of 16 foxes. Thus, presently unknown infectious and non-infectious causes need to be considered and further investigated, especially since foxes also tend to occur in human proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bourg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sabrina Becker
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Nobach D, Bourg M, Herzog S, Lange-Herbst H, Encarnação JA, Eickmann M, Herden C. Shedding of Infectious Borna Disease Virus-1 in Living Bicolored White-Toothed Shrews. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137018. [PMID: 26313904 PMCID: PMC4552160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many RNA viruses arise from animal reservoirs, namely bats, rodents and insectivores but mechanisms of virus maintenance and transmission still need to be addressed. The bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) has recently been identified as reservoir of the neurotropic Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Six out of eleven wild living bicoloured white-toothed shrews were trapped and revealed to be naturally infected with BoDV-1. All shrews were monitored in captivity in a long-term study over a time period up to 600 days that differed between the individual shrews. Interestingly, all six animals showed an asymptomatic course of infection despite virus shedding via various routes indicating a highly adapted host-pathogen interaction. Infectious virus and viral RNA were demonstrated in saliva, urine, skin swabs, lacrimal fluid and faeces, both during the first 8 weeks of the investigation period and for long time shedding after more than 250 days in captivity. CONCLUSIONS The various ways of shedding ensure successful virus maintenance in the reservoir population but also transmission to accidental hosts such as horses and sheep. Naturally BoDV-1-infected living shrews serve as excellent tool to unravel host and pathogen factors responsible for persistent viral co-existence in reservoir species while maintaining their physiological integrity despite high viral load in many organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manon Bourg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Jorge A. Encarnação
- Mammalian Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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11
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Liu X, Bode L, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang L, Huang R, Wang M, Yang L, Chen S, Li Q, Zhu D, Ludwig H, Xie P. Health care professionals at risk of infection with Borna disease virus - evidence from a large hospital in China (Chongqing). Virol J 2015; 12:39. [PMID: 25888756 PMCID: PMC4357222 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Borna disease virus (BDV) infections have recently been reported in China. BDV causes cognitive and behavioural disturbances in animals. The impact on human mental disorders is subject to debate, but previous studies worldwide have found neuropsychiatric patients more frequently infected than healthy controls. A few isolates were recovered from severely depressed patients, but contagiousness of BDV strain remains unknown. Method We addressed the risk of infection in health care settings at the first affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CQMU), located in downtown Chongqing, a megacity in Southwest China. Between February 2012 and March 2013, we enrolled 1529 participants, of whom 534 were outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 615 were hospital personnel, and 380 were healthy controls who underwent a health check. Infection was determined through BDV-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), RNA, and selective antibodies (blood). Results One-fifth of the hospital staff (21.8%) were found to be infected (CIC positive), with the highest prevalence among psychiatry and oncology personnel, which is twice as many as were detected in the healthy control group (11.1%), and exceeds the prevalence detected in MDD patients (18.2%). Conclusion BDV circulates unnoticed in hospital settings in China, putting medical staff at risk and warranting clarification of infection modes and introduction of prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, China.
| | - Liv Bode
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Siwen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Shigang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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12
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Bourg M, Herzog S, Encarnação JA, Nobach D, Lange-Herbst H, Eickmann M, Herden C. Bicolored white-toothed shrews as reservoir for borna disease virus, Bavaria, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2064-6. [PMID: 24274262 PMCID: PMC3840852 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.131076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Glutamate and lipid metabolic perturbation in the hippocampi of asymptomatic borna disease virus-infected horses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99752. [PMID: 24956478 PMCID: PMC4067290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, enveloped, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus that infects a wide variety of vertebrate species from birds to humans across a broad global geographic distribution. Animal symptomatology range from asymptomatic infection to behavioral abnormalities to acute meningoencephalitis. Asymptomatic BDV infection has been shown to be more frequent than conventionally estimated. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underyling asymptomatic BDV infection remain largely unknown. Here, based on real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, a total of 18 horse hippocampi were divided into BDV-infected (n = 8) and non-infected control (n = 10) groups. A gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomic approach, in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis, was used to characterize the hippocampal metabolic changes associated with asymptomatic BDV infection. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant discrimination between the BDV-infected and control groups. BDV-infected hippocampi were characterized by lower levels of D-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, glutamate, phosphoethanolamine, heptadecanoic acid, and linoleic acid in combination with a higher level of ammonia. These differential metabolites are primarily involved in glutamate and lipid metabolism. These finding provide an improved understanding of hippocampal changes associated with asymptomatic BDV infection.
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14
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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhan Q, Wang Z, Xu M, Zhu D, He F, Liu X, Huang R, Li D, Lei Y, Xie P. Evidence for natural Borna disease virus infection in healthy domestic animals in three areas of western China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1941-9. [PMID: 24573218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect many vertebrate species, including humans. To date, BDV infection has been reported in a range of animal species across a broad global geographic distribution. However, a systematic epidemiological survey of BDV infection in domesticated animals in China has yet to be performed. In current study, BDV RNA and antibodies in 2353 blood samples from apparently healthy animals of eight species (horse, donkey, dog, pig, rabbit, cattle, goat, sheep) from three areas in western China (Xinjiang province, Chongqing municipality, and Ningxia province) were assayed using reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA assay. Brain tissue samples from a portion of the BDV RNA- and/or antibody-positive animals were subjected to RT-qPCR and western blotting. As a result, varying prevalence of BDV antibodies and/or RNA was demonstrated in various animal species from three areas, ranging from 4.4 % to 20.0 %. Detection of BDV RNA and/or antibodies in Chongqing pigs (9.2 %) provided the first known evidence of BDV infection in this species. Not all brain tissue samples from animals whose blood was BDV RNA and/or antibody positive contained BDV RNA and protein. This study provides evidence that BDV infection among healthy domestic animal species is more widespread in western China than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhang L, Xu MM, Zeng L, Liu S, Liu X, Wang X, Li D, Huang RZ, Zhao LB, Zhan QL, Zhu D, Zhang YY, Xu P, Xie P. Evidence for Borna disease virus infection in neuropsychiatric patients in three western China provinces. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:621-7. [PMID: 24170181 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species from birds and primates to humans. Several studies have been carried out to investigate whether BDV is associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. However, this association is still inconclusive. Two panels of subjects consisting of 1,679 various neuropsychiatric patients and healthy people from three western China provinces were enrolled in this study. BDV p24 or p40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected in the first panel of 1,481 subjects using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from the BDV RNA-positive individuals were subjected to BDV p24 antibodies testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BDV p24 or p40 RNA in PBMCs and p24 antibodies in plasma were detected in the second panel of 198 subjects by RT-qPCR and Western blot. A higher prevalence for BDV RNA was demonstrated in patients with viral encephalitis (6.70%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (6.70%), schizophrenia (9.90%) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (12.70%) compared to healthy controls in the first panel. CSF p24 antibodies were demonstrated in three viral encephalitis patients, two schizophrenia patients and two major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. The prevalences of p24 antibodies in plasma from patients with viral encephalitis (13.24%), multiple sclerosis (25.00%) and Parkinson's disease (22.73%) were significantly higher than healthy controls. This study demonstrates that BDV infection also exists in humans from three western China provinces, and suggests the involvement of the contribution of BDV in the aetiology of Chinese patients with some neuropsychiatric disorders, including viral encephalitis, schizophrenia, CFS, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
Viral diseases of rabbits have been used historically to study oncogenesis (e.g. rabbit fibroma virus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) and biologically to control feral rabbit populations (e.g. myxoma virus). However, clinicians seeing pet rabbits in North America infrequently encounter viral diseases although myxomatosis may be seen occasionally. The situation is different in Europe and Australia, where myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease are endemic. Advances in epidemiology and virology have led to detection of other lapine viruses that are now recognized as agents of emerging infectious diseases. Rabbit caliciviruses, related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease, are generally avirulent, but lethal variants are being identified in Europe and North America. Enteric viruses including lapine rotavirus, rabbit enteric coronavirus and rabbit astrovirus are being acknowledged as contributors to the multifactorial enteritis complex of juvenile rabbits. Three avirulent leporid herpesviruses are found in domestic rabbits. A fourth highly pathogenic virus designated leporid herpesvirus 4 has been described in Canada and Alaska. This review considers viruses affecting rabbits by their clinical significance. Viruses of major and minor clinical significance are described, and viruses of laboratory significance are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Kerr
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Donnelly
- The Kenneth S. Warren Institute, 712 Kitchawan Road, Ossining, NY 10562, USA
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17
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Kinnunen PM, Palva A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:247-262. [PMID: 23223618 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) has gained lot of interest because of its zoonotic potential, ability to introduce cDNA of its RNA transcripts into host genomes, and ability to cause severe neurobehavioural diseases. Classical Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep, known in central Europe for centuries. According to current knowledge, BDV or a close relative also infects several other species, including humans at least occasionally, in central Europe and elsewhere, but the existence of potential 'human Borna disease' with its suspected neuropsychiatric symptoms is highly controversial. The recent detection of endogenized BDV-like genes in primate and various other vertebrate genomes confirms that at least ancient bornaviruses did infect our ancestors. The epidemiology of BDV is largely unknown, but accumulating evidence indicates vectors and reservoirs among small wild mammals. The aim of this review is to bring together the current knowledge on epidemiology of BDV infections. Specifically, geographical and host distribution are addressed and assessed in the critical light of the detection methods used. We also review some salient clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Kinnunen
- Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Modulation of miR-122 on persistently Borna disease virus infected human oligodendroglial cells. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:249-56. [PMID: 20561966 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using RNAhybrid software we found the predicted binding of complementary sequences between miR-122 and viral mRNAs, may be important for the antiviral effect of miR-122 on Borna disease virus (BDV). A moderate expression of miR-122 was identified in human oligodendroglial cells (OL), but with a much lower level of miR-122 in BDV persistent infection (OL/BDV) and cells transfected with BDV gene expression vectors. Over-expression of miR-122 and specific blocking experiments demonstrated that miR-122 was able to specifically inhibit BDV protein synthesis, viral gene replication and transcription, and induce the secretion/synthesis of interferon (IFN) in OL and OL/BDV cells. The abolishment of miR-122 by AMO-122 inhibited endogenous IFN induction by IFN-beta. These results indicate that miR-122 can exert direct antiviral function by inhibiting BDV translation and replication on one hand, while acting indirectly through IFN to increase the host innate immunity to modulate the virus-host interactions on the other hand.
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19
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Puorger ME, Hilbe M, Müller JP, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Zlinszky K, Ehrensperger F. Distribution of Borna disease virus antigen and RNA in tissues of naturally infected bicolored white-toothed shrews, Crocidura leucodon, supporting their role as reservoir host species. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:236-44. [PMID: 20133953 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809351849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease is a severe viral-induced disorder of the central nervous system of horses, sheep, and a few other animal species, occurring in certain areas of central Europe. Pathogenesis and epidemiology of natural Borna disease virus (BDV) infections are still not fully understood; several unique epidemiologic features, however, point toward the existence of BDV reservoir populations other than the final hosts. In this study, 69 mice and 12 shrews were trapped and examined. The virus distribution was investigated in detail in 2 BDV-positive bicolored white-toothed shrews, Crocidura leucodon, by immunohistochemistry and TaqMan real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR amplification products were sequenced, and the sequences were compared. These shrews had been collected in a BDV-endemic geographical region using live traps and did not show obvious clinical or pathological disease signs. BDV antigen and nucleic acid were identified in several organs, including the brain, mainly in nerve tissue and neurons, respectively, but also in parenchymal cells (eg, hepatocytes, Leydig cells) and epithelial cells, particularly of the respiratory and urogenital tract.
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20
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Nghiem PP, Schatzberg SJ. Conventional and molecular diagnostic testing for the acute neurologic patient. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:46-61. [PMID: 20230434 PMCID: PMC7169320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate both conventional and molecular diagnostic testing utilized in dogs and cats with acute neurologic diseases. Various types of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are explored along with novel molecular diagnostic testing that ultimately may prove useful in the critical care setting. DATA SOURCES PUBMED was searched to obtain relevant references material using keywords: 'canine OR feline meningitis AND meningoencephalitis,''feline infectious peritonitis,''canine distemper,''canine OR feline AND toxoplasma,''canine neospora,''canine OR feline AND rickettsia,''granulomatous meningoencephalitis,''steroid responsive meningitis arteritis,''necrotizing encephalitis,''novel neurodiagnostics,''canine OR feline AND CNS borrelia,''canine OR feline AND CNS bartonella,''canine OR feline AND CNS fungal,''nested OR multiplex OR degenerate OR consensus OR CODEHOP AND PCR.' Research findings from the authors' laboratory and current veterinary textbooks also were utilized. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Molecular diagnostic testing including conventional, real-time, and consensus and degenerate PCR and microarray analysis are utilized routinely for the antemortem diagnosis of infectious meningoencephalitis (ME) in humans. Recently, PCR using consensus degenerate hybrid primers (CODEHOP) has been used to identify and characterize a number of novel human viruses. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Molecular diagnostic testing such as conventional and real-time PCR aid in the diagnosis of several important central nervous system infectious agents including canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, rickettsial species, and others. Recently, broadly reactive consensus and degenerate PCR reactions have been applied to canine ME including assays for rickettsial organisms, Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp., and various viral families. CONCLUSIONS In the acute neurologic patient, there are several key infectious diseases that can be pursued by a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic testing. It is important that the clinician understands the utility, as well as the limitations, of the various neurodiagnostic tests that are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Nghiem
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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21
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Na KS, Tae SH, Song JW, Kim YK. Failure to detect borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:306-12. [PMID: 20140130 PMCID: PMC2808801 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic agent causing various neuropsychiatric symptoms in animals. Over the past two decades, it has been suggested that BDV might be associated with human psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate whether BDV is associated with psychiatric patients in Korea. METHODS We recruited 60 normal controls and 198 psychiatric patients (98 patients with depressive disorder, 60 with schizophrenia, and 40 with bipolar disorder). We used an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for the BDV antibody and a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for p24 and p40 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Neither the BDV antibody nor p24, p40 RNA was detected in controls and patients groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BDV might not be associated with psychiatric patients in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Tae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Meier-Trummer CS, Rehrauer H, Franchini M, Patrignani A, Wagner U, Ackermann M. Malignant catarrhal fever of cattle is associated with low abundance of IL-2 transcript and a predominantly latent profile of ovine herpesvirus 2 gene expression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6265. [PMID: 19603070 PMCID: PMC2705673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a lethal disease of cattle, characterized by vasculitis, necrosis, and accumulation of activated, dysregulated cytotoxic lymphocytes in various tissues. Ovine gamma herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is a causative agent of MCF, which may trigger the disease through immunopathogenic pathways. Lymphocytes are the main target of the virus. However, the pathogenic basis of the disease is still mysterious. Methods/Findings We hypothesized that the gene expression patterns of OvHV-2 and the relative abundances of host cell transcripts in lymphnodes may be used to identify pathways that help to explain the pathogenesis of MCF. Therefore, viral and host cell gene expression patterns in lymph nodes of animals with MCF and healthy controls were analyzed by microarray. Two regions on the viral genome were transcriptionally active, one encoding an orthologue to the latency-associated nuclear antigen (ORF73) of other gamma herpesviruses, the other with no predicted open reading frame. A vast number of transcripts related to inflammatory processes, lymphocyte activation, cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected at different abundances. However, the IL-2 transcript was eminent among the transcripts, which were, compared to healthy controls, less abundant in animals with MCF. The ratio between CD4- and CD8-positive T-lymphocytes was decreased in the lymphnodes of animals with MCF compared to healthy controls. In contrast, the same ratio was stable, when peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed. Conclusions/Significance The phenotype of mice with a deficient IL-2-system almost perfectly matches the clinical signs observed in cattle with MCF, which feature a significantly decreased IL-2 transcript abundance, compared to healthy cattle. This supports the hypothesis that immunopathogenic events are linked to the pathogenesis of MCF. IL-2-deficiency may play an important role in the process. Therefore, this work opens new avenues for research on MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Patrignani
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Oevermann A, Botteron C, Seuberlich T, Nicolier A, Friess M, Doherr MG, Heim D, Hilbe M, Zimmer K, Zurbriggen A, Vandevelde M. Neuropathological survey of fallen stock: active surveillance reveals high prevalence of encephalitic listeriosis in small ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:320-9. [PMID: 18355992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the prevalence of brain lesions in the Swiss fallen stock population of small ruminants. 3075 whole brains (75% sheep, 25% goats) were collected as part of a year-long active survey of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants conducted by the Swiss authorities between July 2004 and July 2005. All fallen stock brains were systematically examined by histopathology to obtain reliable data on histologically identifiable brain lesions. Lesions were found in an unexpectedly high number of animals (8.1% of all examined brains). A wide spectrum of diseases was detected showing that this approach provides an excellent opportunity to screen for the prevalence of neurological diseases. Encephalitic listeriosis was by far the most frequent cause of CNS lesions in both species and its prevalence was unexpectedly high when compared to notified confirmed cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of listeriosis as estimated by passive surveillance based on the notification of clinical suspects has been underestimated in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oevermann
- Neurocenter & Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Research & VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, Switzerland.
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Wensman JJ, Thorén P, Hakhverdyan M, Belák S, Berg M. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of Borna disease virus. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:1-10. [PMID: 17376545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus, which infects cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in many different species. BDV is the causative agent of the neurological disorders in horses and sheep termed classical Borna disease (BD), as well as staggering disease in cats. At present, the diagnosis staggering disease or feline BD is made by histopathology or immunohistochemistry of the CNS. In order to obtain a better clinical diagnostic tool, a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay (rRT-PCR) was developed. TaqMan probes and primers specific for the BDV P and BDV L genes were designed by aligning the sequences of known BDV strains. After optimisation, the sensitivity and specificity of the rRT-PCR were established. The detection limit was set to 10-100 viral genomic copies per reaction and the assay detects the BDV strains V and He/80, as well as the most divergent BDV strain known so far, No/98. Furthermore, the system detected feline BDV variants in five naturally infected cats and a feline isolate used in experimental infection of cats. This rRT-PCR assay will be a powerful tool in further studies of BDV, including epidemiological screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Joint Research and Development Division in Virology of National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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