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Malbon AJ, Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Kobera R, Pöhle D, Muluneh A, Dervas E, Cebra C, Steffen F, Paternoster G, Gerspach C, Hilbe M. New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:451-464. [PMID: 33501762 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. Recently, BoDV-1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report investigations on BoDV-1-infected llamas from a farm in a BD endemic area of Switzerland, and alpacas from holdings in a region of Germany where BD was last seen in the 1960s but not thereafter. All New World camelids showed apathy and abnormal behaviour, necessitating euthanasia. Histologically, severe non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with neuronal Joest-Degen inclusion bodies was observed. BoDV-1 was confirmed by immunohistology, RT-qPCR, and sequencing in selected animals. Analysis of the llama herd over 20 years showed that losses due to clinically suspected BD increased within the last decade. BoDV-1 whole-genome sequences from one Swiss llama and one German alpaca and-for comparison-from one Swiss horse and one German shrew were established. They represent the first published whole-genome sequences of BoDV-1 clusters 1B and 3, respectively. Our analysis suggests that New World camelids may have a role as a sentinel species for BoDV-1 infection, even when symptomatic cases are lacking in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Jäckel S, Muluneh A, Pöhle D, Ulber C, Dähnert L, Vina-Rodriguez A, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Co-infection of pigs with Hepatitis E and porcine circovirus 2, Saxony 2016. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:35-38. [PMID: 30583230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a recognized zoonotic disease; autochthonous infections in Europe are caused to a great extent by HEV genotype 3. Pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs for this genotype and normally they develop no or only subclinical symptoms with mild histopathological lesions. However, co-infections with other pig pathogens can lead to severe cases in pigs, including liver hemorrhage and necrosis. During a monitoring program 2016 in Saxony, Germany, farmed pigs with various clinical outcomes including fatalities were analysed for HEV and concurrent infections. We could detect eight HEV infected pigs from which six were co-infected with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed HEV sub-genotypes 3e and 3f as well as PCV2 genotypes 2b and 2d. A direct correlation of the co-infection to the course of disease could not be determined, but the results provide hints that the immune modulatory effects of PCV2 combined with HEV influence the disease pattern in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäckel
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Ulber
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Dähnert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ariel Vina-Rodriguez
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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3
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Michel V, Ulber C, Pöhle D, Köpke B, Engel K, Kaim U, Fawzy A, Funk S, Fornefett J, Baums CG, Eisenberg T. Clinical infection in house rats (Rattus rattus) caused by Streptobacillus notomytis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1955-1966. [PMID: 29671179 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Rat bite fever is an under-reported, under-diagnosed emerging zoonosis with worldwide distribution. Besides Spirillum minus, Streptobacillus moniliformis is the major causative microorganism although it usually colonises rats without any clinical signs. A group of house rats (Rattus rattus) kept in a zoo exhibition for educational purposes suffered from neurological signs including disorientation, torticollis, stall walking, ataxia and death. Gross pathological and histo-pathological examinations of the investigated rats revealed high-grade otitis interna et media, from which Streptobacillus notomytis was isolated in pure culture or as the predominant microorganism. This case series underlines a previously expressed hypothesis that R. rattus might be naturally colonised with S. notomytis, whereas the traditional rat bite fever organism, S. moniliformis, might be restricted to the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). However, the general paucity of Streptobacillus isolates, especially from their respective animal hosts, precludes definitive proof of these host tropisms. This is the first report of S. notomytis detection outside Asia and Australia and the first evidence for its role as a facultative pathogen in house rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Michel
- Naturschutz-Tierpark Görlitz e. V., Zittauer Str. 43, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Ulber
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen (LUA), Jägerstr. 8/10, 01099, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen (LUA), Jägerstr. 8/10, 01099, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate Köpke
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen (LUA), Jägerstr. 8/10, 01099, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Engel
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ute Kaim
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Fawzy
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza Square, 12211, Egypt.,Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Str. 89, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sophie Funk
- Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie, Universität Leipzig (IBML), An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Fornefett
- Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie, Universität Leipzig (IBML), An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie, Universität Leipzig (IBML), An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Str. 89, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Stief B, Möbius P, Türk H, Hörügel U, Arnold C, Pöhle D. [Paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (Equus asinus f. asinus)]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2012; 125:38-44. [PMID: 22372323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is mainly an infectious disease of ruminants with worldwide distribution. Infection occurs in early stages of life. Other animal species beyond ruminants are rarely affected, however, experimental and natural infections are possible. A case of paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (Equus asinus f. asinus) with typical clinical and pathomorphological changes is reported here. Lesions were mainly observed in the intestine. Causative for the profuse diarrhoea with emaciation was massive diffuse granulomatous enteritis involving large quantities of acid-fast organism mainly in macrophages. Granulomatous inflammation with acid-fast bacilli again in macrophages to a lesser degree could be detected in the liver. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was isolated from intestinal contents after an incubation period of four weeks. MAP-specific DNA (IS900 and f57) was detected by polymerase chain reaction in culture material. Additionally MAP-isolates were characterized by multi-target genotyping (MIRU-VNTR- and MLSSR-typing). Isolates belonged to the Type II group and exhibited a unique genotype different from other MAP strains in Germany. The donkey originated from a donkey breeding farm in France with intensive free ranging cattle in the neighbourhood and could have been infected there. Donkeys should be considered as paratuberculosis-susceptible animals in exceptional cases and as possible reservoirs or disseminators of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Stief
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt Sachsen, Standort Dresden, Dresden.
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Vos A, Müller T, Neubert L, Zurbriggen A, Botteron C, Pöhle D, Schoon H, Haas L, Jackson AC. Rabies in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Experimentally Infected with European Bat Lyssavirus Type 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:327-32. [PMID: 15525359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) infection was examined. Eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (FFU) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) FFU (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. All foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). Subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. One fox was killed 3 days after it recovered, 26 days post-infection. Two other foxes were also killed 38 and 54 days post-infection after severe neurologic signs returned. All foxes developed a humoral immune response against EBLV-1 as determined in serum and brain tissues. However, no rabies virus antigen was detected in the brain, other tissues and secretions examined (e.g. salivary gland, saliva, tonsils, lungs) by using different standard diagnostic techniques [fluorescent antibody test, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), rabies tissue culture inoculation test], with the exception of one fox in which EBLV-1 RNA was detected by RT-PCR in only the spinal cord. Brain tissues showed moderate to severe multifocal, mononuclear encephalomyelitis in the three foxes that were killed during the observation period, although no EBLV-1 virus was detectable in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vos
- Impstoffwerk Dessau Tornau (IDT) GmbH, 06855 Rosslau, Germany.
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Mischke R, Pöhle D, Schoon HA, Fehr M, Nolte I. [Alterations of hemostasis in liver cirrhosis of the dog]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1998; 105:43-7. [PMID: 9528205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In seven dogs with histologically proven liver cirrhosis the activity of the single coagulation factors with the exception of factor VIII:C, of the inhibitors antithrombin III and protein C as well as plasminogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin was distinctly lower than in the control group (p < 0.0001). The changes of the factors VII [median (x0.50) = 17 %] and X (x0.50 = 18 %) as well as of protein C (x0.50 = 15 %) were particularly pronounced. Diminution of activity certainly exceeded also in nearly all of the remaining haemostatic proteins the decrease of albumin concentration. Besides the shorter half life time, this reflected an increased consumption in consequence of intravascular coagulations and fibrinolysis. The latter could also be seen from the significantly increased concentrations of soluble fibrin and fibrin(ogen) degradation products. Therefore, the alterations of the haemostatic system measured in dogs in many details were in accordance with findings in human beings suffering from liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mischke
- Klinik für kleine Haustiere der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover
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7
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Wiegand M, Kielstein P, Pöhle D, Rassbach A. [Examination of primary SPF swine after experimental infection with Haemophilus parasuis. Clinical symptoms, changes in hematological parameters and in the parameters of the cerebrospinal fluid]. Tierarztl Prax 1997; 25:226-32. [PMID: 9289881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to cause the Glässer's disease (GD) in primary specific pathogen free piglets after experimental infection, to observe the clinical symptoms and to examine the influence of the infection on the haematological parameters. GD was caused by experimental infection of Haemophilus parasuis in seven to eight weeks old specific pathogen free piglets. In relation to the infection route the morbidity was high (83-100%) and 20% of the infected piglets died. Based on the physical examination fever, respiratory distress, cramps and paralysis were observed which are typical for GD. Arthritis and nerval symptoms are also typical but less common in Glässer's disease. PCV was significantly decreased and WBC significant increased before the piglets were euthanatized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiegand
- Medizinischen Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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