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Xu H, Zhao C, Lan Q, Li S, Liu Y, Mei S, Fang Y, Zhu B. Forensic features and genetic structure revealed by 47 Individual Identification InDels in the Shaanxi Han population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 56:102030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The construction and application of a new 17-plex Y-STR system using universal fluorescent PCR. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:2015-2027. [PMID: 32322984 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) polymorphisms are useful in forensic identification, population genetics, and human structures. However, the current Y-STR systems are limited in discriminating distant relatives in a family with a low discrimination power. Increasing the capacity of detecting Y chromosomal polymorphisms will drastically narrow down the matching number of genealogy populations or pedigrees. In this study, we developed a system containing 17 Y-STRs that are complementary to the current commercially available Y-STR kits. This system was constructed by multiplex PCR with expected sizes of 126-400 bp labeled by different fluorescence molecules (DYS715, DYS709, DYS716, DYS713, and DYS607 labeled by FAM; DYS718, DYS723, DYS708, and DYS714 labeled by JOE; DYS712, DYS717, DYS721, and DYS605 labeled by TAMRA; and DYS719, DYS726, DYS598, and DYS722 labeled by ROX). The system was extensively tested for sensitivity, male specificity, species specificity, mixture, population genetics, and mutation rates following the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines. The genetic data were obtained from eight populations with a total of 1260 individuals. Our results showed that all the 17 Y-STRs are human- and male-specific and include only one copy of the Y-chromosome. The 17 Y-STR system detects 143 alleles and has a high discrimination power (0.996031746). Mutation rates were different among the 17 Y-STRs, ranging from 0.30 to 3.03%. In conclusion, our study provides a robust, sensitive, and cost-effective genotyping method for human identification, which will be beneficial for narrowing the search scope when applied to genealogy searching with the Y-STR DNA databank.
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Development of a new 17 Y-STRs system using fluorescent-labelled universal primers and its application in Shanxi population in China. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Darvishi FZ, Boroumand F, Saadat M. Genotyping of a 50 bp insertion/deletion genetic variation at promoter region of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) using high resolution melting analysis. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu J, Li W, Wang J, Chen D, Liu Z, Shi J, Cheng F, Li Z, Ren J, Zhang G, Yun K. A new set of DIP-SNP markers for detection of unbalanced and degraded DNA mixtures. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1795-1804. [PMID: 31120138 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced and degraded mixtures (UDM) are frequently encountered during forensic DNA analysis. For example, forensic DNA units regularly encounter DNA mixture signal where the DNA signal from the alleged offender is masked or swamped by high quantities of DNA from the victim. Our previous data presented a new kind of DNA markers that composed of a deletion/insertion polymorphism (DIP) and a SNP and we termed this new kind of microhaplotypes DIP-SNP (combination of DIP and SNP). Since such markers could be designed short enough for degraded DNA amplification, we hypothesized that DIP-SNP markers are applicable for typing of UDM. In this study, we developed a new set of DIP-SNPs with short amplicons which were complement to our prior developed system. The multiplex PCR and SNaPshot assay were established for 20 DIP-SNPs in a Chinese Han population. The DIP-SNPs were capable of detecting the minor contributor's allele in home-made DNA mixture with sensitivities from 1:100 to 1:1000 with a total of 1 -10 ng input DNA. Moreover, this system successfully typed the degraded DNA whether it came from the single source or mixture samples. In Chinese population, the system showed an average informative value of 0.293 and combined informative value of 0.998363862. Our results demonstrated that DIP-SNPs may serve as a valuable tool in detection of UDM in forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinding Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zidong Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Feng Cheng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zeqin Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Gengqian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Jin X, Wei Y, Cui W, Chen C, Guo Y, Zhang W, Zhu B. Development of a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction system for forensic individual identification using insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1691-1698. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ye Jin
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- College of Forensic MedicineXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Wei
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- College of Forensic MedicineXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- College of Forensic MedicineXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Xin Guo
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- College of Forensic MedicineXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Qing Zhang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Bo‐Feng Zhu
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial DiseasesCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Department of Forensic GeneticsSchool of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical University Guangzhou P. R. China
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Liu J, Wang J, Zhang X, Li Z, Yun K, Liu Z, Zhang G. A mixture detection method based on separate amplification using primer specific alleles of INDELs-a study based on two person's DNA mixture. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 46:30-36. [PMID: 28119211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Samples containing unbalanced DNA mixtures from individuals often occur in forensic DNA examination and clinical detection. Because of the PCR amplification bias, the minor contributor DNA is often masked by the major contributor DNA when using traditional STR or SNP typing techniques. Here we propose a method based in allele-specific Insertion/Deletion (INDEL) genotyping to detect DNA mixtures in forensic samples. Fourteen INDELs were surveyed in the Chinese Han population of Shanxi Province. The INDELs were amplified using two separate primer-specific reactions by real-time PCR. The difference Ct value of the 2 reactions (D-value) were used for determination of the single source DNA. INDELs types and further confirmed by electrophoresis separation. The minor allele frequency (MAF) was above 0.2 in 10 INDELs. The detection limit was 0.3125 ng-1.25 ng template DNA for real-time PCR in all 14 INDEL markers. For single source 10 ng DNA, the average D-value was 0.31 ± 0.14 for LS type, 6.96 ± 1.05 for LL type and 7.20 ± 1.09 for SS type. For the series of simulated DNA mixture, the Ct value varied between the ranges of single source DNA, depending on their INDEL typing and mixture ratios. This method can detect the specific allele of the minor DNA contributor as little as 1:50 in rs397782455 and rs397696936; 1:100 in rs397832665, rs397822382 and rs397897230; the detection limit of the minor DNA contributor was as little as 1:500-1:1000 in the rest INDEL markers, a much higher sensitivity compared with traditional STR typing. The D-value variation depended on the alternation of dilution ratio and INDEL types. When the dilution was 1:1000, the maximum and minimum D-values were 8.84 ± 0.11 in rs397897230 and 4.27 ± 0.19 in rs397897239 for LL and SS type mixture, the maximum and minimum D-values were 9.32 ± 0.54 in rs397897230 and 4.38 ± 0.26 in rs 397897239 for LL(SS) and LS type mixture, separately. Any D-value between 0.86 and 5.11 in the 14 INDELs indicated the presence of mixture. The separate amplification strategy based on real-time PCR provides a promising and convenient method for detection of unbalanced DNA mixture for Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinding Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zeqin Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhizhen Liu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Gengqian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Development of a SNP-based panel for human identification for Indian populations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 27:58-66. [PMID: 27992827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widely employed short tandem repeat (STR)-based panels for forensic human identification (HID) have limitations while dealing with challenging forensic samples involving DNA degradation, resulting in dropping-out of higher molecular weight alleles/loci. To address this issue, bialleic markers like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletions (indels), which can be scored even when the template DNA is heavily degraded (<100bp), have been suggested as alternative markers for HID testing. Recent studies have highlighted their utility in forensic HID and several panels based on biallelic markers have been described for worldwide populations. However, there has been very little information about the behavior of such DNA markers in Indian populations, which is known to possess great genetic diversity. This study describes a two-step approach for designing a SNP-based panel consisting of 70 SNPs for HID testing in Indian populations. In the first step, candidate SNPs were shortlisted from public databases by screening them for several criteria including allelic distribution, genomic location, potential phenotypic expression or functionality and species specificity. The second step involved genotyping the shortlisted SNPs in various Indian populations followed by shortlisting of the best performers for identity-testing. Starting with 592,652 SNPs listed in Human660W-Quad Beadchip (Illumina Inc.), we shortlisted 275 candidate SNPs for identity-testing and genotyped them in 462 unrelated individuals from different population groups in India. Post genotyping and statistical analyses based on biogeographic regions, 206 SNPs demonstrated desired allelic distribution (Heterozygosity≥0.4 and FST≤0.02), from which 2-4 widely separated (>20 Mb apart) SNPs from each chromosome were finally selected to construct a panel of 70 SNPs. This panel on average possessed match probability 10e-29 and probability of paternity of 0.99999997, which was orders of magnitude higher than most of the currently employed STR-based chemistries and SNP-based panels that were proposed previously for HID testing. For comparison purpose, genotyping previously reported SNPs for HID in our samples led us to conclude that the panel developed in this study is much more efficient and robust and better suited for the Indian populations.
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González-Giraldo Y, Rodríguez-Dueñas M, Forero DA. Development of Novel High-Resolution Melting-Based Assays for Genotyping Two Alu Insertion Polymorphisms (FXIIIB and PV92). Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:197-201. [PMID: 26843017 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insertion/Deletion polymorphisms (InDels) are a common type of genetic variation, with a growing role in population genetics and applied genomics. There is the need for the development of novel cost-effective assays for genotyping InDels of high importance. The main objective of this study was to develop high-resolution melting-based assays for genotyping two commonly studied Alu insertion polymorphisms: FXIIIB and PV92 (rs70942849 and rs3138523). Three primers (two forward and one reverse) were designed for each marker, and high-resolution melting (HRM) analyses in a qPCR platform were performed, using EvaGreen fluorescent dye. For each one of the two Alu insertion polymorphisms, HRM analyses identified distinguishable peaks for the three genotypes, allowing a robust genotyping. Results were validated using 96 DNA samples previously genotyped and the assays worked with different DNA concentrations. In this study, we developed novel cost-effective assays, using qPCR, for genotyping two Alu insertion polymorphisms (widely used as ancestry markers). Our results highlight the feasibility of using HRM analyses for genotyping InDel polymorphisms of medical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeimy González-Giraldo
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Rodríguez-Dueñas
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.,Faculty of Science, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Forero
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Asari M, Okuda K, Hoshina C, Omura T, Tasaki Y, Shiono H, Matsubara K, Shimizu K. Multicolor-based discrimination of 21 short tandem repeats and amelogenin using four fluorescent universal primers. Anal Biochem 2015; 494:16-22. [PMID: 26505528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective genotyping method using high-quality DNA for human identification. A total of 21 short tandem repeats (STRs) and amelogenin were selected, and fluorescent fragments at 22 loci were simultaneously amplified in a single-tube reaction using locus-specific primers with 24-base universal tails and four fluorescent universal primers. Several nucleotide substitutions in universal tails and fluorescent universal primers enabled the detection of specific fluorescent fragments from the 22 loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) produced intense FAM-, VIC-, NED-, and PET-labeled fragments ranging from 90 to 400 bp, and these fragments were discriminated using standard capillary electrophoretic analysis. The selected 22 loci were also analyzed using two commercial kits (the AmpFLSTR Identifiler Kit and the PowerPlex ESX 17 System), and results for two loci (D19S433 and D16S539) were discordant between these kits due to mutations at the primer binding sites. All genotypes from the 100 samples were determined using 2.5 ng of DNA by our method, and the expected alleles were completely recovered. Multiplex 22-locus genotyping using four fluorescent universal primers effectively reduces the costs to less than 20% of genotyping using commercial kits, and our method would be useful to detect silent alleles from commercial kit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Asari
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Okuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Chisato Hoshina
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tasaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiono
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimizu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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Saiz M, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Alvarez JC, Lorente JA. Population genetic data of 38 insertion–deletion markers in South East Spanish population. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:236-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yang J, Wang Y, Shen H, Yang W. In silico identification and experimental validation of insertion-deletion polymorphisms in tomato genome. DNA Res 2014; 21:429-38. [PMID: 24618211 PMCID: PMC4131836 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Solanum lycopersicum variety Heinz 1706 and S. pimpinellifolium accession LA 1589 using MUGSY software identified 145 695 insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphisms. A selected set of 3029 candidate InDels (≥2 bp) across the entire tomato genome were subjected to PCR validation, and 82.4% could be verified. Of 2272 polymorphic InDels between LA 1589 and Heinz 1706, 61.6, 45.2, and 31.6% were polymorphic in 8 accessions of S. pimpinellifolium, 4 accessions of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, and 10 varieties of S. lycopersicum, respectively. Genetic distance was 0.216 in S. pimpinellifolium, 0.202 in S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, and 0.108 in S. lycopersicum. The data suggested a reduction of genetic variation from S. pimpinellifolium to S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and S. lycopersicum. Cluster analysis showed that the 8 accessions of S. pimpinellifolium were in one group, whereas 4 accessions of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and 10 varieties of S. lycopersicum were in the same group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, China
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