1
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Yang H, Ma L, Deng W, Fu B, Nie J, Liu X. Prognostic biomarker DARS2 correlated with immune infiltrates in bladder tumor. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1301945. [PMID: 38299141 PMCID: PMC10827901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background DARS2 is a pivotal member of the Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases family that is critical for regulating protein translation. However, the biological role of DARS2 in bladder cancer remains elusive. Methods We analyzed the correlation between DARS2 expression and prognosis, tumor stage, and immune infiltration in bladder cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We validated findings in clinical samples from The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and explored the biological functions of DARS2 using cell and animal models. Results We found DARS2 to be upregulated in bladder cancer, associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Immune infiltration analysis suggested that DARS2 may facilitate immune evasion by modulating PD-L1. Cell and animal experiments validated that DARS2 knockdown and overexpress can inhibit or increase cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, tumorigenesis, immune escape, and PD-L1 levels. Conclusions Our study reveals DARS2 as a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy target in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailang Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianqiang Nie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
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2
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Hanaford A, Johnson SC. The immune system as a driver of mitochondrial disease pathogenesis: a review of evidence. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:335. [PMID: 36056365 PMCID: PMC9438277 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic mitochondrial diseases represent a significant challenge to human health. These diseases are extraordinarily heterogeneous in clinical presentation and genetic origin, and often involve multi-system disease with severe progressive symptoms. Mitochondrial diseases represent the most common cause of inherited metabolic disorders and one of the most common causes of inherited neurologic diseases, yet no proven therapeutic strategies yet exist. The basic cell and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases have not been resolved, hampering efforts to develop therapeutic agents. Main body In recent pre-clinical work, we have shown that pharmacologic agents targeting the immune system can prevent disease in the Ndufs4(KO) model of Leigh syndrome, indicating that the immune system plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of at least this form of mitochondrial disease. Intriguingly, a number of case reports have indicated that immune-targeting therapeutics may be beneficial in the setting of genetic mitochondrial disease. Here, we summarize clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggesting a key role for the immune system in mediating the pathogenesis of at least some forms of genetic mitochondrial disease. Conclusions Significant clinical and pre-clinical evidence indicates a key role for the immune system as a significant in the pathogenesis of at least some forms of genetic mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hanaford
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave., JMB-925, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Simon C Johnson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave., JMB-925, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Wu Y, Liu Z, Wei X, Feng H, Hu B, Liu B, Luan Y, Ruan Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Wang S, Liu J, Wang T. Identification of the Functions and Prognostic Values of RNA Binding Proteins in Bladder Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:574196. [PMID: 34239534 PMCID: PMC8258248 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.574196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation plays a leading role in gene regulation and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are the most important posttranscriptional regulatory protein. RBPs had been found to be abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors and is closely related to its occurrence and progression. However, the exact mechanism of RBPs in bladder cancer (BC) is unknown. We downloaded transcriptomic data of BC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and used bioinformatics techniques for subsequent analysis. A total of 116 differentially expressed RBPs were selected, among which 61 were up-regulated and 55 were down-regulated. We then identified 12 prognostic RBPs including CTIF, CTU1, DARS2, ENOX1, IGF2BP2, LIN28A, MTG1, NOVA1, PPARGC1B, RBMS3, TDRD1, and ZNF106, and constructed a prognostic risk score model. Based on this model we found that patients in the high-risk group had poorer overall survival (P < 0.001), and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for this model was 0.677 for 1 year, 0.697 for 3 years, and 0.709 for 5 years. Next, we drew a nomogram based on the risk score and other clinical variables, which showed better predictive performance. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of BC. The model of these 12 genes has good predictive value and may have good prospects for improving clinical treatment regimens and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Wei
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Feng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bintao Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Luan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Ruan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Muthiah A, Housley GD, Klugmann M, Fröhlich D. The Leukodystrophies HBSL and LBSL-Correlates and Distinctions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:626610. [PMID: 33574740 PMCID: PMC7870476 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.626610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) accurately charge tRNAs with their respective amino acids. As such, they are vital for the initiation of cytosolic and mitochondrial protein translation. These enzymes have become increasingly scrutinized in recent years for their role in neurodegenerative disorders caused by the mutations of ARS-encoding genes. This review focuses on two such genes-DARS1 and DARS2-which encode cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetases, and the clinical conditions associated with mutations of these genes. We also describe attempts made at modeling these conditions in mice, which have both yielded important mechanistic insights. Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is a disease caused by a range of mutations in the DARS2 gene, initially identified in 2003. Ten years later, hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL), caused by mutations of cytosolic DARS1, was discovered. Multiple parallels have been drawn between the two conditions. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) patterns are strikingly similar, but still set these two conditions apart from other leukodystrophies. Clinically, both conditions are characterized by lower limb spasticity, often associated with other pyramidal signs. However, perhaps due to earlier detection, a wider range of symptoms, including peripheral neuropathy, as well as visual and hearing changes have been described in LBSL patients. Both HBSL and LBSL are spectrum disorders lacking genotype to phenotype correlation. While the fatal phenotype of Dars1 or Dars2 single gene deletion mouse mutants revealed that the two enzymes lack functional redundancy, further pursuit of disease modeling are required to shed light onto the underlying disease mechanism, and enable examination of experimental treatments, including gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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5
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Ngo J, Prokop JW, Umfleet J, Seaver LH. Perinatal Manifestations of DARS2-Associated Leukoencephalopathy With Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation (LBSL). Child Neurol Open 2021; 8:2329048X211019173. [PMID: 34104671 PMCID: PMC8155743 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x211019173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is a progressive disorder associated with deficiency of mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, a homodimer encoded by the gene DARS2. There is a wide range in age of onset of symptoms, typically from childhood to adulthood, with very few cases of infantile onset disease reported. We report a child at age 10 years with perinatal onset of symptoms evidenced by congenital microcephaly with progression to severe but non-lethal epileptic encephalopathy and spastic quadriplegia. A comprehensive epilepsy focused gene panel performed as a trio with parents detected a novel homozygous DARS2 variant. This variant is located at the dimer interface in a critical catalytic domain and is expected to result in markedly reduced enzyme activity which likely explains the severe and early onset symptoms in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ngo
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI,
USA
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University
College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jason Umfleet
- Spectrum Health Helen Devos Children’s Hospital Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Laurie H. Seaver
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University
College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Spectrum Health Helen Devos Children’s Hospital Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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6
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Fine AS, Nemeth CL, Kaufman ML, Fatemi A. Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders: an emerging group of developmental disorders of myelination. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:29. [PMID: 31839000 PMCID: PMC6913031 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase proteins (mt-aaRSs) are a group of nuclear-encoded enzymes that facilitate conjugation of each of the 20 amino acids to its cognate tRNA molecule. Mitochondrial diseases are a large, clinically heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse etiologies, ages of onset, and involved organ systems. Diseases related to mt-aaRS mutations are associated with specific syndromes that affect the central nervous system and produce highly characteristic MRI patterns, prototypically the DARS2, EARS, and AARS2 leukodystrophies, which are caused by mutations in mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondria glutamate tRNA synthetase, and mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase, respectively. BODY: The disease patterns emerging for these leukodystrophies are distinct in terms of the age of onset, nature of disease progression, and predominance of involved white matter tracts. In DARS2 and EARS2 disorders, earlier disease onset is typically correlated with more significant brain abnormalities, rapid neurological decline, and greater disability. In AARS2 leukodystrophy cases reported thus far, there is nearly invariable progression to severe disability and atrophy of involved brain regions, often within a decade. Although most mutations are compound heterozygous inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, homozygous variants are found in each disorder and demonstrate high phenotypic variability. Affected siblings manifest disease on a wide spectrum. CONCLUSION The syndromic nature and selective vulnerability of white matter tracts in these disorders suggests there may be a shared mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction to target for study. There is evidence that the clinical variability and white matter tract specificity of each mt-aaRS leukodystrophy depend on both canonical and non-canonical effects of the mutations on the process of mitochondrial translation. Furthermore, different sensitivities to the mt-aaRS mutations have been observed based on cell type. Most mutations result in at least partial retention of mt-aaRS enzyme function with varied effects on the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. In EARS2 and AARS2 cells, this appears to result in cumulative impairment of respiration. Mt-aaRS mutations may also affect alternative biochemical pathways such as the integrated stress response, a homeostatic program in eukaryotic cells that typically confers cytoprotection, but can lead to cell death when abnormally activated in response to pathologic states. Systematic review of this group of disorders and further exploration of disease mechanisms in disease models and neural cells are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Smith Fine
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Christina L. Nemeth
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Miriam L. Kaufman
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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7
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because the central nervous system (CNS) is the second most frequently affected organ in mitochondrial disorders (MIDs) and since paediatric MIDs are increasingly recognised, it is important to know about the morphological CNS abnormalities on imaging in these patients. This review aims at summarising and discussing current knowledge and recent advances concerning CNS imaging abnormalities in paediatric MIDs. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted. RESULTS The most relevant CNS abnormalities in paediatric MIDs on imaging include white and grey matter lesions, stroke-like lesions as the morphological equivalent of stroke-like episodes, cerebral atrophy, calcifications, optic atrophy, and lactacidosis. Because these CNS lesions may be seen with or without clinical manifestations, it is important to screen all MID patients for cerebral involvement. Some of these lesions may remain unchanged for years whereas others may be dynamic, either in the sense of progression or regression. Typical dynamic lesions are stroke-like lesions and grey matter lesions. Clinically relevant imaging techniques for visualisation of CNS abnormalities in paediatric MIDs are computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron-emission tomography, and angiography. CONCLUSIONS CNS imaging in paediatric MIDs is important for diagnosing and monitoring CNS involvement. It also contributes to the understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms that lead to CNS involvement in MIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub
- University of Tunis, El Manar and Genomics Platform, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
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8
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A novel DARS2 mutation in a Japanese patient with leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement but no lactate elevation. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:17051. [PMID: 29138691 PMCID: PMC5678206 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2 gene (DARS2) is responsible for leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL). A Japanese patient with LBSL showed compound heterozygous DARS2 mutations c.358_359delinsTC (p.Gly120Ser) and c.228-15C>G (splicing error). This provides further evidence that most patients with LBSL show compound heterozygous mutations in DARS2 in association with a common splicing mutation in the splicing acceptor site of intron 2.
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9
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Qin X, Li C, Guo T, Chen J, Wang HT, Wang YT, Xiao YS, Li J, Liu P, Liu ZS, Liu QY. Upregulation of DARS2 by HBV promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through the miR-30e-5p/MAPK/NFAT5 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:148. [PMID: 29052520 PMCID: PMC5649064 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The osmoregulatory transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) has been shown to play an important role in the development of many types of human cancers. The role of NFAT5 in HBV-associated HCC has never previously been investigated. Methods We compared expression profiles of NFAT5, DARS2 and miR-30e-5p in HCC samples, adjacent nontumor tissues and different hepatoma cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and /or Western blot. Clinical data of HCC patients for up to 80 months were analyzed. The regulatory mechanisms upstream and convergent downstream pathways of NFAT5 in HBV-associated HCC were investigated by ChIP-seq, MSP, luciferase report assay and bioinformation anaylsis. Results We first found that higher levels of NFAT5 expression predict a good prognosis, suggesting that NFAT5 is a potential tumor-suppressing gene, and verified that NFAT5 promotes hepatoma cell apoptosis and inhibits cell growth in vitro. Second, our results showed that HBV could suppress NFAT5 expression by inducing hypermethylation of the AP1-binding site in the NFAT5 promoter in hepatoma cells. In addition, HBV also inhibited NFAT5 through miR-30e-5p targeted MAP4K4, and miR-30e-5p in turn inhibited HBV replication. Finally, we demonstrated that NFAT5 suppressed DARS2 by directly binding to its promoter. DARS2 was identified as an HCC oncogene that promotes HCC cell cycle progression and inhibits HCC cell apoptosis. Conclusion HBV suppresses NFAT5 through the miR-30e-5p/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway upstream of NFAT5 and inhibits the NFAT5 to enhance HCC tumorigenesis via the downstream target genes of DARS2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0618-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sha Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Su Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Meyer-Schuman R, Antonellis A. Emerging mechanisms of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutations in recessive and dominant human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R114-R127. [PMID: 28633377 PMCID: PMC5886470 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are responsible for charging amino acids to cognate tRNA molecules, which is the essential first step of protein translation. Interestingly, mutations in genes encoding ARS enzymes have been implicated in a broad spectrum of human inherited diseases. Bi-allelic mutations in ARSs typically cause severe, early-onset, recessive diseases that affect a wide range of tissues. The vast majority of these mutations show loss-of-function effects and impair protein translation. However, it is not clear how a subset cause tissue-specific phenotypes. In contrast, dominant ARS-mediated diseases specifically affect the peripheral nervous system-most commonly causing axonal peripheral neuropathy-and usually manifest later in life. These neuropathies are linked to heterozygosity for missense mutations in five ARS genes, which points to a shared mechanism of disease. However, it is not clear if a loss-of-function mechanism or a toxic gain-of-function mechanism is responsible for ARS-mediated neuropathy, or if a combination of these mechanisms operate on a mutation-specific basis. Here, we review our current understanding of recessive and dominant ARS-mediated disease. We also propose future directions for defining the molecular mechanisms of ARS mutations toward designing therapies for affected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Meyer-Schuman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Ognjenović J, Simonović M. Human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in diseases of the nervous system. RNA Biol 2017; 15:623-634. [PMID: 28534666 PMCID: PMC6103678 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1330245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that ensure accurate translation of the genetic information into functional proteins. These enzymes also execute a variety of non-canonical functions that are significant for regulation of diverse cellular processes and that reside outside the realm of protein synthesis. Associations between faults in AaRS-mediated processes and human diseases have been long recognized. Most recent research findings strongly argue that 10 cytosolic and 14 mitochondrial AaRSs are implicated in some form of pathology of the human nervous system. The advent of modern whole-exome sequencing makes it all but certain that similar associations between the remaining 15 ARS genes and neurologic illnesses will be defined in future. It is not surprising that an intense scientific debate about the role of translational machinery, in general, and AaRSs, in particular, in the development and maintenance of the healthy human neural cell types and the brain is sparked. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about causative links between mutations in human AaRSs and diseases of the nervous system and briefly discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ognjenović
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miljan Simonović
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Phenotypic spectrum of DARS2 mutations. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:117-118. [PMID: 28431594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub
- University of Tunis El Manar, Genomics Platform, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
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Şahin S, Cansu A, Kalay E, Dinçer T, Kul S, Çakır İM, Kamaşak T, Budak GY. Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate caused by novel mutations in the EARS2 gene in two siblings. J Neurol Sci 2016; 365:54-8. [PMID: 27206875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement, and high lactate (LTBL) is a recently identified disease related to mutations in the EARS2 gene encoding glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. We report clinical and radiological findings for two siblings with new pathogenic mutations in the EARS2 gene. Both patients showed symptoms of mild-type disease, but there were clinical differences between the two siblings. While the older brother had hypotonia and delayed developmental milestones, the younger brother had seizures and spasticity in the lower extremities. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were quite similar for the two siblings. MRI findings were specific to LTBL. MRI lesions of the older sibling had regressed over time. Clinical and radiological improvement, as in the previously reported patients with LTBL, may be an important clue for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Şahin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ali Cansu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ersan Kalay
- Department of Medical Biology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tuba Dinçer
- Department of Medical Biology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sibel Kul
- Department of Radiology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İsmet Miraç Çakır
- Department of Radiology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tülay Kamaşak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gülden Yorgancıoğlu Budak
- Department of Medical Biology, Karadeniz Technical University Health Science Institute, Trabzon, Turkey
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