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Ye N, Miao L, Wang F, Wu S, Wu B, Zhou Y, Wang C, Sun G. Cathepsin D Attenuates the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by the AGE/RAGE Pathway by Suppressing the ERK Signal. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2387-2395. [PMID: 37855363 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128261894231012144719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to clarify the role and mechanism by which Cathepsin D (CTSD) mediates the advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS We conducted a Western blotting assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay to detect the expression of target proteins and the interaction between different proteins. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and 5- ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) were used to evaluate the proliferation. RESULTS AGEs significantly promoted phenotypic switching and proliferation of VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect of AGEs was accompanied by inhibition of CTSD. Both the proliferation of VSMCs and inhibition of CTSD induced by AGEs could be attenuated by the specific inhibitor of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), FPS-ZM1. Overexpression of CTSD significantly alleviated these effects of AGEs on VSMCs. The mechanism of CTSD action in VSMCs was also explored. Overexpression of CTSD reduced the activation of p-ERK caused by AGEs. By contrast, the knockdown of CTSD, elicited using a plasmid containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against CTSD, further increased the activation of p-ERK compared to AGEs alone. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed an endogenous interaction between CTSD, a protease, and p-ERK, its potential substrate. CONCLUSION It has been demonstrated that CTSD downregulates the level of phosphorylated ERK by degrading its target, and this interaction plays a critical role in the proliferation of VSMCs induced by the AGE/RAGE axis. These results provide a novel insight into the prevention and treatment of vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Fengzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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Zhang J, Xie M, Huang X, Chen G, Yin Y, Lu X, Feng G, Yu R, Chen L. The Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Atherosclerosis-Related Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766560. [PMID: 35003080 PMCID: PMC8734595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), one of the most common types of cardiovascular disease, has initially been attributed to the accumulation of fats and fibrous materials. However, more and more researchers regarded it as a chronic inflammatory disease nowadays. Infective disease, such as periodontitis, is related to the risk of atherosclerosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the most common bacteria in stomatology, is usually discovered in atherosclerotic plaque in patients. Furthermore, it was reported that P. gingivalis can promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis in atherosclerosis attracted attention, which is thought to be crucial to the therapy of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much complicated, and many kinds of cells participate in it. By summarizing existing studies, we find that P. gingivalis can influence the function of many cells in atherosclerosis. It can induce the dysfunction of endothelium, promote the formation of foam cells as well as the proliferation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells, and lead to the imbalance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) cells, ultimately promoting the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the specific mechanism of atherosclerosis caused by P. gingivalis. It sorts out the interaction between P. gingivalis and AS-related cells, which provides a new perspective for us to prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of AS by inhibiting periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Pollard CM, Desimine VL, Wertz SL, Perez A, Parker BM, Maning J, McCrink KA, Shehadeh LA, Lymperopoulos A. Deletion of Osteopontin Enhances β₂-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Anti-Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061396. [PMID: 30897705 PMCID: PMC6470638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are known to inhibit collagen production and fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes. The β2AR is a Gs protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and, upon its activation, stimulates the generation of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP has two effectors: protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Epac1 has been shown to inhibit cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Osteopontin (OPN) is a ubiquitous pro-inflammatory cytokine, which also mediates fibrosis in several tissues, including the heart. OPN underlies several cardiovascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis and cardiac adverse remodeling. We found that the cardiotoxic hormone aldosterone transcriptionally upregulates OPN in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts—an effect prevented by endogenous β2AR activation. Additionally, CRISPR-mediated OPN deletion enhanced cAMP generation in response to both β1AR and β2AR activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, leading to the upregulation of Epac1 protein levels. These effects rendered β2AR stimulation capable of completely abrogating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent fibrosis in OPN-lacking H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Finally, OPN interacted constitutively with Gαs subunits in H9c2 cardiac cells. Thus, we uncovered a direct inhibitory role of OPN in cardiac β2AR anti-fibrotic signaling via cAMP/Epac1. OPN blockade could be of value in the treatment and/or prevention of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina M Pollard
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Victoria L Desimine
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Shelby L Wertz
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Arianna Perez
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Barbara M Parker
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Jennifer Maning
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Katie A McCrink
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
| | - Lina A Shehadeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), College of Pharmacy; Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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