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Beisel A, Jones G, Glass J, Lee TJ, Töteberg-Harms M, Estes A, Ulrich L, Bollinger K, Sharma S, Sharma A. Comparative analysis of human tear fluid and aqueous humor proteomes. Ocul Surf 2024; 33:16-22. [PMID: 38561100 PMCID: PMC11179983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Technological advancements allowing for the analysis of low-volume samples have led to the investigation of human tear fluid and aqueous humor (AH) as potential biomarker sources. However, acquiring AH samples poses significant challenges, making human tear fluid a more accessible alternative. This study aims to compare the protein compositions of these two biofluids to evaluate their suitability for biomarker discovery. METHODS Paired tear and AH samples were collected from 20 patients undergoing cataract surgery. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer strips prior to surgery, and AH samples were collected from the anterior chamber immediately after corneal incision. Proteins were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS A total of 481 proteins were identified in greater than 50% of the tear samples, and 191 proteins were detected in greater than 50% of the AH samples. Of these proteins, 82 were found to be common between the two biofluids, with ALB, LTF, TF, LCN1, and IGKC being the most abundant. CONCLUSION Although tear fluid and the AH are functionally independent and physically separated, many of the proteins detected in AH were also detected in tears. This direct comparison of the proteomic content of tear fluid and AH may aid in further investigation of tear fluid as a source of readily accessible biomarkers for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Beisel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Marc Töteberg-Harms
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Kathryn Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Mok JH, Park DY, Han JC. Differential protein expression and metabolite profiling in glaucoma: Insights from a multi-omics analysis. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38818964 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Various substances within the aqueous humor (AH) can directly or indirectly impact intraocular tissues associated with intraocular pressure (IOP), a critical factor in glaucoma development. This study aims to investigate individual changes in these AH substances and the interactions among altered components through a multi-omics approach. LC/MS analysis was conducted on AH samples from patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS, n = 5), exfoliation glaucoma (XFG, n = 4), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 11), and cataracts (control group, n = 7). Subsequently, differentially expressed proteins and metabolites among groups, alterations in their network interactions, and their biological functions were examined. Both data-independent acquisition and data-dependent acquisition methods were employed to analyze the AH proteome and metabolome, and the results were integrated for a comprehensive analysis. In the proteomics analysis, proteins upregulated in both the XFG and POAG groups were associated with lipid metabolism, complement activation, and extracellular matrix regulation. Metabolomic analysis highlighted significant changes in amino acids related to antioxidant processes in the glaucoma groups. Notably, VTN, APOA1, C6, and L-phenylalanine exhibited significant alterations in the glaucoma groups. Integration of individual omics analyses demonstrated that substances associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism, altered in the glaucoma groups, showed robust interactions within a complex network involving PLG, APOA1, and L-phenylalanine or C3, APOD, and L-valine. These findings offer valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing IOP regulation and may contribute to the development of new biomarkers for managing glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Mok
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Chul Han
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Hoppe C, Gregory-Ksander M. The Role of Complement Dysregulation in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2307. [PMID: 38396986 PMCID: PMC10888626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve that results in irreversible vision loss. While the exact pathology of glaucoma is not well understood, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the complement system, a key component of innate immunity, plays a crucial role. In glaucoma, dysregulation of the complement cascade and impaired regulation of complement factors contribute to chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Complement components such as C1Q, C3, and the membrane attack complex have been implicated in glaucomatous neuroinflammation and retinal ganglion cell death. This review will provide a summary of human and experimental studies that document the dysregulation of the complement system observed in glaucoma patients and animal models of glaucoma driving chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding how complement-mediated damage contributes to glaucoma will provide opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Hoppe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
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4
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Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jing S, Su G, Li N, Huang Z, Zhang W, Chen Z, Yang P. Proteomic profiling of aqueous humor-derived exosomes in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Behcet's uveitis. Clin Immunol 2024; 259:109895. [PMID: 38185270 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and Behcet's uveitis (BU) are the two major vision-threatening uveitis entities. This study performed the first label-free quantitative proteomics on aqueous humor-derived exosomes from 84 patients with VKH or BU to determine their potential roles. Sixty-five differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 40 DEPs were detected in the VKH and BU groups, respectively. GO and KEGG analysis showed that DEPs were mainly enriched in the complement-related pathways. The complement C1q subcomponent subunit B (C1QB) was identified as a key exosomal protein, and its expression was significantly increased by western blotting in both diseases. Additionally, the integrated analysis based on the published scRNA-seq data showed that C1QB-containing exosomes were mainly produced by mononuclear macrophages in the anterior segment tissue. Overall, our proteomic profiling highlights that complement-related pathways may be actively involved in the pathogenesis of these two diseases. These pathways may also serve as treatment targets for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yang Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shixiang Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ziqian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wanyun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Eye Hospital, Henan International Joint Research Laboratory for Ocular Immunology and Retinal Injury Repair, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, PR China.
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Kontoh-Twumasi R, Budkin S, Edupuganti N, Vashishtha A, Sharma S. Role of Serine Protease Inhibitors A1 and A3 in Ocular Pathologies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:16. [PMID: 38324301 PMCID: PMC10854419 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors A1 (SerpinA1) and A3 (SerpinA3) are important members of the serpin family, playing crucial roles in the regulation of serine proteases and influencing various physiological processes. SerpinA1, also known as α-1-antitrypsin, is a versatile glycoprotein predominantly synthesized in the liver, with additional production in inflammatory and epithelial cell types. It exhibits multifaceted functions, including immune modulation, complement activation regulation, and inhibition of endothelial cell apoptosis. SerpinA3, also known as α-1-antichymotrypsin, is expressed both extracellularly and intracellularly in various tissues, particularly in the retina, kidney, liver, and pancreas. It exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, and antifibrotic activities. Both SerpinA1 and SerpinA3 have been implicated in conditions such as keratitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, dry eye disease, keratoconus, uveitis, and pterygium. Their role in influencing metalloproteinases and cytokines, as well as endothelial permeability, and their protective effects on Müller cells against oxidative stress further highlight their diverse and critical roles in ocular pathologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology and functions of SerpinA1 and SerpinA3 in ocular diseases, emphasizing their multifaceted roles and the complexity of their interactions within the ocular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kontoh-Twumasi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stepan Budkin
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Neel Edupuganti
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ayushi Vashishtha
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Lee TJ, Goyal A, Jones G, Glass J, Doshi V, Bollinger K, Ulrich L, Ahmed S, Kodeboyina SK, Estes A, Töteberg-Harms M, Zhi W, Sharma S, Sharma A. AHP DB: a reference database of proteins in the human aqueous humor. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae001. [PMID: 38284936 PMCID: PMC10878049 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The aqueous humor (AH) is a low-viscosity biofluid that continuously circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber of the eye. Recent advances in high-resolution mass-spectrometry workflows have facilitated the study of proteomic content in small-volume biofluids like AH, highlighting the potential clinical implications of the AH proteome. Nevertheless, in-depth investigations into the role of AH proteins in ocular diseases have encountered challenges due to limited accessibility to these workflows, difficulties in large-scale AH sample collection and the absence of a reference AH proteomic database. In response to these obstacles, and to promote further research on the involvement of AH proteins in ocular physiology and pathology, we have developed the web-based Aqueous Humor Proteomics Database (AHP DB). The current version of AHP DB contains proteomic data from 307 human AH samples, which were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The database offers comprehensive information on 1683 proteins identified in the AH samples. Furthermore, relevant clinical data are provided for each analyzed sample. Researchers also have the option to download these datasets individually for offline use, rendering it a valuable resource for the scientific community. Database URL: https://ahp.augusta.edu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Arnav Goyal
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vishal Doshi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kathryn Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saleh Ahmed
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sai Karthik Kodeboyina
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Mass General Brigham, 399 Revolution Drive, Somerville, MA 02145, USA
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Marc Töteberg-Harms
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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7
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Sahay P, Chakraborty M, Rao A. Global and Comparative Proteome Signatures in the Lens Capsule, Trabecular Meshwork, and Iris of Patients With Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:877250. [PMID: 35517867 PMCID: PMC9065473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.877250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) is characterized by the accumulation of the exfoliative material in the eye and high rates of blindness if left untreated. Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) is generally diagnosed too late due to its asymptomatic nature, necessitating the development of new effective screening tools for the early diagnosis of the disease. Thus, the increasing prevalence of this disease due to an aging population has demanded the identification of suitable biomarkers for the early detection of the disease or detection of the onset of glaucoma in the eyes with PXF. We applied a proteomics strategy based on a high-throughput screening method for the determination of proteins involving PXF and PXG pathogenesis. The lens capsule (LC), iris, and trabecular meshwork (TM) samples with PXF and PXG were taken by surgical trabeculectomy, and control samples were taken from the donor corneal buttons obtained from the institutional eye bank to characterize the proteome profile. Peptides from the LC were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The protein of interest and cytokine/chemokine profiles were verified using immunohistochemistry and the bio-plex kit assay, respectively. There were a total of 1433 proteins identified in the human LC, of which 27 proteins were overexpressed and eight proteins were underexpressed in PXG compared with PXF. Overexpressed proteins such as fibromodulin, decorin, lysyl oxidase homolog 1, collagen alpha-1(I) chain, collagen alpha-3(VI) chain, and biglycan were the major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins involved in cell-matrix interactions or ECM proteoglycans and the assembly and cross-linking of collagen fibrils. The ECM composition and homeostasis are altered in glaucoma. Thus, quantitative proteomics is a method to discover molecular markers in the eye. Monitoring these events can help evaluate disease progression in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Sahay
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Munmun Chakraborty
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aparna Rao
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Patel PA, Lee TJ, Kodeboyina SK, Jones G, Bollinger K, Ulrich L, Bogorad D, Estes A, Zhi W, Sharma S, Sharma A. Intra-population differences of apolipoproteins in the aqueous humor. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:128. [PMID: 34602085 PMCID: PMC8487476 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that proteins related to lipid metabolism, such as apolipoproteins, play an important role in the maintenance of normal vision. While several members of the apolipoprotein family are abundant in human aqueous humor (AH), their study remains difficult due to the AH's small volume, low protein concentration, and the invasive nature of sample collection. In this study, we report the use of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to discover associations between AH apolipoproteins and race, gender, and ocular structure in patients with and without primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS AH samples were collected from 231 patients undergoing phacoemulsification or glaucoma incisional surgery at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and subsequently analyzed via LC-MS/MS. The number of peptide spectrum matches (PSMs) for each protein was used as a semi-quantitative measure of relative protein levels. Parameters related to ocular structure were determined using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT). These data sets were probed for relationships between apolipoprotein levels and POAG, demographics (gender and race), and ocular structure. RESULTS A total of ten apolipoproteins were detected in the 231 collected AH samples, with six detected in 100% of the samples, one detected in almost 57% of the samples and three detected in less than 10% of the samples. The levels of APOA1, APOC3, and APOD were higher among POAG subjects. Stratification by gender and race revealed demographic-specific variations. The levels of five apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOC3, and APOD) were higher in female POAG patients, whereas no apolipoprotein levels were altered in male POAG patients. The levels of APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, and APOD were increased in glaucomatous African American patients, whereas APOE and APOH levels were decreased in glaucomatous Caucasian patients. We also found distinct associations between apolipoprotein levels and OCT and HRT parameters in patients with and without POAG. CONCLUSIONS The intra-population variation in apolipoprotein levels highlights the heterogeneity of glaucoma as a disease, suggesting the importance of personalized treatments. Gender and race-specific alterations may be associated with higher risks of POAG in females and members of the African American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth A Patel
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sai Karthik Kodeboyina
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Mass General Brigham, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kathryn Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David Bogorad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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