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Vlahopoulos SA. Divergent Processing of Cell Stress Signals as the Basis of Cancer Progression: Licensing NFκB on Chromatin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8621. [PMID: 39201306 PMCID: PMC11354898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is activated by diverse triggers that induce the expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules, which permit a succession of molecules and cells to deliver stimuli and functions that help the immune system clear the primary cause of tissue damage, whether this is an infection, a tumor, or a trauma. During inflammation, short-term changes in the expression and secretion of strong mediators of inflammation occur, while long-term changes occur to specific groups of cells. Long-term changes include cellular transdifferentiation for some types of cells that need to regenerate damaged tissue, as well as death for specific immune cells that can be detrimental to tissue integrity if they remain active beyond the boundaries of essential function. The transcriptional regulator NFκB enables some of the fundamental gene expression changes during inflammation, as well as during tissue development. During recurrence of malignant disease, cell stress-induced alterations enable the growth of cancer cell clones that are substantially resistant to therapeutic intervention and to the immune system. A number of those alterations occur due to significant defects in feedback signal cascades that control the activity of NFκB. Specifically, cell stress contributes to feedback defects as it overrides modules that otherwise control inflammation to protect host tissue. NFκB is involved in both the suppression and promotion of cancer, and the key distinctive feature that determines its net effect remains unclear. This paper aims to provide a clear answer to at least one aspect of this question, namely the mechanism that enables a divergent response of cancer cells to critical inflammatory stimuli and to cell stress in general.
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Chomczyk M, Gazzola L, Dash S, Firmanty P, George BS, Mohanty V, Abbas HA, Baran N. Impact of p53-associated acute myeloid leukemia hallmarks on metabolism and the immune environment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1409210. [PMID: 39161899 PMCID: PMC11330794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1409210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aggressive malignancy of hematopoietic stem cells, is characterized by the blockade of cell differentiation, uncontrolled proliferation, and cell expansion that impairs healthy hematopoiesis and results in pancytopenia and susceptibility to infections. Several genetic and chromosomal aberrations play a role in AML and influence patient outcomes. TP53 is a key tumor suppressor gene involved in a variety of cell features, such as cell-cycle regulation, genome stability, proliferation, differentiation, stem-cell homeostasis, apoptosis, metabolism, senescence, and the repair of DNA damage in response to cellular stress. In AML, TP53 alterations occur in 5%-12% of de novo AML cases. These mutations form an important molecular subgroup, and patients with these mutations have the worst prognosis and shortest overall survival among patients with AML, even when treated with aggressive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplant. The frequency of TP53-mutations increases in relapsed and recurrent AML and is associated with chemoresistance. Progress in AML genetics and biology has brought the novel therapies, however, the clinical benefit of these agents for patients whose disease is driven by TP53 mutations remains largely unexplored. This review focuses on the molecular characteristics of TP53-mutated disease; the impact of TP53 on selected hallmarks of leukemia, particularly metabolic rewiring and immune evasion, the clinical importance of TP53 mutations; and the current progress in the development of preclinical and clinical therapeutic strategies to treat TP53-mutated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chomczyk
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luca Gazzola
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shubhankar Dash
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Firmanty
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Binsah S. George
- Department of Hematology-oncology, The University of Texas Health Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hussein A. Abbas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Vallés‐Martí A, de Goeij‐de Haas RR, Henneman AA, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Knol JC, Verheij J, Dijk F, Halfwerk H, Giovannetti E, Jiménez CR, Bijlsma MF. Kinase activities in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with prognostic and therapeutic avenues. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:2020-2041. [PMID: 38650175 PMCID: PMC11306541 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with a limited number of known driver mutations but considerable cancer cell heterogeneity. Phosphoproteomics provides a direct read-out of aberrant signaling and the resultant clinically relevant phenotype. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics were applied to 42 PDAC tumors. Data encompassed over 19 936 phosphoserine or phosphothreonine (pS/T; in 5412 phosphoproteins) and 1208 phosphotyrosine (pY; in 501 phosphoproteins) sites and a total of 3756 proteins. Proteome data identified three distinct subtypes with tumor intrinsic and stromal features. Subsequently, three phospho-subtypes were apparent: two tumor intrinsic (Phos1/2) and one stromal (Phos3), resembling known PDAC molecular subtypes. Kinase activity was analyzed by the Integrative iNferred Kinase Activity (INKA) scoring. Phospho-subtypes displayed differential phosphorylation signals and kinase activity, such as FGR and GSK3 activation in Phos1, SRC kinase family and EPHA2 in Phos2, and EGFR, INSR, MET, ABL1, HIPK1, JAK, and PRKCD in Phos3. Kinase activity analysis of an external PDAC cohort supported our findings and underscored the importance of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways, among others. Interestingly, unfavorable patient prognosis correlated with higher RTK, PAK2, STK10, and CDK7 activity and high proliferation, whereas long survival was associated with MYLK and PTK6 activity, which was previously unknown. Subtype-associated activity profiles can guide therapeutic combination approaches in tumor and stroma-enriched tissues, and emphasize the critical role of parallel signaling pathways. In addition, kinase activity profiling identifies potential disease markers with prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vallés‐Martí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cancer BiologyCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Pharmacology LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard R. de Goeij‐de Haas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alex A. Henneman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander R. Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thang V. Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jaco C. Knol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Frederike Dijk
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Halfwerk
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Pharmacology LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start‐Up UnitFondazione Pisana per la ScienzaSan Giuliano TermeItaly
| | - Connie R. Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical CenterVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- OncoProteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Cancer BiologyCancer Center AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Jin J, Hou S, Yao Y, Liu M, Mao L, Yang M, Tong H, Zeng T, Huang J, Zhu Y, Wang H. Phosphoproteomic Characterization and Kinase Signature Predict Response to Venetoclax Plus 3+7 Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305885. [PMID: 38161214 PMCID: PMC10953567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains a formidable obstacle in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapeutic management, necessitating the exploration of optimal strategies to maximize therapeutic benefits. Venetoclax with 3+7 daunorubicin and cytarabine (DAV regimen) in young adult de novo AML patients is evaluated. 90% of treated patients achieved complete remission, underscoring the potential of this regimen as a compelling therapeutic intervention. To elucidate underlying mechanisms governing response to DAV in AML, quantitative phosphoproteomics to discern distinct molecular signatures characterizing a subset of DAV-sensitive patients is used. Cluster analysis reveals an enrichment of phosphoproteins implicated in chromatin organization and RNA processing within DAV-susceptible and DA-resistant AML patients. Furthermore, kinase activity profiling identifies AURKB as a candidate indicator of DAV regimen efficacy in DA-resistant AML due to AURKB activation. Intriguingly, AML cells overexpressing AURKB exhibit attenuated MCL-1 expression, rendering them receptive to DAV treatment and maintaining them resistant to DA treatment. Moreover, the dataset delineates a shared kinase, AKT1, associated with DAV response. Notably, AKT1 inhibition augments the antileukemic efficacy of DAV treatment in AML. Overall, this phosphoproteomic study identifies the role of AURKB as a predictive biomarker for DA, but not DAV, resistance and proposes a promising strategy to counteract therapy resistance in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological DisordersHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang University Cancer CenterHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanP. R. China
| | - Shangyu Hou
- Research Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghai200092P.R. China
| | - Yiyi Yao
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Research Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghai200092P.R. China
| | - Liping Mao
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological DisordersHangzhouChina
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological DisordersHangzhouChina
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological DisordersHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang University Cancer CenterHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Biomedical big data centerthe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang310003P.R. China
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Biomedical big data centerthe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang310003P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Research Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghai200092P.R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchTongji UniversityShanghai200092P.R. China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Hematologythe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic MalignancyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological DisordersHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang University Cancer CenterHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
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Gillette MA, Jimenez CR, Carr SA. Clinical Proteomics: A Promise Becoming Reality. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100688. [PMID: 38281326 PMCID: PMC10926064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Lu M, Yu X, Hu J, Wang J, Wang T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in acute myeloid leukemia: Monitoring prognosis and guiding treatment choice. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3587. [PMID: 37697474 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated therapy has become the central theme of cancer immunotherapy. The present study emphasized the role of CTLs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and aimed to understand the role of CTLs cytogenetic markers in monitoring AML prognostic outcomes and clinical treatment responses. METHODS Seurat was employed to analyze single-cell RNA sequencing data in GSE116256. CellChat was used to detect cell-cell interactions to determine the central role of CTLs. The marker genes of CTLs were extracted and randomForestSRC was employed to construct a random forest model. The prognosis, immune checkpoint expression, immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy response and drug sensitivity of AML patients were evaluated according to the model. RESULTS Seven types of cellular components of AML were identified in GSE116256, and CTLs radiated the most interactions with other cell types. Random forest analysis screened out six marker genes for construction of the model. The risk score calculated according to the model was positively correlated with immune score, immune cell infiltration, expression of multiple immune checkpoints and immune effect pathway. The response rate of immunotherapy was significantly higher and more sensitive to 14 drugs in high-risk samples than in low-risk samples, whereas low-risk patients showed a higher sensitivity to six drugs. CONCLUSIONS The present study emphasized the central role of CTLs in cell communication and established a random forest regression model based on its cytogenetic markers, which helps to stratify the prognosis of AML, promotes the understanding of the phenotype of AML and may also guide the treatment choice of AML patients, which contributed to stratification of AML prognosis, promoted understanding of the phenotype of AML and may guide treatment selection in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beilun People's Hospital, Beilun Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xialei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Beilun People's Hospital, Beilun Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beilun People's Hospital, Beilun Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beilun People's Hospital, Beilun Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Taozuo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beilun People's Hospital, Beilun Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Selheim F, Aasebø E, Bruserud Ø, Hernandez-Valladares M. High Mitochondrial Protein Expression as a Potential Predictor of Relapse Risk in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with the Monocytic FAB Subtypes M4 and M5. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 38201437 PMCID: PMC10778527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AML is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous form of hematological cancer. Proteomics-based stratification of patients into more refined subgroups may contribute to a more precise characterization of the patient-derived AML cells. Here, we reanalyzed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) generated proteomic and phosphoproteomic data from 26 FAB-M4/M5 patients. The patients achieved complete hematological remission after induction therapy. Twelve of them later developed chemoresistant relapse (RELAPSE), and 14 patients were relapse-free (REL_FREE) long-term survivors. We considered not only the RELAPSE and REL_FREE characteristics but also integrated the French-American-British (FAB) classification, along with considering the presence of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation and cytogenetically normal AML. We found a significant number of differentially enriched proteins (911) and phosphoproteins (257) between the various FAB subtypes in RELAPSE patients. Patients with the myeloblastic M1/M2 subtype showed higher levels of RNA processing-related routes and lower levels of signaling related to terms like translation and degranulation when compared with the M4/M5 subtype. Moreover, we found that a high abundance of proteins associated with mitochondrial translation and oxidative phosphorylation, particularly observed in the RELAPSE M4/M5 NPM1 mutated subgroup, distinguishes relapsing from non-relapsing AML patient cells with the FAB subtype M4/M5. Thus, the discovery of subtype-specific biomarkers through proteomic profiling may complement the existing classification system for AML and potentially aid in selecting personalized treatment strategies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Selheim
- Proteomics Unit of University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (Ø.B.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (Ø.B.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Proteomics Unit of University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Excellence Unit in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and Environment, School of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Rulten SL, Grose RP, Gatz SA, Jones JL, Cameron AJM. The Future of Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12613. [PMID: 37628794 PMCID: PMC10454858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and evolution have evolved rapidly over recent years, and the variation from one patient to another is now widely recognized. Consequently, one-size-fits-all approaches to the treatment of cancer have been superseded by precision medicines that target specific disease characteristics, promising maximum clinical efficacy, minimal safety concerns, and reduced economic burden. While precision oncology has been very successful in the treatment of some tumors with specific characteristics, a large number of patients do not yet have access to precision medicines for their disease. The success of next-generation precision oncology depends on the discovery of new actionable disease characteristics, rapid, accurate, and comprehensive diagnosis of complex phenotypes within each patient, novel clinical trial designs with improved response rates, and worldwide access to novel targeted anticancer therapies for all patients. This review outlines some of the current technological trends, and highlights some of the complex multidisciplinary efforts that are underway to ensure that many more patients with cancer will be able to benefit from precision oncology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Susanne A. Gatz
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - J. Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Angus J. M. Cameron
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
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